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Use of computers to defraud
Computer fraud is the use of computers, the Internet, Internet devices, and Internet services to defraud people or organizations of resources. In the United
Computer_fraud
1986 United States cybersecurity law
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) is a United States cybersecurity bill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existing computer fraud
Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act
Type of crime based in computer networks
verification] Computer fraud that involves the use of the Internet is also called internet fraud. The legal definition of computer fraud varies by jurisdiction
Cybercrime
United States federal court case involving video poker software
not “protected computers”, the Court first defined a computer to having the meaning given by 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(1) (the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act)
United_States_v._Kane
Type of fraud in online advertising
based on how many site visitors click on the ads. Fraud occurs when a person, automated script, computer program, or an auto clicker imitates a legitimate
Click_fraud
Computer crime involving unlawful access to computers
Computer trespass is a computer crime in the United States involving unlawful access to computers. It is defined under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Computer_trespass
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decision
with the scope of criminal prosecutions of former employees under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). The Ninth Circuit's first ruling (Nosal I) established
United_States_v._Nosal
American court case
American computer programmer, writer, political organizer and Internet activist, was prosecuted for multiple violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse
United_States_v._Swartz
Nigerian businessman guilty of computer fraud
6, 2019, Okeke was arrested and charged with two counts of computer fraud and wire fraud. According to the charges, he and his syndicates had defrauded
Obinwanne_Okeke
2021 United States Supreme Court case
the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and its definition of "exceeds authorized access" in relation to one intentionally accessing a computer system
Van_Buren_v._United_States
Computer hacker who hacks ethically
remain subject to federal and state computer crime laws, including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). However, the Department of Justice has stated
White_hat_(computer_security)
American computer programmer and activist (1986–2013)
Carmen Ortiz, charged him with two counts of wire fraud and eleven violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, carrying a cumulative maximum penalty
Aaron_Swartz
suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (or identity theft) and electronic fraud. In the infancy of the hacker subculture and the computer underground
List_of_cybercriminals
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
In computer science, computer engineering, and telecommunications, a network is a group of communicating computers and peripherals known as hosts, which
Computer_network
Method of extracting data from websites
scraping: (1) copyright infringement (compilation), (2) violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ("CFAA"), and (3) trespass to chattel. However, the effectiveness
Web_scraping
American private investigator and criminal (born 1944)
counts including racketeering, wiretapping, witness tampering, and wire fraud. On May 15, 2008, he was found guilty on multiple counts. Federal Judge
Anthony_Pellicano
American hacker (1963–2023)
offenses related to a two-and-a-half-year period of computer hacking that included computer and wire fraud. He was found with cloned cell phones, more than
Kevin_Mitnick
1988 Internet worm
incident resulted in the first felony conviction in the US under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. It was written by Robert Tappan Morris, a graduate student
Morris_worm
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
influenced parts of the computer underground. The computer underground contained exploratory intruders as well as people engaged in fraud, theft, or deliberate
Hacker
Private network of connections between trusted peers
March 2020. Mansfield-Devine, Steve (1 December 2009). "Darknets". Computer Fraud & Security. 2009 (12): 4–6. doi:10.1016/S1361-3723(09)70150-2. Pradhan
Darknet
Intentional deception to gain unlawfully
fraud include health care fraud, disability fraud, welfare fraud, electoral fraud, employment fraud, visa fraud, insurance fraud, mail and wire fraud
Fraud
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
Cybersecurity Strategy in 2023. The 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act prohibits unauthorized access or damage of protected computers as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(2)
Computer_security
2015 criminal case
kidnapping and, for the use of the police database, violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). The presiding judge, however, acquitted Valle
United_States_v._Valle
Self-replicating malware program
first person tried and convicted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Conficker, a computer worm discovered in 2008 that primarily targeted Microsoft
Computer_worm
Form of social engineering
the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act applies to specified forms of unauthorized computer access, while other federal provisions may apply to wire fraud, access-device
Phishing
American YouTuber (born 1997)
The complaint, which invoked the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, sought $1.65 million in damages for alleged fraud and breach of contract. The lawsuit
Ruben_Sim
Computer malware
Norway to the United States, a Russian computer science professional Mark Vartanyan pleaded guilty to a computer fraud charge for his part in developing the
Citadel_(malware)
Record of activities
"Chapter 2: Related Research in Insider Computer Fraud and Information Security Controls". Insider computer fraud: an in-depth framework for detecting and
Audit_trail
American computer scientist; creator of Morris Worm; associate professor at MIT
the worm, and became the first person convicted under the then-new Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). He went on to cofound the online store Viaweb
Robert_Tappan_Morris
federal laws: The Stored Communications Act, the Wiretap Statute and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. The court held that DoubleClick was not liable under
In_re_DoubleClick
Undue focus on new and fashionable ideas
Harrison, Henry (2019-03-01). "Headline hype disguises security failings". Computer Fraud & Security. 2019 (3): 6–8. doi:10.1016/S1361-3723(19)30027-2. ISSN 1361-3723
Shiny_object_syndrome
American political activist and hacker
imprisoned over the Protest Warrior hack in 2005 and was later convicted of computer fraud in 2013 for hacking the private intelligence firm Stratfor and releasing
Jeremy_Hammond
Type of cyber-attack
considered a federal crime under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act with penalties that include years of imprisonment. The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property
Denial-of-service_attack
Information technology risk insurance
Cyberinsurance". Cyberinsurance Policy: Rethinking Risk in an Age of Ransomware, Computer Fraud, Data Breaches, and Cyberattacks. MIT Press. pp. 27–62. doi:10.7551/mitpress/13665
Cyber_insurance
Cloud-based data-warehousing company
computer fraud and abuse, extortion, and aggravated identity theft. In August 2026, Moucka pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to computer fraud, wire
Snowflake_Inc.
Suicide of American cyberbullied teenager
Lori Drew was indicted and convicted by a jury of violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in 2008 over the matter. Her conviction was vacated by
Suicide_of_Megan_Meier
Shadow library search engine
infringement, breach of contract, DMCA violations, and violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, accusing the site of circumventing Spotify's digital
Anna's_Archive
Swiss hacker (born 1999)
hacking-related merchandise such as t-shirts. It charged her with computer fraud and abuse, wire fraud, and identity theft. The indictment, and a raid by the Swiss
Maia_arson_crimew
Federal law enforcement agency
crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency; bank fraud; virus and worm proliferation; access device fraud; telecommunications fraud; Internet threats;
United_States_Secret_Service
Israeli cyber-espionage and malware firm
Platforms (then known as Facebook) sued NSO under the United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. In 2021, Apple filed a lawsuit against NSO in the US
NSO_Group
Interagency rewards program
conspiracy to commit wire fraud related to recent activity in connection with computers, intentional damage to a protected computer, and transmitting a demand
Rewards_for_Justice_Program
Hollywood wiretapping and racketeering scandal (2002–2019)
found guilty of charges including wiretapping, racketeering, wire fraud, and computer fraud. In December 2008, the court denied Pellicano's request for concurrent
Anthony Pellicano wiretapping scandal
Anthony_Pellicano_wiretapping_scandal
information, trespassing in a government computer, committing fraud with a protected computer, damaging a protected computer, trafficking in passwords, threatening
Computer crime countermeasures
Computer_crime_countermeasures
Type of social engineering
(November 2011). "Look behind you: The dangers of shoulder surfing". Computer Fraud & Security. 2011 (11): 17–20. doi:10.1016/s1361-3723(11)70116-6. Eiband
Shoulder surfing (computer security)
Shoulder_surfing_(computer_security)
Amendment protection. The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to an existing computer fraud law (18 U.S.C. § 1030),
Internet censorship in the United States
Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States
Cybercrime
against 12 for crimes including computer fraud, conspiracy to commit computer fraud, conspiracy to commit wire fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering
Operation_Shrouded_Horizon
Ukrainian national and a computer expert (born 1987)
on November 13, 2019, and was charged with Conspiracy, Conspiracy to Commit Fraud, Wire Fraud, Bank Fraud, and Intentional Damage to a Computer. v t e
Maksim_Yakubets
claim based upon the interpretation of the word "transmission" in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030. Jacob Citrin had been employed by IAC
International Airport Centers, L.L.C. v. Citrin
International_Airport_Centers,_L.L.C._v._Citrin
Computer Trojan horse
operating ZeuS botnets. He was charged with several counts of wire fraud and computer fraud and abuse. Court papers allege that from 2009 to 2011 Bendelladj
Zeus_(malware)
Large-scale cybersecurity incident in 2024
He faces multiple charges in Washington state, including conspiracy, computer fraud, extortion, and identity theft. John Erin Binns, 24 (aliases: IRDev
Snowflake_data_breach
US government surveillance program
agreed to plead guilty to having committed a misdemeanor under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, something that Jesselyn Radack of the Government Accountability
Trailblazer_Project
Refers to a group of hackers tried for launching a DOS attack against PayPal
campaign, Operation Payback. The defendants were charged under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in July 2011 for the attempted denial of service attacks
PayPal_14
Fraudulent activity regarding online advertisements
generate revenue. Ad fraud is the categorical term inclusive of all forms of online advertising fraud, including click fraud. While ad fraud is frequently associated
Ad_fraud
American federal criminal case
which the U.S. government charged Lori Drew with violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) over her alleged cyberbullying of her 13-year-old
United_States_v._Drew
1984 United States law reforming federal criminal statutes and procedures
Extension of the Secret Service's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud Increased federal penalties for cultivation, possession, or transfer
Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
Comprehensive_Crime_Control_Act_of_1984
Computer security term; someone who hacks computer systems
known as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, prohibits unauthorized access or damage of "protected computers". "Protected computers" are defined in 18 U
Security_hacker
American legal proceeding
CollegeSource sued AcademyOne for a number of claims including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). The case was dismissed by Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel
CollegeSource, Inc. v. AcademyOne, Inc.
CollegeSource,_Inc._v._AcademyOne,_Inc.
"exceeds authorized access" in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 18 U.S.C. §1030(e)(6) and concluded that access to a computer may be exceeded if the purposes
United_States_v._John_(2010)
The California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act is in §502 of the California Penal Code. According to the State Administrative Manual of
California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act
California_Comprehensive_Computer_Data_Access_and_Fraud_Act
being in breach of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Google Buzz shared private information by revealing Gmail
Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc.
Lawsuit between Sony Entertainment and hackers geohot and fail0verflow
claims, including violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, computer fraud, and copyright infringement. The law firm hired by Sony was Kilpatrick
Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. v. Hotz
Sony_Computer_Entertainment_America,_Inc._v._Hotz
2019 United States court case
declaratory judgment to prevent LinkedIn from lawfully invoking the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), California
HiQ_Labs_v._LinkedIn
Action to block publication of vulnerability
States Constitution. The MBTA claimed that the MIT students violated the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and on August 9, 2008, was granted a temporary
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority v. Anderson
Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority_v._Anderson
American legal case
Internet-based worms. This case resulted in the first conviction under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. In the process, the dispute clarified much of the language
United States v. Morris (1991)
United_States_v._Morris_(1991)
Lawsuit brought by Facebook in the United States
of the CAN-SPAM Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ("CFAA"), and the California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act. According to Facebook
Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc.
Facebook,_Inc._v._Power_Ventures,_Inc.
German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur (born 1974)
stolen phone calling card numbers. He was convicted on eleven charges of computer fraud, ten charges of data espionage, and various other charges in 1998 for
Kim_Dotcom
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
above amendments. Computer crime Internet fraud Data Protection Act 1998 Section 18(1). Section 18(2). Neil MacEwan, "The Computer Misuse Act 1990: lessons
Computer_Misuse_Act_1990
Psychological manipulation in information security
extensive phone and computer fraud scheme in Israel in the 1990s using social engineering, voice impersonation, and Braille-display computers. In 2011, hackers
Social_engineering_(security)
Computer program that modifies other programs to replicate itself and spread
biological virus which replicates within living cells. Botnet Computer fraud and abuse act Computer security Crimeware Core Wars Cryptovirology Keystroke logging
Computer_virus
2013 Northern District of California Court case
trespassing, which a plaintiff can use to claim a violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. 3Taps and PadMapper were companies that partnered to
Craigslist_Inc._v._3Taps_Inc.
American comedian and social media personality (born 1982)
emotional distress, civil theft, civil conspiracy, and violation of the computer fraud and Abuse Act. The Department of Justice's investigation found that
Tasha_K
American hacker and troll (born 1985)
incident, which led to a criminal complaint in January 2011 under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Shortly after the investigation was opened, the FBI and
Weev
American computer security researcher
” In October 2023, Air Canada sued Carroll and Seats.aero under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act over automated scraping of award-fare data; a U.S. judge
Ian Carroll (software developer)
Ian_Carroll_(software_developer)
Branch of forensic science
incorporate computer offences. Canada was the first country to pass legislation in 1983. This was followed by the US Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Digital_forensics
Data leak of private photographs
Retrieved May 16, 2025. Ryan Collins will plead guilty to violating Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and prosecutors will recommend a sentence of 18 months
2014 celebrity nude photo leak
2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak
1977 murder case in Minnesota, United States
release from prison, she was arrested for computer fraud and several other counts. She pleaded guilty to fraud and removing money from the bank account
Glensheen_murders
Financial fraud tactic
number patterns. A notable example of rounding fraud was committed by the India-based company Satyam Computer Services which was detected in 2019, and it
Rounding_fraud
American court case (2001)
Vladimirovich Ivanov of Chelyabinsk, Russia was indicted for conspiracy, computer fraud, extortion, and possession of illegal access devices; all crimes committed
United_States_v._Ivanov
Term in US law of cybercrime
Protected computers is a term used in Title 18, Section 1030 of the United States Code, (the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) which prohibits a number of
Protected_computer
March 24, 2008, Selmedica CEO Perry Belcher was arrested on charges of computer fraud exceeding $10,000, imitating a licensed professional, and deceptive
Selmedica
"authorization" in the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. The major finding of this case is that even if an employee accesses a computer for an improper purpose
LVRC_Holdings_LLC_v._Brekka
1982 British TV series or programme
statistics and writing reports on computer fraud, suddenly finds himself with the threads of an international computer fraud in his hands. Forced to flee his
Bird_of_Prey_(TV_serial)
FBI operation targeting botnet operators
Panama City Florida, pleaded guilty to charges of computer fraud and conspiracy to commit computer fraud for using botnets to install advertising software
Operation:_Bot_Roast
American cryptographer
396–402. T. Elgamal, "The new predicaments of security practitioners", Computer Fraud & Security, vol. 2009, no. 11, pp. 12–14, Nov. 2009. The spellings El
Taher_Elgamal
American lawyer
York City based computer, trial and appellate lawyer. He is best known for representing hackers prosecuted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ("CFAA")
Tor_Ekeland
Internet activist organization
forwarding the passage of net neutrality rules, blocking expansion of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, under which co-founder Aaron Swartz was indicted, and
Demand_Progress
2001 United States anti-terrorism law
Secret Service jurisdiction was extended to investigate computer fraud, access device frauds, false identification documents or devices, or any fraudulent
Patriot_Act
Digital archive by the Internet Archive
of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed
Wayback_Machine
Website which humorously critiques "McMansions"
interfering with Zillow's business interests may have been violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. After Wagner obtained legal representation from the Electronic
McMansion_Hell
Non-profit digital library
including wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer, and recklessly damaging a protected computer. Prosecutors
JSTOR
American hacktivist
damages for investigation and remediation, clearing threshold of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and making the DDoS a federal crime. Helped by his pro
Christopher_Doyon
Aspect of cybercrime
Prosecution' (2003) Mayfield Press, Oxford, Computer Fraud & Security "(ACPO) Good Practice Guide for Computer-Based Electronic Evidence" (PDF). Haagman
Trojan_horse_defense
1996 U.S. cybersecurity law; amendment to the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
1996, as an amendment to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. The Act was enacted in 1996 as an amendment to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. It modifies
National Information Infrastructure Protection Act
National_Information_Infrastructure_Protection_Act
Crime in the United States
he was convicted of wire fraud (defrauding the IRS of property and the public of his honest services) and computer fraud. The appellate court reversed
Honest_services_fraud
Topics referred to by the same term
Administrative Affairs of the European Union's Committee of the Regions Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, a United States law of 1986 Cooperative Forestry Assistance
CFAA
Australian-American activist
U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz for violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), and, facing the risk of up to 35 years imprisonment
Taren_Stinebrickner-Kauffman
Deception through email, made for personal gain or to damage another individual
Email fraud (or email scam) is intentional deception for either personal gain or to damage another individual using email as the vehicle. Almost as soon
Email_fraud
Decentralized digital cryptocurrency
2017. Bradbury, Danny (November 2013). "The problem with Bitcoin". Computer Fraud & Security. 2013 (11): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S1361-3723(13)70101-5. ISSN 1361-3723
Bitcoin
1994 science fiction novel by Greg Egan
(Peer and Kate) into this city's machine code. When Maria learns of a computer fraud investigation on Durham, she confronts him. Durham reveals that his
Permutation_City
American activist and whistleblower (born 1987)
entering New Zealand on national security grounds due to her espionage and computer-fraud convictions. In August 2021, Forbes reported that Manning had been contracted
Chelsea_Manning
travel, tourism, insurance
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