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Scientific technique used in historical linguistics
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or
Comparative_method
Methods in evolutionary biology
comparative methods (PCMs) use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses. The comparative
Phylogenetic comparative methods
Phylogenetic_comparative_methods
Field in political science
Comparative politics is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the comparative method or other empirical methods to explore politics
Comparative_politics
Branch of linguistics
the lexicon of two or more languages using techniques such as the comparative method. In principle, every difference between two related languages should
Comparative_linguistics
Process in which a first language is being acquired
faculty", or the "language instinct". The comparative method of crosslinguistic research applies the comparative method used in historical linguistics to psycholinguistic
Language_acquisition
French historian (1886–1944)
in the field of linguistics and their use of the comparative method. He believed that using the method in historical research could prevent the historian
Marc_Bloch
Qualitative research methodology
Glaser and Strauss developed the constant comparative method which later became known as the grounded theory method. They summarized their research in the
Grounded_theory
German philologist (1821–1868)
backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor. The comparative method may be contrasted with the method of internal reconstruction in which the internal
August_Schleicher
Common ancestor of a language family
partially attested at best. They are reconstructed by way of the comparative method. In the family tree metaphor, a proto-language can be called a mother
Proto-language
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
use of the comparative method of linguistic analysis. In order to test the hypothesis that two languages are related, the comparative method begins with
Language_family
American sociologist (1930–2017)
economic sociology, sociology of education, social change, and comparative methods. Neil Joseph Smelser was born in Kahoka, Missouri, on July 22, 1930
Neil_Smelser
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction (such as the comparative method) were developed as a result. PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken
Proto-Indo-European_language
Scientific study of language
proto-languages by using both the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction. Internal reconstruction is the method by which an element that
Linguistics
Examination of two or more entities to deduce their similarities and differences
No. 2 (21 January 2016), p. 15-18. Gordon Marshall, "comparative sociology, comparative method", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), p
Comparison
Study of patterns and natural variation in life
elephants and whales. Comparative psychology Comparative neuropsychology Cladistics Phylogenetic comparative methods Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
Comparative_biology
Data analysis technique
In statistics, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a data analysis based on set theory to examine the relationship of conditions to outcome. QCA
Qualitative comparative analysis
Qualitative_comparative_analysis
Study of the origin and evolution of words
available. By analyzing related languages with a technique known as the comparative method, linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language
Etymology
Method in the social sciences
Comparative historical research is a method of social science that examines historical events in order to create explanations that are valid beyond a
Comparative historical research
Comparative_historical_research
Method of comparative linguistics
Lexicostatistics is a method of comparative linguistics that involves comparing the percentage of lexical cognates between languages to determine their
Lexicostatistics
Method of reconstructing an earlier state in a language's history
a method of reconstructing an earlier state in a language's history using only evidence internal to the language in question. The comparative method compares
Internal_reconstruction
Large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Herman van der Tuuk) started to apply the comparative method to the Austronesian languages. The first extensive study on the history
Austronesian_languages
Processes of understanding how earlier languages were spoken
languages, belonging to the same language family, by means of the comparative method. A language reconstructed in this way is often referred to as a proto-language
Linguistic_reconstruction
Research methodology that makes comparisons across different countries or cultures
in one study. When it comes to method, the majority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative research. The multidisciplinary
Comparative_research
Language of the Basque people
reconstruct the prehistory of the Basque language by the traditional comparative method except by applying it to differences between Basque dialects. Little
Basque_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Romance languages
Proto-Romance is the result of applying the comparative method to reconstruct the latest common ancestor of the Romance languages. The closest real-life
Proto-Romance_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Australian language family
both Pama-Nyungan and Non-Pama-Nyungan, was reconstructed using the comparative method in 2017, providing evidence for Proto-Australian. This was then extended
Proto-Australian_language
negură, păstaie, scorbură, spuză, stăpân, sterp, stână, traistă. The comparative method can be extended to other languages of the Indo-European family, including
Substrate_in_Romanian
Subfield of linguistics
linguistics, comparative philology, archaeology, and genetics. The discipline coalesced in late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe as comparative linguists
Indo-European_studies
known for comparative studies in evolutionary biology. In 1994, with his spouse, anthropologist Ruth Mace, Pagel pioneered the Comparative Method in Anthropology
Mark_Pagel
Aboriginal Australian language family
traditionally Pama–Nyungan families which have been demonstrated through the comparative method, or which in Dixon's opinion are likely to be demonstrable, include
Pama–Nyungan_languages
Dutch-American political scientist (born 1936)
methodological debates within comparative politics, most notably through his 1971 article "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method," published in the American
Arend_Lijphart
Non-fiction book on Proto-Indo-European mythology
(2025) by Norbert Oettinger and Peter Jackson Rova, it builds on a comparative method of reconstruction previously established by Calvert Watkins in How
Indo-European_Poetry_and_Myth
Study of language change over time
families and reconstructing unrecorded proto-languages, using the comparative method and internal reconstruction. The focus was initially on the well-known
Historical_linguistics
Branch of the Indo-European language family
and origin. A Proto-Balto-Slavic language is reconstructable by the comparative method, descending from Proto-Indo-European by means of well-defined sound
Balto-Slavic_languages
Proto-Indo-European mytheme
scholars of comparative mythology and Indo-European studies generally agree on the motifs they have reconstructed by way of the comparative method. Scholar
Divine_twins
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
language is not directly attested and has been reconstructed using the comparative method with other more archaic and earlier attested Indo-European languages
Proto-Germanic_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the Japonic languages
of internal reconstruction from Old Japanese and by applying the comparative method to Old Japanese (both the central variety of the Nara area and Eastern
Proto-Japonic_language
Diverse languages between the Black and Caspian seas
ISBN 9781645879817. Schulze, Wolfgang. "11. The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics". Volume 1 Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
Languages_of_the_Caucasus
Migrations of Indo-Aryans into the Indian subcontinent
linguistic reconstruction in historical linguistics (e.g., the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction) were developed as a result. PIE
Indo-Aryan_migrations
British social anthropologist (1881–1955)
discover his interests in the topic. Haddon guided him towards the comparative method in specific societies in anthropology, classification and morphology
Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300
Proto-Celtic_language
Topics referred to by the same term
grammatical case used in the Mari language Comparative linguistics, a method used in the study of languages Comparative method (linguistics), a technique used in
Comparative_(disambiguation)
Language family spoken in Mesoamerica
Proto-Mayan language, which has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method. The proto-Mayan language diversified into at least six different
Mayan_languages
Hypothetical reconstructed proto-language
attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages not explained
Proto-Cushitic_language
Danish sociologist, politician, educator and philosopher (1858–1926)
wants it by the application of the comparative method to replace. He is against a misunderstanding of this method: Same legends and myths, like Social
Carl_Nicolai_Starcke
Pre-Columbian civilization in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico
mythological part of the narrative, some maintain that, by using a critical comparative method, some level of historicity can be salvaged from the sources. Others
Toltec
Proposed language family including Basque and Aquitanian
v36i1.3900. ISSN 2377-1666. Hualde, José Ignacio (2021). "On the comparative method, internal reconstruction, and other analytical tools for the reconstruction
Vasconic_languages
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
in writing but has been reconstructed to some degree through the comparative method. Proto-Italic descended from the earlier Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Italic_language
Language family
(2017). "The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics". In Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Mathias; Klein, Jared (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical
Northeast_Caucasian_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Hakka varieties
language family, proto-Hakka is difficult to reconstruct through the comparative method due to its multistratal lexicon. It is believed that Sinitic migration
Proto-Hakka
Branch of the discipline of sociology
'comparative' is suitable. Emile Durkheim argued in The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) that all sociological research was in fact comparative since
Comparative_sociology
by the comparative grammarian Antoine Meillet, a student of Ferdinand de Saussure. He became well-versed in the historical and comparative method and adopted
Gustave_Guillaume
Words inherited by different languages
takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate. It can also happen that
Cognate
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
historical linguists to define the notion of regular correspondence by the comparative method.[citation needed] Each sound change is limited in space and time and
Sound_change
Reference book on architectural history
A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method is a book about history of architecture by Banister Flight Fletcher and his father, Banister Fletcher
A_History_of_Architecture
sight-size method, also called direct measurement, is a similar measurement technique for objective life drawing. It has key differences from comparative measurement
Comparative_measurement
Venom-producing mammals
Jeremiah E.; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Schwartz, Gary T. (2007-06-12). "The comparative method and the inference of venom-delivery systems in fossil mammals". Journal
Venomous_mammal
Proposed language family
Murray Gell-Mann, Ilia Peiros, and Georgiy Starostin maintain that the comparative method has provided strong evidence for some linguistic superfamilies (Dené-Caucasian
Borean_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Philippine languages
attested to in any written work, but linguistic reconstruction by the comparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained
Proto-Philippine_language
Language of the ancient Aquitani people
Científicas. ISBN 978-84-00-09259-7. Hualde, José Ignacio (2021). "On the comparative method, internal reconstruction, and other analytical tools for the reconstruction
Aquitanian_language
Reconstructed predecessor of Basque
between Aquitanian and Basque: Achievements and Challenges of the Comparative Method in a Context of Poor Documentation". In Thiago Costa Chacon (ed.)
Proto-Basque_language
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge through careful observation, rigorous skepticism, hypothesis testing, and experimental
Scientific_method
Complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis
considered Saussure's statement as an overall rejection of the historical-comparative method. In American linguistics, Saussure became regarded as an opponent
Diachrony_and_synchrony
Attack on a predator by prey species
prevents it from locating its target. Besides experimental research, the comparative method can also be employed to investigate hypotheses such as those given
Mobbing_(animal_behavior)
Reconstructed language
known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination
Proto-Armenian_language
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
family. Greenberg relied on his own method of mass comparison of vocabulary items rather than the comparative method of demonstrating regular sound correspondences
Afroasiatic_languages
PMID 25780554. Felsenstein, Joseph (1985). "Phylogenies and the Comparative Method". The American Naturalist. 125 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:1985ANat..125..
Phylogenetic_signal
Form of pseudo-scholarship
mass comparison for a controversial method that operates by similarity). Instead, experts use the comparative method. This means that they search for consistent
Pseudoscientific language comparison
Pseudoscientific_language_comparison
19th-century British architect
interests. He is mainly remembered for A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (1895), written with his son Sir Banister Fletcher, which remains
Banister Fletcher (architect, born 1833)
Banister_Fletcher_(architect,_born_1833)
Controversial method in historical linguistics
forming an interlocking pattern common to the group. Unlike the comparative method, mass comparison does not require any regular or systematic correspondences
Mass_comparison
2005 book by Jared Diamond
summarizes his methodology in one paragraph: This book employs the comparative method to understand societal collapses to which environmental problems contribute
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed
through comparative methods in ethnology, designed to analyse and search ethnographic data of Hungarian folktales, songs, language, comparative cultures
Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore
Shamanistic_remnants_in_Hungarian_folklore
Type of stonework
wall Fletcher, Banister (1905). A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method (5 ed.). p. 54 – via Internet Archive. Pliny, Hist. Nat.vii.56.195 :
Cyclopean_masonry
Commercial oil product from krill
superba) using supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent as comparative method". Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 29 (3): 329–336. doi:10
Krill_oil
Compilation of concepts primarily for the purposes of lexicostatistics
ancestor Mass lexical comparison — a controversial method, seen as a rival to the comparative method, to determine the relatedness of languages Internal
Swadesh_list
Reconstructed ancestor of the Anatolian languages
have been found; the language has been reconstructed by applying the comparative method to all the attested Anatolian languages as well as other Indo-European
Proto-Anatolian_language
Large language family of Sub-Saharan Africa
of comparison between the Bantu languages, for which the classical comparative method was possible to be applied and which were reliably reconstructed,
Niger–Congo_languages
Field of study
relationships biologists rely on comparative genomics, as physiology and comparative anatomy are not possible methods. Microbial phylogenetics emerged
Microbial_phylogenetics
Proposed language macrofamily
research on mass comparison is unreliable. The primary criticism of comparative methods is that cognates are assumed to have a common origin on the basis
Eurasiatic_languages
Proto-language of all the Slavic languages
been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other
Proto-Slavic_language
Proposed language family
resemblance. Blust has been particularly critical of Sagart's use of the comparative method. Laurent Sagart (2016) responds to some of the criticisms by Blust
Sino-Austronesian_languages
Sri Lankan Tamil metaphysician (1877–1947)
'post-industrial' in 1913. Coomaraswamy was a firm believer in the comparative method. The analysis of both texts and symbols across a wide variety of cultures
Ananda_Coomaraswamy
to those disciplines of biology that rely on the comparative method, such as neuroethology, comparative physiology, and more recently functional genomics
Krogh's_principle
the scientific study of religion; he advocated a comparative method that developed into comparative religion. Subsequently, Clifford Geertz (1926–2006)
Theories_about_religion
Rejected language macrofamily proposal of the Americas
comparative method. Among the most prolific and gifted linguists of his time was Edward Sapir, who was among the first to apply the comparative method to Native
Amerind_languages
Beliefs of Proto-Celtic speakers
historically attested religions of the Ancient Celts. Through the comparative method, Celtic philologists and historical linguists have proposed reconstructions
Proto-Celtic_religion
2018 book on threats to democracy
elected leaders. As a methodology, the authors rely mainly on the "comparative method". They seek to forecast the future based on historical comparisons:
How_Democracies_Die
Norwegian-born historian of ideas (born 1971)
of a comparative method" was published online by the journal Global Intellectual History. Here, Herbjørnsrud proposed a global comparative method for the
Dag_Herbjørnsrud
Political scientist
Michigan methods summer schools. Caramani started his career in 1991 at the University of Geneva as teaching assistant in methods and comparative politics
Daniele_Caramani
Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies
and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the early 19th century. Theorists in diverse fields
Anthropology
British academic
acknowledged academically as an international pioneer in comparative method, due to her book 'Comparative Media History'.[citation needed] As the author of over
Jane_Chapman
Indigenous languages of Australia
which is "such an insult to the eminently successful practitioners of Comparative Method Linguistics in Australia, that it positively demands a decisive riposte"
Australian Aboriginal languages
Australian_Aboriginal_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Tupian languages
language, reconstructed by the comparative method from data of the descendant languages. In Brazil, Tupian historical-comparative studies are being developed
Proto-Tupian_language
Theory in linguistics
common method of describing genetic relationships between languages since the first attempts to do so. It is central to the field of comparative linguistics
Tree_model
Means by which a person dies by suicide
Suicide methods are any means by which a person dies or attempts to die by suicide. Suicide attempts do not always result in death, and a non-fatal suicide
Suicide_methods
1992 non-fiction work by Johanna Nichols
head-marking languages tends to destroy the information needed for the comparative method of reconstructing a protolanguage that is the ancestor to a number
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
Linguistic_Diversity_in_Space_and_Time
Family of two Andamanese languages
of her first 25 reconstructions, none are reproducible using the comparative method. Blust concludes that the grammatical comparison does not hold up
Ongan_languages
Theory of sound changes in linguistics
quote "sound laws suffer no exceptions" and forms the basis of the comparative method of reconstruction and the tree model of linguistic evolution. Inspired
Lexical_diffusion
théorique et appliquée (in French). 10 (1): 215–288. Glottolog Ethnologue Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families (from Wiktionary) Boas
List_of_language_families
Topics referred to by the same term
information in stereography Regular sound correspondence (linguistics), see Comparative method (linguistics) Binary relation Mathematical correspondence, a more
Correspondence
COMPARATIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
Male
Greek
(ΠεÏσεÏÏ‚) Greek myth name of the founder of Mycenae and the hero who killed the half-mortal gorgon Medousa. If Greek, the first element of the name might have derived from the word pertho, PERSEUS means "to sack, to destroy." And according to Carl Daling Buck in his Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, the -eus suffix found in so many Greek names is typically used to form an agent noun. If so, Perseus was a "destroyer" by profession, i.e. a "soldier," which is a fitting name for this legendary hero.Â
Male
Greek
(Μεθόδιος) Greek name derived from methodos, METHODIOS means "method."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Anirudhha | அநிரூத
Victorious, Cooperative
Anirudhha | அநிரூத
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a Roman Catholic, a comparatively late formation. Most surnames originated before the Reformation, with its schism between the Roman Catholic and Protestant Churches.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Fame; Cooperative
Boy/Male
Tamil
Anirudha | அநீரà¯à®¤à®¾
Victorious, Cooperative
Anirudha | அநீரà¯à®¤à®¾
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : unexplained; in the UK, it occurs more frequently as Liptrot, and according to Harrison is from a Germanic personal name composed of liob ‘dear’ + trūt ‘beloved’. It seems to be a comparatively recent importation into the UK.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for the smaller of two men with the same forename, from the comparative of Light.Perhaps an Americanized spelling of German Leiter.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Yashshri | யஷà¯à®·à¯à®°à¯€Â
Cooperative
Yashshri | யஷà¯à®·à¯à®°à¯€Â
Boy/Male
Hindu
Victorious, Cooperative
Girl/Female
Hindu
Cooperative
Surname or Lastname
English (Nottinghamshire)
English (Nottinghamshire) : habitational name from an unidentified place probably deriving its name from Old English rēad ‘red’ + Old Norse gata ‘road’. There is a Redgate Wood in Kirklington, Nottinghamshire, but this place name may be of comparatively recent origin.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably an early variant of Doughty.Edward Doty (c.1600–55) was one of the passengers on the Mayflower, a servant of Stephen Hopkins. He became comparatively wealthy and moved to Duxbury MA, where he left nine children.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the comparative form of Middle English schort ‘short’, hence a distinguishing nickname for the shorter of two closely associated people with the same personal name (for example, members of the same household).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin; perhaps derived from the vocabulary word soul as a term of affection.French (Soulé) : variant of Soulier 1.George Soule (1600–80), one of the passengers on the Mayflower in 1620, was one of the founders of Duxbury, MA, where he became comparatively wealthy. He left eight children.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Amiable and Cooperative
Boy/Male
Hindu
Victorious, Cooperative
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for the taller of two men with the same name, from Old English leng(ra) ‘longer’, ‘taller’, comparative of lang (see Lang).German : variant of Lang.Chinese : from an ancient official title, Lingguan, denoting a court official in charge of music. The character for Ling is written similarly to that for Leng (), and the surname evolved to the latter form.Cambodian : unexplained.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Amiable and cooperative
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Telugu
Free; Grandson of Lord Krishna; Cooperative
COMPARATIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Motte 1.English : from Motte, a medieval pet form of the personal name Matilda (see Mould).German : topographic name for someone who lived by or owned property in a marshy area, from Middle High German mot ‘mud’, ‘swamp’.
Biblical
a myrtle; joy
Girl/Female
Tamil
One with beautiful eyes
Girl/Female
Latin
Worthy of God.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Reward name of An early poe
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pious
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Well-hill
Boy/Male
Tamil
The Lord of the Geeta
Boy/Male
Indian
Fearless King
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English
A Refuge; Shelter; Safety
COMPARATIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
COMPARATIVE METHOD
n.
Of comparatively small value; common; mean.
n.
A part considered comparatively; a share.
a.
Proceeding from, or by the method of, comparison; as, the comparative sciences; the comparative anatomy.
a.
Of or pertaining to comparison.
a.
Estimated by comparison; relative; not positive or absolute, as compared with another thing or state.
n.
An equal; a rival; a compeer.
n.
One who makes comparisons; one who affects wit.
adv.
Comparatively quiet or silent; soft; gentle; low.
n.
A making ready; provision.
n.
The science of tongues or languages; comparative philology; glossology.
v. t.
The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness.
n.
The science of language; comparative philology; linguistics; glottology.
a.
Operating jointly to the same end.
n.
One of two things compared together.
n.
The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, the form by which the comparative degree is expressed; as, stronger, wiser, weaker, more stormy, less windy, are all comparatives.
a.
In an increasing or additional degree; even more; -- much used with comparatives.
adv.
According to estimate made by comparison; relatively; not positively or absolutely.
n.
Description or comparative study of the customs of savage or uncivilized tribes.
a.
Of little comparative value, as metal inferior to gold and silver, the precious metals.
a.
Expressing a degree greater or less than the positive degree of the quality denoted by an adjective or adverb. The comparative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -er, more, or less; as, brighter, more bright, or less bright.