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Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins
A cladogram (from Greek κλάδος klados "branch" and γραμμα gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relations (common descent)
Cladogram
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
results of phylogenetic/cladistic analyses are tree-shaped diagrams called cladograms; they, and all their branches, are phylogenetic hypotheses. Three methods
Clade
Clade of birds
while Coraciimorphae is the sister lineage to all other Telluraves. The cladogram of the Telluraves shown below is based on the study by Josefin Stiller
Telluraves
Clade comprising all crustaceans and hexapods
Pancrustacea hypothesis that maxillopods are not monophyletic (in the following cladograms Maxillopoda subclasses are highlighted). In addition, there appeared some
Pancrustacea
Clade of mammals
Mammalia) it is considered to be a subgroup of the mammalian crown group. The cladogram below follows Luo et al. (2016): Rowe, T. (1988). "Definition, diagnosis
Theriiformes
Superfamily of gastropods
Palaeoxestina Wenz, 1919 - type genus of Palaeoxestininae The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this superfamily with the other
Gastrodontoidea
Family of birds
Loriinae, Platycercinae, Psittacellinae and Psittaculinae. The following cladogram shows how the family Psittaculidae relates to the three other families
Psittaculidae
Family of birds
Ichthyaetus (6 species) Genus Larus (25 species) Left is part of the cladogram of the genera in the order Charadriiformes based on the analysis by Baker
Laridae
Taxonomic clade
Cetruminantia's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram: Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Tylopoda (camelids) Artiofabula
Cetruminantia
Clade of cynodonts
Late Permian genus that is one of the most basal cynodonts. Below is a cladogram from Pusch et al. (2023) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:
Epicynodontia
Order of insects
Strepsiptera (/strɛpˈsɪptərə/), from Ancient Greek στρέψις (strépsis), meaning "turning around", and πτερόν (pterón), meaning "wing", are an order of insects
Strepsiptera
Tribe of mammals
that arose after the split from the line that led to chimpanzees (see cladogram below); that is, they distinguish fossil members on the human side of
Hominini
Order of mammals
group includes all the descendants of the group's common ancestor. The cladogram below shows one possible classification sequence of the living primates
Primate
Extinct clade of reptiles
primitive, sauropterygians. Below is a cladogram of pistosauroid relationships from Cheng et al. (2006): Below is a cladogram of pistosauroid relationships from
Pistosauroidea
Domesticated omnivorous even-toed ungulate
the foot Domestic pigs are related to other pig species as shown in the cladogram, based on phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA. The pig is most
Pig
Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs
(Vampyroteuthis) also lacks tentacles but has sensory filaments. The cladograms are based on Sanchez et al., 2018, who created a molecular phylogeny based
Octopus
Root of a phylogenetic tree
the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root
Basal_(phylogenetics)
Extinct giant shark species
would make it monophyletic, with the sister clade being Megalolamna. The cladogram below represents the hypothetical relationships between megalodon and
Megalodon
Group of Mesozoic aquatic reptiles
more closely related to Sauropterygomorpha than to other reptiles). The cladogram shown hereafter is the result of an analysis of sauropterygian relationships
Sauropterygia
Feature inherited from common ancestor
states. Cladograms are important for scientists as they allow them to classify and hypothesize the origin and future of organisms. Cladograms allow scientists
Primitive_(phylogenetics)
Order of flowering plants
constitute the Zingiberineae (Cladogram I) and also the basal Strelitziineae (Strelitziaceae-Lowiaceae) sister group (Cladogram II) were strongly supported
Zingiberales
Extinct genus of reptiles
disputed, as shown by the cladograms below. Cladogram from 2018 Bona et al. study: Cladogram from 2019 Massonne et al. study: Cladogram from 2020 Cossette &
Arambourgia
Clade of reptiles
Lepidosauromorpha + Archosauromorpha clade). The following cladogram was found by Simões et al. (2022): Cladogram of Jenkins et al. 2026, which found Pantestudines
Sauria
Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
in different cladograms. Only scientific investigation can show which is more likely to be correct. Until recently, for example, cladograms like the following
Cladistics
Group of eukaryotes
respectively][citation needed] A "classical" cladogram (data from 2012, 2015) is: However, a cladogram (data from 2015, 2016) with the root in Excavata
Bikont
Group of molluscs
Limacidae Family Agriolimacidae Family Boettgerillidae Family Vitrinidae A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of families in the limacoid clade: As explained
Limacoidei
Clade of reptiles with two holes in each side of their skulls
are cladograms showing the relations of the major groups of diapsids. Cladogram after Bickelmann et al., 2009 and Reisz et al., 2011: The cladogram of
Diapsid
Clade of birds
upstroke of flight to help create a vertical flight pattern. See below cladogram showing Eufalconimorphae's relationship within Australaves: Boles, Walter
Eufalconimorphae
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a cladogram), it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy. Phylum
Chordate
Genus of gastropods
tournescalis – Ouachita mantleslug Pallifera varia – variable mantleslug A cladogram based on sequences of cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic
Pallifera
Family of gastropods
1930 Unela Er. Marcus, 1953: synonym of Microhedyle Hertling, 1930 A cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial 28S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA
Parhedylidae
Family of gastropods
nasuta (Metcalfe, 1852) Sasakina Rensch, 1930 - 5 species The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this family and superfamily with
Dyakiidae
Clade of dinosaurs
restrictive node-based clade, anchored on Hesperornis and modern birds. The cladogram below is the result of a 2017 analysis by McLachlan and colleagues. Mayr
Ornithurae
Family of birds
other five families that make up the order Coraciiformes is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained
Kingfisher
Infraorder of arachnids
the relationships among the major groups were as shown in the following cladogram. The blue bar to the right shows the former Haplogynae in the sense of
Araneomorphae
Clade of tetrapods
Amniota, based on inner ear anatomy, although this has been disputed. The cladogram presented here illustrates the phylogeny (family tree) of amniotes, and
Amniote
Order of insects including moths and butterflies
moth-like common ancestor that either fed on dead or living plants. The cladogram, based on molecular analysis, shows the order as a clade, sister to the
Lepidoptera
Taxonomic concept
A cladogram [citation needed]of the primates, showing a monophyletic taxon: the simians (in yellow); a paraphyletic taxon: the prosimians (in cyan, including
Monophyly
Extinct clade of reptiles
following cladogram shows the position of Tethysuchia among the Neosuchia (with respect to the definition of Neosuchia used by this study). The cladogram below
Tethysuchia
Group of single-celled organisms
to the other two lineages. The phylogeny of the Obazoa is shown in the cladogram. Brown, M.W.; Sharpe, S.C.; Silberman, J.D.; Heiss, A.A.; Lang, B.F.;
Obazoa
Taxon of gastropod molluscs
the structure is proposed as a synapomorphy of Euopisthobranchia. A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of the Heterobranchia as proposed by Jörger
Euopisthobranchia
Proposed clade of marine reptiles
among living reptile groups, though this is uncertain. Cladogram after Wang et al. 2022. Cladogram after Wolniewicz et al. 2023: Wolniewicz, Andrzej S.;
Sauropterygiformes
Suborder of mammals
Suina's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram: The suborder Suina consists of 21 extant species in nine genera. These
Suina
extinct species. This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram: Based on: Stevens, P.F. (2001–2014). "Trees". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
List of dicotyledons of Great Britain and Ireland
List_of_dicotyledons_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland
Science of classifying organisms
processes Bacterial taxonomy – Rank based classification of bacteria Cladogram – Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common
Taxonomy_(biology)
Genus of reptiles
curvirostris was assigned to its own genus, Pseudogavialis. The below cladogram of the major extant crocodile groups is based on the latest molecular
Gavialis
Family of birds
methodological drawbacks of their DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The following cladogram shows the relationships between the families in the superfamily Muscicapoidea
Mimid
Family of gastropods
Gray, 1855 - type genus Tandonia Lessona & Pollonera, 1882 The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this family to the other families
Milacidae
Clade of mammals
retained in early-diverging groups. Cladogram after Panciroli et al. 2018: The cladogram after Lasseron et al 2022: Cladogram after Magallanes et al, 2024:
Cladotheria
Family of spiders
species, using combined molecular and morphological data, produced the cladogram shown below. Species representing modern genera found in Africa and Madagascar
Archaeidae
Property of a group not united by common ancestry
Cladogram of the primates, showing a monophyly (the simians, in yellow), a paraphyly (the prosimians, in cyan, including the red patch), and a polyphyly
Polyphyly
Suborder of insects
Hemerobiiformia as well as Myrmeleontiformia. The broken-up group is shown in the cladogram: Stephanitis pyrioides - the azalea lace bug Yan, Y.; Wang Y; Liu, X.;
Hemerobiiformia
Extinct clade of dinosaurs
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Andrew McDonald, 2012, and shows the position of Hadrosauroidea within Styracosterna: The cladogram below
Hadrosauroidea
Subterranean species of snakehead fish endemic to Kerala, India
Cladogram depicting A. gollum's relationship with other channids
Aenigmachanna_gollum
Animals with embryonic bilateral symmetry
is correct remains unresolved. Cladogram showing Xenambulacraria hypothesis with a paraphyletic Deuterostomia: Cladogram showing hypothesis of Xenambulacraria
Bilateria
Invasive ant species
occurs in all species and the mandibles bear four teeth. The following cladogram shows the position of the red imported fire ant among other members of
Red_imported_fire_ant
Infraorder of crustaceans
Norian–Rhaetian aged Ghalilah Formation of the United Arab Emirates. The cladogram below shows Anomura's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from
Anomura
Genus of birds
localities being equatorial or in the Southern Hemisphere. The following cladogram is based on a study by S.A. Patterson and collaborators that was published
Booby
Taxon of birds
sister group to pigeons within Columbimorphae instead as shown in the cladogram below: Columbea Otidae Metaves Prum, R. O. et al. A comprehensive phylogeny
Columbaves
Clade of reptiles
trochlearis oticum and a closed interpterygoid vacuity. Cladogram after Tong et al. 2022: Cladogram of Perichelydia after Miller et al. 2023 Hans-Dieter
Perichelydia
Any bird in the family Cacatuidae
cockatoo Cacatua – white cockatoos and corellas (13 species) Genus level cladogram of the cockatoos based on a 2023 molecular phylogenetic study by Brian
Cockatoo
Genus of gastropods
genus Eua include: Eua expansa Eua globosa Eua montana Eua zebrina A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of Eua species: Pilsbry H. A. & Cooke C.
Eua_(gastropod)
Superorder of insects
Here is a simple cladogram showing the traditional relationships with a monophyletic Paraneoptera: Here is an alternative cladogram showing Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera
Clade of cynodonts
foramen). Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships: Cladogram from Stefanello
Probainognathia
Infraorder of carnivores
phylogenetic relationships of Viverroidea are shown in the following cladogram: Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder
Viverroidea
Order of aquatic herbivorous mammals
Cladogram showing the estimated times of divergence between sirenian taxa
Sirenia
Extinct family of cynodonts
from China. Below is a cladogram from Gao et al. (2010) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trirachodontids: The cladogram above shows a monophyletic
Trirachodontidae
Common name for snails that normally live in saltwater
can be predicted the size the mollusk shell can reach. The following cladogram is an overview of the main clades of living gastropods based on the taxonomy
Sea_snail
Family of gastropods
McLean, 1989 Rhynchopelta McLean, 1989 Symmetriapelta L. Beck, 2023 A cladogram based on sequences of cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic
Peltospiridae
Clade of reptiles
recovered the cladogram below: A 2021 Rio & Mannion phylogenetic study using a heavily modified morphological data set recovered the cladogram below: Benton
Eusuchia
Extinct subfamily of dinosaurs
Supersaurus, Leinkupal, Galeamopus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, and Ardetosaurus. Cladogram of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015). Tschopp
Diplodocinae
Family of birds
and the eight other families in the order Piciformes is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained
Jacamar
Clade of unicellular organisms
the Ichthyosporea and the Filozoa, they form the Holozoa. An up to date cladogram is The alternative hypothesis is the Teretosporea clade. Hehenberger,
Pluriformea
Suborder of stem-mammals
Genus †Suminia Genus †Ulemica Genus †Venyukovia Cladogram modified from Cisneros et al., 2015. Cladogram modified from Angielczyk and Kammerer (2017): Theriodont
Anomodontia
Clade of reptiles
figarii, and Macelognathus vagans. The following cladogram was published by Juan Martín Leardi in 2025. Cladogram from Bodenham et al. 2026: The Crocodylomorpha
Crocodylomorpha
Species of snake
Dendrelaphis is most closely related to Chrysopelea, as shown in the cladogram below: Dendrelaphis caudolineatus is found in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia
Dendrelaphis_caudolineatus
Infraclass of mammals in the clade Metatheria
suffered a severe decline during the end-Cretaceous extinction event. Cladogram from Wilson et al. (2016) In 2022, a study provided strong evidence that
Marsupial
Family of leaf insects
by Sarah Bank are presented in the cladogram of the Phylliidae genera according to Cumming et al. (2023): Cladogram of the Phylliidae genera shown according
Phylliidae
Genus of crustaceans
variations in factors such as salinity are often studied. Lekanesphaera cladogram from the Catalogue of Life Lekanesphaera rugicauda, also called a "sea
Lekanesphaera
Species of bird
Lankan junglefowl–Gallus lafayettii (Lesson, 1831) Grey junglefowl–Gallus sonneratii (Temminck, 1813) Cladogram showing the species in the genus Gallus.
Sri_Lankan_junglefowl
Extinct class of leafless plants
Partial cladogram by Crane, Herendeen & Friis 2004, with emphasis on horneophytes. (See the Polysporangiophyte article for the expanded cladogram.) Genera
Horneophytopsida
Clade of vertebrates
Ichthyostegalia. The cladogram is based on a phylogenetic analysis of 46 taxa using 204 characters by B. Swartz in 2012. The following cladogram follows the results
Tetrapodomorpha
Species of tiny frogs
relationships of this clade in relation to other frog families are shown in the cladogram below: In 2020, Condez, Haddad & Zamudio tested the phylogenetic relationships
Brachycephalus_pulex
Genus of palms
produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of Sabal. Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona
Sabal
Genus of ants
while five species groups form a monophyletic assemblage. The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships within Myrmecia: Myrmecia was first
Myrmecia_(ant)
Family of mammals
kirchbergensis) and the narrow-nosed rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus hemitoechus). Cladogram showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species
Rhinoceros
Superfamily of carnivoran mammals
immediately following the Grande Coupure extinction event. The following cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005), with the
Musteloidea
Superfamily of gastropods
Helicarionoidea: Helicarionidae Ariophantidae Urocyclidae The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this family to other families within
Helicarionoidea
Grouping of marine reptiles
Cladogram Elapidae Cobra Hydrophiinae sea kraits Laticauda Notechis other sea snakes Emydocephalus Aipysurus Hydrelaps Hydrophis Cladogram showing the
Sea_snake
Clade of ray-finned fishes
families) The two cladograms below are based on Betancur-R et al., 2017. Percomorphs are a clade of teleost fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationships
Percomorpha
Clade of insects
Molecular analysis has clarified the group's phylogeny, as shown in the cladogram. The Endopterygota are distinguished from the Exopterygota ("external
Holometabola
Family of eudicot flowering plants
ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the cladogram[citation needed] In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae
Ranunculaceae
Superfamily of crustaceans
Crayfish are closely related to lobsters, as shown in the simplified cladogram below. Wolfe, Joanna M.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Crandall, Keith A.; Lemmon
Astacoidea
Clade of synapsids
†Shashajaia †Sphenacodontidae Therapsida Sphenacodontia in a cladogram after Fröbisch et al., 2011: Cladogram modified from Huttenlocker et al. (2021): Evolution
Sphenacodontia
Tribe of flowering plants
Galantheae within subfamily Amaryllidoideae is shown in the following cladogram: Included genera are: Acis Salisb. Galanthus L. Leucojum L. Previously
Galantheae
Clade of flowering plants
Cladogram I: Phylogeny of Zingiberales Zingiberales Zingiberineae Heliconiaceae Strelitziineae Musaceae
Ginger-families
Infraorder of mammals
separate suborder from Caniformia and a sister taxon to Feliformia. The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn (2005), with the
Arctoidea
Extinct Cambrian family of animals
paraphyletic stem-chordate evolutionary grade, as shown in this simplified cladogram: An earlier study in 2014 placed vetulicolians as the sister-group of
Banffiidae
Extinct family of carnivores
phylogenetic relationships of Lophocyonidae are shown in the following cladogram: Pilgrim, G. E. (1931). Catalogue of the pontian Carnivora of Europe.
Lophocyonidae
Extinct genus of bird-like dinosaurs
London specimen was designated the neotype on 3 October 2011. Below is a cladogram published in 2013 by Godefroit et al. It has been argued that all the
Archaeopteryx
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian, Kannada
Respected as Queen
Boy/Male
Celtic
Mythical hero.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Muruga
Male
English
Pet form of English Henry, HANK means "home-ruler."
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One who Finds Bliss in Naam
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Dreadful; Terrible
Girl/Female
Hindu
Beautiful pretty
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Funny
Male
English
 Pet form of English Mark, MARKO means "defense" or "of the sea." Compare with another form of Marko.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
A Smile; Laughter; Happiness
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM
CLADOGRAM