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Apparently multiple sources for single-source data
Circular reporting, or false confirmation, is a situation in source criticism where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources
Circular_reporting
Series of references where the last object references the first
process influences another Circular reporting – Apparently multiple sources for single-source data Citogenesis – Circular reporting on Wikipedia Halting problem –
Circular_reference
Hoax about the inventor of the electric toaster
claims as fact and perpetuated the false story. This created a case of circular reporting, as Alex and others then used these sources citing MacMasters as the
Alan_MacMasters_hoax
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
portal Affirming the consequent Catch-22 (logic) Circular definition Circular reference Circular reporting Coherentism Formal fallacy Ipse dixit Ringschluss
Circular_reasoning
Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
only 8.6% circular - CGR 2020 - Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative". www.circularity-gap.world. Retrieved 2021-01-20. "Circular Gap Report 2020" (PDF)
Circular_economy
Character in Alex Haley's ''Roots''
told so many people about Kunta Kinte that he had created a case of circular reporting. Instead of independent confirmation of the Kunta Kinte story, he
Kunta_Kinte
Digital watch produced since 1989
reported an incorrect release year of 1991, which was repeated in a BBC article suspected of sourcing the date from Wikipedia (an example of circular
Casio_F-91W
Information about current events
homogeneity of news feeds. The digital age can accelerate the problem of circular reporting: propagation of the same error through increasingly reliable sources
News
False credibility due to quantity of citations
affect further research. The Woozle effect is somewhat similar to circular reporting in journalism, where someone makes a questionable claim, and a journalist
Woozle_effect
Waste management company
compliance, international take-back and reverse logistics, carbon and circularity reporting, and global returns-management solutions. The company states that
Reconomy
Deliberately fictitious Wikipedia article
March 2015, after which it was widely reported by more general news sites. Alan MacMasters hoax Circular reporting Wikipedia:List of hoaxes on Wikipedia
Jar'Edo_Wens_hoax
Proposed form of notation used to denote irony or sarcasm in text
mark invented by Henry Denham in the 1580s) sometimes conveys irony.[circular reporting?] In 1668, John Wilkins, in An Essay Towards a Real Character, and
Irony_punctuation
Online database containing information on drugs and drug targets
Wikipedia; Wikipedia also often links to Drugbank, posing potential circular reporting issues. The DrugBank Online website is available to the public as
DrugBank
Fallacy of incomplete evidence
the legal science, journalism and epidemiology, the term refers to a reporting bias or the act of selectively suppressing evidence. The fallacy of incomplete
Cherry_picking
for reporting a fact not otherwise attributed to a single speaker is that it be verified by at least two independent sources. Circular reporting is a
Independent_sources
Fraudulent research
reporting in a Channel 4 Dispatches television documentary, MMR: What They Didn't Tell You, broadcast on 18 November 2004. This documentary reported that
Lancet MMR vaccine-autism report
Lancet_MMR_vaccine-autism_report
1987 studio album by T-Square
theme for their Formula One broadcasts in Japan from 1987 to 1998.[circular reporting?] This was the band's first album to release in the United States
Truth_(T-Square_album)
Traditional white foundation used in Japan
white lead in makeup was outlawed in Japan in 1934.[citation needed][circular reporting?] Bijin Bijin-ga Cherry, Kittredge (1987). Womansword: What Japanese
Oshiroi
secondary sources such as NY Times, LA Times and the Telegraph (a case of circular reporting). Excluding overseas departments "McDonald's Seeks its Fast-Food Soul
List of countries with McDonald's restaurants
List_of_countries_with_McDonald's_restaurants
Topics referred to by the same term
independent comic book publisher Brazilian aardvark, an example of circular reporting General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, a military aircraft VF-114, a US
Aardvark_(disambiguation)
Yáñez Alejandro Zaera-Polo Index of plagiarism articles Circular reporting § Circular reporting on Wikipedia "Should students be allowed to use Wikipedia
Plagiarism_from_Wikipedia
Town in Wyoming, United States
transcontinental railroad. The original town was founded in 1866.[circular reporting?] A Chicago Tribune article from 2012 stated that the locale began
Buford,_Wyoming
Information systems good practice for data normalization
simply a reporting mechanism for data loaded from operational systems). Blockchain, distributed data store for digital transactions Circular reporting, problem
Single_source_of_truth
American volcanologist (1949–1980)
"Volcanic gas studies at Alaskan volcanoes". U. S. Geological Survey Circular (Report). C 0804-B. Reston, Virginia, US: United States Geological Survey:
David_A._Johnston
Polarization state
In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point, the electromagnetic field of the
Circular_polarization
American politician (1902–1970)
corn.[circular reporting?] When settled in 1978 his estate was worth $4.6 million, of which $1 million was stock in seven Illinois racetracks[circular reporting
Paul_Powell_(politician)
Marketing and propaganda tactic
chain is a marketing and propaganda tactic of deliberately inducing circular reporting, by seeding a message or claim in a less-credible medium, with the
Trading_up_the_chain
Building in Ithaca, New York, noted for its unique Egyptian Revival architecture
Cornell, so that Sagan could drive his Porsche to campus unmolested.[circular reporting?] After Sagan's death, his papers remained in the building until being
900_Stewart_Avenue
Record of engagements by British royals
The Court Circular is the official record that lists the engagements carried out by the monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms;
Court_Circular
Practice of publishing poor-quality outsourced reports as local news
accused of fabricating facts and using misleading bylines. Churnalism Circular reporting Content farm Hack writer Aguiar, Annie (October 5, 2023). "An illustrated
Pink-slime_journalism
Type of RNA found in cells
In molecular biology, circular ribonucleic acid (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which, unlike linear RNA, forms a covalently closed continuous
Circular_RNA
Ongoing theorised stock market bubble
originates from concerns that leading AI tech firms are involved in a circular flow of investments that are artificially inflating the value of their
AI_bubble
Belief in truth based on only intuition
observers of a rise in propaganda and a growing hostility toward factual reporting and fact-based discussion. American television comedian Stephen Colbert
Truthiness
Display sans-serif typeface
1982-2002. Hobo also gets used in the Bon Appétit test kitchen videos.[circular reporting?] Hobo was used in "Signing Time!".[citation needed] Hobo was used
Hobo_(typeface)
Type of securities fraud
Circular trading is a type of securities fraud that can take place in stock markets, causing price manipulation and often related to pump and dump schemes
Circular_trading
Disc-shaped wing
A circular wing is a disc-shaped wing having the outer planform of a circle. If the aircraft has no fuselage or tail the disc-shaped craft is sometimes
Circular_wing
US Treasury Department rules publication
Circular 230 refers to Treasury Department Circular No. 230. This publication establishes the rules governing those who practice before the U.S. Internal
Circular_230
Journalism based on press releases and agency stories
and radio talk-back hosts. 24-hour news cycle Automated journalism Circular reporting Content farm Hack writer National Automobile Chamber of Commerce –
Churnalism
Christian clerical robe
from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2020.[circular reporting?] Wallwork, Norman (1986). Blackbirds and Budgerigars: Critical History
Cassock
American nonprofit fact-checking website
and editors from the newspaper and its affiliated news media partners reporting on the accuracy of statements made by elected officials, candidates, their
PolitiFact
Culture and practice of fact-checking in Wikipedia
contributing to Wikipedia's free nonprofit operations in any way. Circular reporting on Wikipedia Timmons, Heather; Kozlowska, Hanna (April 27, 2018).
Wikipedia_and_fact-checking
Dichroism with circularly polarized light
Circular dichroism (CD) is dichroism involving circularly polarized light, i.e., the differential absorption of left- and right-handed light. Left-hand
Circular_dichroism
Several ancient cities of Mesopotamia and Persia are known to have had a circular plan. Iranian architecture#City design Huff, D. "ARCHITECTURE iii. Sasanian
List_of_circular_cities
Ballistics measure of a weapon system's precision
Circular error probable (CEP), also circular error probability or circle of equal probability, is a measure of a weapon system's precision in the military
Circular_error_probable
Application of circular economy to the fashion industry
Circular fashion is an application of circular economy to the fashion industry, where the life cycles of fashion products are extended. The aim is to create
Circular_fashion
Provisional IRA attack in London, England
"Provisional IRA actions Part One (1969–1975)". www.memorialatpeninsula.org.[circular reporting?] Melaugh, Martin. "A chronology of conflict - 1974". www.cain.ulster
1973_Old_Bailey_bombing
Volcanic caldera in the United states
Center (2024). "Yellowstone Volcano Observatory 2023 annual report". Circular (Report). Circular. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. p. 49. doi:10
Yellowstone_Caldera
International astronomical organization
The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official body for observing and reporting on minor planets under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union
Minor_Planet_Center
Agency had delivered intelligence reports to the U.S. government between 1986 and 1994 which were based on agent reporting from confirmed or suspected Soviet
1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy
United States Army Medal of Honor recipient
District.[citation needed] He joined the Army later that same year.[circular reporting?] McGovern was hit and wounded as he and his platoon from the 5th
Robert_M._McGovern
Error in statistical analysis
uses the same data twice. Circular analysis unjustifiably inflates the apparent statistical strength of any results reported and, at the most extreme,
Circular_analysis
Metro line in New Taipei City
The Circular line (Chinese: 環狀線; also known as Yellow line) is a medium-capacity rapid transit line on the Taipei Metro. The first section of this line
Circular line (Taipei metropolitan area)
Circular_line_(Taipei_metropolitan_area)
Railway line in Kolkata
Kolkata Circular Railway, also known as the Kolkata Chakra Rail (Bengali: কলকাতা চক্র রেল), is a 36.20 km (22.49 mi) long railway loop line operated by
Kolkata_Circular_Railway
British politician (1945–2023)
in Plymouth, the son of Maurice Key, afterwards Bishop of Truro.[circular reporting?] At the age of 10, he was part of a school walk on Swanage Beach
Robert_Key_(politician)
should have been in reporting on Russia Russia Russia. And yes, details matter. But the notion that Trump was a victim of bad reporting with regard to Russia
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections
American record producer (1976–2025)
hip hop and contemporary music. Brown was born on August 21, 1976,[circular reporting?] in Harlem, New York City. Omen's production was featured on early
Omen_(music_producer)
Approach towards a circular economy
Circular procurement is the procurement of products and services that follow circular economy principles, prioritizing reuse, durability, and recycling
Circular_procurement
Doctrinal document in Christian churches
An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could
Encyclical
Proposed particle accelerator
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a proposed particle accelerator with an energy significantly above that of previous circular colliders, such as
Future_Circular_Collider
Ring road around Central London
The North Circular Road (officially the A406 and sometimes known as simply the North Circular) is a 25.7-mile-long (41.4 km) ring road around the northern
North_Circular_Road
Banque Centrale de Luxembourg Regulatory reporting CSSF Circular 08/334[permanent dead link] "CSSF Circular 08/371" (PDF). Archived from the original
E-file.lu
Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways (PDF). circular (Report). Department of Road Transport and Highways. Archived from the original
List of national highways in India
List_of_national_highways_in_India
Airline safety organization
Introduction to Threat and Error Management (PDF)" (PDF). "FAA Advisory Circular Report - 11-24-2015 (PDF)" (PDF). "James R. Klinect's research works | University
LOSA_Collaborative
Tayyip Erdoğan issued a presidential circular calling for exports to be labelled as being "Made in Türkiye". The circular also said that in relation to other
Name_of_Turkey
A circular economy is an alternative way countries manage their resources, in which usage of products in the traditional linear make, use, and dispose
China's_circular_economy
Prehistoric sea (65–5mya) over the United States' East Coast
Tertiary Lithology and Paleontology, Chesapeake Bay Region (PDF). USGS Circular (Report). Vol. 1264. Eastern Region Publications, Geologic Discipline, USGS
Salisbury_Embayment
Reporting about ESG sustainability
concept of sustainability reporting: ESG reporting, non-financial reporting, extra-financial reporting, social reporting, CSR reporting, and socio-economic
Sustainability_reporting
Hunting lodge on Balmoral Castle, Scotland
"back door" into the Balmoral estate. On 26 September 1903 Court Circular reported that Edward VII and George, Prince of Wales had started their deer
Inchnabobart
Russian American musician (1888–1971)
regular performer at the Hotel des Artistes in New York City. The Court Circular reported that and his wife dined with the Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna
Sacha_Votichenko
Rigorous, organization-wide audit of US organizations
Auditees; §___.320 – Report submission; section (c) – Reporting Package OMB A-133; Subpart E – Auditors; §___.505 – Audit reporting OMB A-133; Subpart C
Single_Audit
Japanese footballer (born 2001)
2026. Retrieved 26 January 2026. Japan Pro-Footballers Association awards[circular reference] ""We've enjoyed a lot"". Real Sociedad. 12 June 2023. Retrieved
Takefusa_Kubo
1968 novel by Brian Aldiss
and the chauffeur (C) in a garage (G), achieving a kind of linguistic circularity. All three men are watching the house from their various vantage points
Report_on_Probability_A
Chemical compound
2307/3325069. JSTOR 3325069. Airport Winter Safety and Operations; Advisory Circular (Report). Washington, DC: US Federal Aviation Administration. 1989-10-25 [1988-04-20]
Calcium_magnesium_acetate
Societal goal and normative concept
involve indices and accounting systems, such as corporate sustainability reporting and triple Bottom Line accounting. It is necessary to address many barriers
Sustainability
Jesuit mission system in South America
The Circular Mission (Spanish: Misión circular) was a system of missions established by the Society of Jesus in Chiloé Archipelago. It began as an experimental
Circular_Mission
OMB Circular A-130, titled Managing Information as a Strategic Resource, is one of many government circulars produced by the United States Federal Government
OMB_Circular_A-130
Proposed Chinese electron–positron collider
The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is a proposed Chinese electron positron collider for experimenting on the Higgs boson. If built, it would
Circular Electron Positron Collider
Circular_Electron_Positron_Collider
Publication offered by the Federal Aviation Administration
Advisory circular (AC) refers to a type of publication offered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to "provide a single, uniform, agency-wide
Advisory_circular
Process of removing ice, snow, or frost from a surface
Connect. September 2012. Airport Winter Safety and Operations; Advisory Circular (Report). Washington, DC: US Federal Aviation Administration. 1989-10-25 [1988-04-20]
Deicing
US Geological Survey program
Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. doi:10.3133/cir1179. Rabbitt, Mary C. (1989). "The United States Geological Survey: 1879-1989". Circular (Report)
United States Geological Survey Library
United_States_Geological_Survey_Library
2017 video game
Subsurface Circular is a text-based adventure game developed and published by Mike Bithell Games. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and macOS
Subsurface_Circular
Abbreviation for "not available", etc
able to see that the blank had not merely been overlooked. An Information Circular from the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, from the same
N/A
Type of interpreter in computing
In computing, a meta-circular evaluator (MCE) or meta-circular interpreter (MCI) is an interpreter which defines each feature of the interpreted language
Meta-circular_evaluator
District in Tamil Nadu, India
Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways (PDF). circular (Report). Department of Road Transport and Highways. Archived from the original
Erode_district
American clock manufacturing company
Jewelers’ Circular of Horological Review reported that the Ansonia Clock Company bought out the Boston Clock Company. On September 4, 1895, The Circular reported
Chelsea_Clock_Company
The Federal Reports Act of 1942 (Pub. L. 77–831) was signed into law on December 24, 1942. It coordinated United States federal reporting requirements
Federal_Reports_Act
OMB Circular A-11 ("Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget") is a United States government circular that addresses budget preparation for
OMB_Circular_A-11
Data structure with nodes pointing to the next node
queue), a circular structure allows one to handle the structure by a single pointer, instead of two. A circular list can be split into two circular lists
Linked_list
Town in Assam, India
Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways (PDF). circular(Report). Department of Road Transport and Highways. Archived from the original
Amguri
Temporary movement of a migrant worker
Circular migration or repeat migration is the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for
Circular_migration
World Wide Web content existing on darknets
via the dark web. Various inconsistencies in the channel's reporting cast doubt on the reported version of events. There are several websites which analyze
Dark_web
Major road in south London, England
The South Circular Road (formally the A205 and often simply called the South Circular) in south London, England, is a major road that runs from the Woolwich
South_Circular_Road,_London
OMB Circular A-126, revised May 22, 1992, is a Government circular that introduces standards and policies to minimize the cost and improve the management
OMB_Circular_A-126
Four-stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation
arises or is enhanced by direct stimulation of nipples, with only 7–8% reporting that it decreased their arousal. Vasocongestion of the skin, commonly
Human_sexual_response_cycle
2002 film by Steven Spielberg
McDowell studied modern architecture, and his sets contain many curves, circular shapes, and reflective materials. Costume designer Deborah L. Scott decided
Minority_Report_(film)
Pattern in storytelling
whether the message of realization could be communicated, and saints are reported to have died while in the supernal ecstasy. Numerous indeed are the heroes
Hero's_journey
Local government area in Tasmania, Australia
Circular Head Council is a local government body in Tasmania covering the far north-west mainland. It is classified as a rural local government area with
Circular_Head_Council
secret. A "strange, circular device" was allegedly discovered in Twin Falls, Idaho by a Mrs. Fred Easterbrook. Newspapers reported that military intelligence
UFO reports and disinformation
UFO_reports_and_disinformation
Pigmented area on the breast around the nipple
an areola is a small circular area on the body with a different histology from the surrounding tissue, or other small circular areas such as an inflamed
Areola
Historically important optical effect
spot, or Fresnel spot is a bright point that appears at the center of a circular object's shadow due to Fresnel diffraction. This spot played an important
Arago_spot
CIRCULAR REPORTING
CIRCULAR REPORTING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Turnham in East Yorkshire or Turnham Green in West London, both of which are so named from an Old English trun ‘circular’, probably denoting a U-shaped bend in a river, + hamm ‘water meadow’ or hÄm ‘homestead’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord vishnus weapon, Circular
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord vishnus weapon, Circular
Surname or Lastname
English (Essex, Cambridgeshire)
English (Essex, Cambridgeshire) : possibly a variant of Trendall, a topographic name for someone who lived by a well, earhwork, stone circle, or other circular feature, from Middle English trendel, trandle ‘circle’ (Old English trendel).Possibly an altered spelling of South German Tröndle, a variant of Trendle, a nickname for a tearful person, from Träne ‘tear’ + the diminutive suffix -l.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Circular; Resembles a Wheel
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Circular; Resembles a Wheel
CIRCULAR REPORTING
CIRCULAR REPORTING
Boy/Male
Arabic
Trustworthy
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Tamil
Desire
Boy/Male
Irish
Blind.
Female
Romanian
 Feminine form of Romanian Alin, ALINA means "to soothe." Compare with other forms of Alina.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu
The Sun; Fire
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
King
Boy/Male
Australian, Latin
Valiant
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Deep Insight
Girl/Female
English
Beloved. Feminine of David.
Girl/Female
Welsh
Fair.
CIRCULAR REPORTING
CIRCULAR REPORTING
CIRCULAR REPORTING
CIRCULAR REPORTING
CIRCULAR REPORTING
v. t.
To cause to pass from place to place, or from person to person; to spread; as, to circulate a report; to circulate bills of credit.
a.
Nearly circular.
adv.
In a circular manner.
n.
A circular dance.
a.
Circular; illogical.
v. i.
To move circularly; to form a circle; to circulate.
a.
Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic.
a.
A circular letter, or paper, usually printed, copies of which are addressed or given to various persons; as, a business circular.
n.
A circular projecting portion.
a.
In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.
a.
Circular; suitable to rotation.
a.
Perfect; complete.
a.
Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter.
n.
A small circular saw.
a.
Round; circular; spherical.
n.
The quality or state of being circular; a circular form.
n.
Circular motion in a direction contrary to some other circular motion.
a.
Spherical; orbicular; orblike; circular.
a.
repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning.
a.
A sleeveless cloak, cut in circular form.