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Epistemological theory
Classically, foundationalism had posited infallibility of basic beliefs and deductive reasoning between beliefs—a strong foundationalism. Around 1975
Foundationalism
Epistemology without sure premises
Anti-foundationalism (also called nonfoundationalism) is any philosophy which rejects a foundationalist approach. An anti-foundationalist is one who does
Anti-foundationalism
Awareness of facts, or competency
369–370 Klein 1998, Lead Section, § 4. Foundationalism and Coherentism Steup & Neta 2020, § 4.1 Foundationalism Lehrer 2015, 1. The Analysis of Knowledge
Knowledge
Philosophical study of knowledge
Foundationalists and coherentists disagree about the structure of knowledge. Foundationalism distinguishes between basic and non-basic beliefs. A belief is basic
Epistemology
Philosophical problem
be achieved in the form of foundationalism or of coherentism. Traditionally, the most common response is foundationalism. It posits that there is a first
Infinite_regress
Idea that refutes itself
"naive foundationalism", the term is now often used to focus on incorrigible beliefs (modern foundationalism), or basic beliefs (reformed foundationalism).
Self-refuting_idea
Axioms under the epistemological view called foundationalism
beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system
Basic_belief
Type of epistemology
After responding to foundationalism, coherentists normally characterize their view positively by replacing the foundationalism metaphor of a building
Coherentism
Doctrine that matter was created from nothing
universe came to exist. It is in contrast to creatio ex materia and foundationalism (creation from matter resulting from logical aseity, also known as
Creatio_ex_nihilo
Supreme, final, and fundamental power in all reality
philosophers like Jan Westerhoff interpret this a species of anti-foundationalism, or a metaphysical anti-realism. Other strands of Mahāyāna thought
Ultimate_reality
Quality of being agreeable to reason
unless a reason to doubt them is encountered. Some forms of epistemic foundationalism reject this approach. According to them, the whole system of beliefs
Rationality
philosophy of – Formalism (literature) – Formalism (philosophy) – Foundationalism – Frankfurt School – Free will – Fugitives (poets) – Fundamentalism
List_of_philosophies
Problem in epistemology that any proposition can be endlessly questioned
beliefs. In this solution, which is called foundationalism, all beliefs are justified by basic beliefs. Foundationalism seeks to escape the regress argument
Regress argument (epistemology)
Regress_argument_(epistemology)
Philosophical principle
the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, as a response to foundationalism. Theorists, following Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper, may
Fallibilism
Theory of justification in epistemology
weighted more heavily than others were also falling into foundationalism. Haack argues that foundationalism and coherentism do not exhaust the field, and that
Foundherentism
Belief in the teachings of a religion
lecture The Will to Believe. Foundationalism is a view about the structure of justification or knowledge. Foundationalism holds that all knowledge and
Faith
Study of general and fundamental questions
of Justification Olsson 2021, Lead Section, § 1. Coherentism Versus Foundationalism. Steup & Neta 2020, 6. The Limits of Cognitive Success Truncellito
Philosophy
Awareness of facts
responses to this problem are foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism. According to foundationalists, some reasons are foundational and do not depend on other
Declarative_knowledge
Totality of existing entities
Lead section, § 1. Varieties of Fundamentality, § 3. Metaphysical Foundationalism Ioannidis et al. 2022, pp. 1–3 Chalmers 2022, § What Is Reality?, Footnote
Reality
Philosophical study of morality
metaethical theories can still influence normative theories by examining their foundational principles. Metaethics overlaps with various branches of philosophy.
Ethics
Approach to epistemological questions from a religious perspective
the reformed epistemologists furthers and challenges a view he dubs "foundationalism": The essence of the Reformed challenge is to accuse the foundationalist
Religious_epistemology
Revival in the study of Classical antiquity
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Renaissance_humanism
Metaphysical theory
philosophy of justification is considered a form of foundationalism: it is a form of foundationalism because it allows that certain judgements are warranted
Conceptualism
Study of fundamental reality
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Metaphysics
Study of the foundations of politics
exploring alternative views. The methodologies of particularism and foundationalism propose different approaches to this enterprise. Particularists use
Political_philosophy
Interpretation of sensory information
Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Hauntology Holism Infinitism Innatism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology
Perception
The study of the methodological principles of interpretation
rules for the various rituals that had to be performed precisely. The foundational text is the Mimamsa Sutra of Jaimini (c. 3rd to 1st century BCE) with
Hermeneutics
Philosophical school and tradition
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Post-structuralism
Theory that life is meaningless
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Absurdism
Study of correct reasoning
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Logic
Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Socratic_method
Philosophical view
of reality, and that this structure is pure multiplicity without any foundational substance or unifying One. Quentin Meillassoux has developed speculative
Materialism
Epistemological view centered on reason
rationalists who adopt the Intuition/Deduction thesis, the idea of epistemic foundationalism tends to crop up. This is the view that we know some truths without
Rationalism
Movement in Western philosophy
fundamental physics—critically undermined confidence in scientific foundationalism. Kuhn proposed in its place a coherentist model of science, whereby
Logical_positivism
American philosopher (born 1941)
fulfillment of the intrinsic desire. Audi's foundationalism is different from what he terms "Cartesian foundationalism" in the sense that all justification,
Robert_Audi
Ancient philosophy
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Stoicism
State of being real
accounts of the universe by providing rational explanations based on foundational principles of all existence. Some, like Thales (c. 624–545 BCE) and Heraclitus
Existence
Philosophical and literary concepts
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Apollonian_and_Dionysian
Ancient Greek philosopher
philosopher of Classical Athens who is most commonly considered the foundational thinker of the Western philosophical tradition. An innovator of the literary
Plato
Concept in epistemology
as defining knowledge. Notable theories of justification include: Foundationalism – Basic beliefs justify other, non-basic beliefs. Epistemic coherentism –
Justification_(epistemology)
Central category of dialectics
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Unity_of_opposites
French philosopher and mathematician (1596–1650)
buildings. To Descartes, Aristotle's foundationalism was incomplete and his method of doubt enhances foundationalism. Initially, Descartes arrives at only
René_Descartes
Basic distinction in philosophy
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge or certainty
justify an assertion of knowledge of it. In this, skeptics oppose foundationalism, which states that there are basic positions that are self-justified
Philosophical_skepticism
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Utilitarianism
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Nihilism
Form of methodological skepticism
Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 354. ISBN 978-9386432216. Rockmore, T., On Foundationalism: A Strategy for Metaphysical Realism (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Cartesian_doubt
Philosophical concept
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Philosophical_realism
Term in Martin Heidegger's philosophy
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Dasein
Philosophical origins and foundation of Western civilization
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Ancient_Greek_philosophy
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist
Coherentism Contextualism Dogmatism Empiricism Fallibilism Fideism Foundationalism Infallibilism Infinitism Naturalism Perspectivism Pragmatism Rationalism
Solipsism
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Experience
Greek philosophers active before and during the time of Socrates
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Pre-Socratic_philosophy
Canadian American philosopher
since 2003. Fumerton has argued for a classical internalist form of foundationalism in which foundationally justified beliefs are justified non-inferentially
Richard_Fumerton
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Existentialism
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Lists_of_philosophers
Philosophical study of beauty and art
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Aesthetics
Period of Western philosophy
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Hellenistic_philosophy
Ethical theory based on consequences
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Consequentialism
American philosopher
"Toward a Defense of Empirical Foundationalism", in Michael DePaul (ed.), Resurrecting Old-Fashioned Foundationalism (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield
Laurence_BonJour
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
Coherentism Contextualism Dogmatism Empiricism Fallibilism Fideism Foundationalism Infallibilism Infinitism Naturalism Perspectivism Pragmatism Rationalism
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Philosophical movement
ground of both nature and mind. Hegel's absolute idealism rejected the foundationalism of his predecessors, arguing that philosophy must be a presuppositionless
German_idealism
Philosophical doctrine on the subjugation of all events to fate
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Fatalism
Religious and philosophical tradition
alchemical/cultivation theory. Huangting jing (黃庭經, “Yellow Court Classic”), a foundational Taoist meditation text associated with the Shangqing tradition, describing
Taoism
Study of the development of philosophy
schools of Indian philosophy, known as the darsanas, developed. Their foundational scriptures usually take the form of sūtras, which are aphoristic or concise
History_of_philosophy
Philosophy of the Western world
similar arguments had been made by earlier philosophers. This became foundational for much of further Western philosophy, as the need to find a route from
Western_philosophy
Class of ethical theories
objects to Kant's monistic deontology, which bases ethics in only one foundational principle, the categorical imperative. He contends that there is a plurality
Deontology
Philosophical position
schools of Vedanta have different interpretations of brahman-atman, their foundational theory. Advaita Vedanta posits an absolute idealistic monism in which
Idealism
School of philosophical thought
according to classical foundationalism most of us are irrational for having many beliefs we cannot justify, but which foundationalism does not accept as properly
Reformed_epistemology
been used in wider philosophical discourse. Philosophy portal Anti-foundationalism Metaepistemology Page, James S. (2008) Peace Education: Exploring Ethical
Postfoundationalism
Steps in reasoning
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Inference
Philosophical positions
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Moral_relativism
Philosophical tradition
Administration & Society 36(4):496–499. Miller, Hugh 2005. "Residues of foundationalism in Classical Pragmatism." Administration & Society. 37(3):345–359.
Pragmatism
Philosophical approach
the other hand, foundationalism arguably encounters a problem[further explanation needed] when it attempts to describe how foundational beliefs relate
Virtue_epistemology
Family of views in moral epistemology
moral epistemology (and, on some definitions, metaphysics). It is foundationalism applied to moral knowledge, the thesis that some moral truths can be
Ethical_intuitionism
Canadian-American philosopher (born 1960)
Indiana University Bloomington. The title of his doctoral thesis was "Foundationalism and the Genesis of Justification". Hicks is the author of six books
Stephen_Hicks
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Hauntology Holism Infinitism Innatism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology
Is–ought_problem
Branch of philosophy on the nature of the mind
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Mind_in_Eastern_philosophy
Philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Aristotelianism
Range of related ideas and movements that have developed in the Western world
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Western_esotericism
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
Two fundamental and often opposing concepts
basic principles are expressed as yin and yang and are traditionally foundational doctrine of Taoism, Confucianism and some Chinese Buddhist Schools. Many
Dualism_in_cosmology
Epistemological theory that faith is independent of reason
be able to make sense of any human experience (see also epistemic foundationalism). To non-believers who reject the notion that the truth about God,
Fideism
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
Nietzschean terms 'destruction' or 'reversal'; it suggests that certain foundational concepts of metaphysics will never be entirely eliminated...There is
Deconstruction
was endorsed by his mentor Bertrand Russell) towards a general anti-foundationalism and constructivism that was not readily accepted by the mathematical
Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of mathematics
Ludwig_Wittgenstein's_philosophy_of_mathematics
epistemology Contextualism Embodied cognition Empiricism Fallibilism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism Innatism Internalism and externalism Logical positivism
Outline_of_philosophy
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
possible outcome. Another foundational assumption to quantum mechanics is that of free will, which has been argued to be foundational to the scientific method
Determinism
Philosophical traditions from mainland Europe
as a renovation of the traditional view that philosophy is the first, foundational, a priori science. In other cases (such as hermeneutics, critical theory
Continental_philosophy
Knowledge derived from familiarity
acquaintance (the theory of which he often refers to as “classical foundationalism”) as simple, hence indefinable. He asserts that it is the central concept
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
Thought experiment used to demonstrate the impossibility of proving any truth
on Critical Reason and later articles.[full citation needed] Anti-foundationalism – Epistemology without sure premises Cognitive closure (philosophy) –
Münchhausen_trilemma
Branch of philosophy
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Philosophy_of_mind
Philosophical study of being
are divided into basic categories of being. It aims to discover the foundational building blocks of the world and characterize reality as a whole in its
Ontology
Postulated primary cause of all activity in the universe
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Unmoved_mover
Faculty of discovering the crux of the matter
Determinism Dualism Edo neo-Confucianism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German
Rhetorical_reason
German philosopher and physicist (1882–1936)
Vol. I/1, I/2, I/3, I/5, I/6 Definitions of philosophy Ted Poston, "Foundationalism" (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Hans Günther Ruß, Wissenschaftstheorie
Moritz_Schlick
Christian theological movement
challenge assumptions of the Enlightenment and modernity, such as foundationalism and the belief in universal rationality, by speaking in terms of Ludwig
Postliberal_theology
German philosopher (1844–1900)
philosophy School Continental philosophy Nietzscheanism Other schools Anti-foundationalism Anti-nihilism (disputed) Dionysianism Dionysian pessimism Existentialism
Friedrich_Nietzsche
Christian theologian and philosopher (354 – 430)
Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Hauntology Holism Infinitism Innatism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology
Augustine_of_Hippo
Heuristic for rejecting claims made without evidence
epistemologists together with Alvin Plantinga, who argued for a version of foundationalism, namely that "belief in God can be reasonable even if the believer
Hitchens's_razor
Statement of infinite regress
of infinite regress in epistemology, particularly in discussions of foundationalism, where it is invoked to illustrate the difficulty of a chain of justification
Turtles_all_the_way_down
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM
Girl/Female
American, Christian, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Gracious; Grace; Offering with Both Ends; Favour
Surname or Lastname
English
English : reduced form of Armistead.
Boy/Male
American, Danish, French, German, Italian, Norse, Swedish
Ever Ruler; Ruler of the People; Peaceful Ruler; Forever or Alone
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Diamond
Male
Greek
(Î Ïῤῥος) Greek name PYRRHOS means "flame-like." In mythology, this is the name of a son of Achilles. He is also known as Neoptolemos.Â
Girl/Female
Indian
Precious, Generous
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Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Complete Knowledge
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Australian, Finnish, German, Slavic
Stem
Boy/Male
Norse
Stranger.
Girl/Female
Australian, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Equally in Everything; Honourable
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM
FOUNDATIONALISM