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Term in US law of cybercrime
on, "protected computers". The statute, as amended by the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996, defines "protected computers" (formerly
Protected_computer
1986 United States cybersecurity law
causes damage without authorization, to a protected computer; (B) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of
Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act
Computer programming structure used to create objects
that are part of the same class can access private members. Protected (or class-protected) allows the class itself and all its subclasses to access the
Class_(programming)
United States federal court case involving video poker software
Central to the case was whether a video poker machine constituted a protected computer and whether the exploitation of a software bug constituted exceeding
United_States_v._Kane
Programmable machine that processes data
electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs, which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system
Computer
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
subdiscipline within the field of information security. It focuses on protecting computer software, systems, and networks from threats that can lead to unauthorized
Computer_security
Data leak of private photographs
agreed to plead guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information resulting in an 18-month sentence. While no
2014 celebrity nude photo leak
2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak
Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback
A video game, computer game, is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard
Video_game
Term for computer intruders and computing experts
unauthorized access to a computer system or network. The word is also used for a skilled programmer or computer enthusiast. In computer security, it may describe
Hacker
Section of US anti-terrorism bill
attempted illegal use or access of protected computers. The punishment for attempting to damage protected computers through the use of viruses or other
Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act
court ruled that an employee would exceed authorized access to a protected computer if he or she used that access to obtain or steal information as part
United_States_v._John_(2010)
Interagency rewards program
connection with computers, intentional damage to a protected computer, and transmitting a demand in connections to damaging a protected computer. The Rewards
Rewards_for_Justice_Program
Convicted computer criminals are people who are caught and convicted of computer crimes such as breaking into computers or computer networks. Computer crime
List_of_cybercriminals
Self-replicating malware program
A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers. It often uses a computer network
Computer_worm
1996 U.S. cybersecurity law; amendment to the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
causes damage without authorization, to a protected computer; (ii) intentionally accesses a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of
National Information Infrastructure Protection Act
National_Information_Infrastructure_Protection_Act
Instructions a computer can execute
Software (SW) consists of computer programs that instruct the execution of a computer. Software also includes design documents and specifications. The
Software
Overview of and topical guide to computer security
subdiscipline within the field of information security. It focuses on protecting computer software, systems, and networks from threats that can lead to unauthorized
Outline_of_computer_security
1998 United States copyright law
renewed. The 2000 "literary works including computer programs" exemption was limited to "Computer programs protected by dongles that prevent access due to malfunction
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act
Software that manages computer hardware resources
is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating
Operating_system
Russian computer hacker
sentenced to 27 years in prison for wire fraud, intentional damage to a protected computer, and identity theft. Seleznev would only serve ten years in prison
Roman_Seleznev
Study of computation
Fundamental areas of computer science Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation, together with their associated phenomena
Computer_science
Constructing product by means of computer
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. This
Computer-aided_design
Computer intended for use by an individual person
A personal computer (PC), or simply computer, is a computer designed for personal use. It is typically used for tasks such as word processing, web browsing
Personal_computer
Type of crime based in computer networks
in LondonPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Protected computer – Term in US law of cybercrime Ransomware – Malicious software used
Cybercrime
Test to determine whether a user is human
numbers from a distorted image. Because the test is administered by a computer, in contrast to the standard Turing test that is administered by a human
CAPTCHA
Non-profit digital library
including wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer, and recklessly damaging a protected computer. Prosecutors in
JSTOR
Process by which an individual gains access to a computer system
In computer security, logging in (or logging on, signing in, or signing on) is the process by which an individual gains access to a computer system or
Login
Iranian hacker
Conspiracy to Commit Intentional Damage to a Protected Computer and Intentional Damage to a Protected Computer. According to the Department of Justice, at
Behzad_Mohammadzadeh
Operational mode of x86-compatible CPUs
In computing, protected mode, also called protected virtual address mode, is an operational mode of x86-compatible central processing units (CPUs). It
Protected_mode
Component that stores information
Computer memory stores information, such as data and programs, for immediate use in the computer; instructions fetched by the computer, and data fetched
Computer_memory
World Wide Web content existing on darknets
configurations, or authorization to access. Through the dark web, private computer networks can communicate and conduct business anonymously without divulging
Dark_web
Security protocol for wireless computer networks
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2), and Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) are the three security certification programs developed
Wi-Fi_Protected_Access
Aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units
since 1999, it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors, and is also the standard aspect ratio for the UHD, 4K and 8K
16:9_aspect_ratio
2009 lawsuit by SAS Institute against World Programming
Reproduction, in a computer program or user manual for that program, of elements described in the user manual for another computer program protected by copyright
SAS Institute Inc v World Programming Ltd
SAS_Institute_Inc_v_World_Programming_Ltd
American computer criminal
2005, Levine was convicted of 120 counts of unauthorized access of a protected computer, two counts of access device fraud, and one count of obstruction of
Scott_Levine
Control of access to computer networks
and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the
Network_security
Connection between computers or programs
application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service
API
Enclosure of conductive mesh used to block electric fields
instruments, such as in an electric guitar, are protected by Faraday cages made from copper or aluminum foils that protect the instrument's electromagnetic pickups
Faraday_cage
American court case
counts: wire fraud, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a protected computer, and recklessly damaging a protected computer. On November 17
United_States_v._Swartz
Private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
science. In the late twentieth century, MIT became closely associated with computer science, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, open-source software development
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology
Loss of electric power to an area
networking equipment, video projectors, alarm systems as well as computers. To protect computer systems against this, the use of an uninterruptible power supply
Power_outage
Hypothetical agent surpassing human intelligence
suggesting that humans are likely to interface with computers, or upload their minds to computers, in a way that enables substantial intelligence amplification
Superintelligence
Process of securing digital information
breach. Data security protects computer hardware, software, storage devices, and the data of user devices. Data security also protects the data of organizations
Data_security
Measures taken to guard against damage
systems such as computers, and to intangible things such as intellectual property, beliefs, and economic systems. Humans seek to protect locations of historical
Protection
government computer, committing fraud with a protected computer, damaging a protected computer, trafficking in passwords, threatening to damage a protected computer
Computer crime countermeasures
Computer_crime_countermeasures
1980 video game
version for the Family Computer in 1984 as one of the console's first third-party titles, as well as a port for the MSX computer. The Famicom version was
Pac-Man
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
theoretical computer science. He formalised the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, a model of a general-purpose computer, and his
Alan_Turing
Precedent-setting American court case about freedom to publish encryption software
code is protected by the First Amendment, noting that source code "is an expressive means for the exchange of information and ideas about computer programming"
Junger_v._Daley
Software application designed to run on mobile devices
A mobile app or application is a computer program or software application designed to run on a mobile device such as a smartphone, tablet, or smartwatch
Mobile_app
1999 mass shooting in Colorado, U.S.
breaking into a white van parked near Littleton and stealing tools and computer equipment. The judge sentenced them to a 12-month juvenile diversion program
Columbine High School massacre
Columbine_High_School_massacre
Public university in Berkeley, California
pioneering computer technologies, culminating in the Xerox Alto that inspired the Apple Macintosh. In particular, the Alto used a computer mouse, which
University of California, Berkeley
University_of_California,_Berkeley
2019 United States court case
prohibits accessing a computer without authorization or exceeding one's authorization to obtain information from a protected computer. LinkedIn asserted
HiQ_Labs_v._LinkedIn
1964 computer research project
influenced innovations in memory paging and protected memory. It also led to the development of the BCC-500 computer system which could support 500 users, a
Project_Genie
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
In computer science, computer engineering, and telecommunications, a network is a group of communicating computers and peripherals known as hosts, which
Computer_network
Any web page served from a single domain
Facebook. The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by the British CERN computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World
Website
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Web was invented by English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee while at CERN in 1989 and opened to the public
World_Wide_Web
2008 video game
city, attributing this to the game's artificial intelligence. Robinson of Computer and Video Games considered the environment believable, and felt that the
Grand_Theft_Auto_IV
2001 United States anti-terrorism law
prohibited was extortion undertaken via a protected computer. The penalty for attempting to damage protected computers through the use of viruses or other software
Patriot_Act
Computer crime involving unlawful access to computers
information from a department or agency from any protected computer. Each state has its own laws regarding computer trespassing but they all echo the federal
Computer_trespass
Cryptograph and cypherpunk (1956–2014)
individuals rather than governments and corporations. The computer can be used as a tool to liberate and protect people, rather than to control them." Finney was
Hal Finney (computer scientist)
Hal_Finney_(computer_scientist)
This glossary of computer science is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in computer science, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including
Glossary_of_computer_science
Computer security term; someone who hacks computer systems
unauthorized access or damage of "protected computers". "Protected computers" are defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030(e)(2) as: A computer exclusively for the use of
Security_hacker
Gambling done through the internet
on the internet. Most lotteries are run by governments and are heavily protected from competition due to their ability to generate large taxable cash flows
Online_gambling
Web browser developed by Google
estimates that Chrome has a 75.23% worldwide browser market share on personal computers. It is the most used browser on tablets having an estimated 48% market
Google_Chrome
Seclusion from unwanted attention
people." Protecting intimacy is at the core of the concept of sexual privacy, which law professor Danielle Citron argues should be protected as a unique
Privacy
Protection for the overwriting of data
(open = protected). Iomega Zip disks were write-protected using the IomegaWare software. Syquest EZ-drive (135 & 250 MB) disks were write-protected using
Write_protection
1983 video game
the Computer and Video Games 1983 Golden Joystick Awards, losing to Imagine Software's Ah Diddums. "PSST is this the Ultimate?", Personal Computer Games
Pssst
Operating mode for x86 CPUs
In the x86-64 computer architecture, long mode is the mode where a 64-bit operating system can access 64-bit instructions and registers. 64-bit programs
Long_mode
Methods used to protect cloud-based assets
controls used to protect data, applications, services, and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing. It is a sub-domain of computer security, network
Cloud_computing_security
Object-oriented programming language
can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer
Java_(programming_language)
vector outlines, may be protected by copyright on the computer code that produces them. The name of a typeface may also be protected as a trademark. In 1981
Intellectual property protection of typefaces
Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces
American businessman (born 1944)
mathematics and also first encountered computer design. He then moved to Berkeley, California, and began his career as a computer programmer for several different
Larry_Ellison
American author and filmmaker (1942–2008)
"Afraid of Computers (everybody is)," "Buying a Computer" and "Computer Crime," was intended to introduce the idea of personal computers to a reader
Michael_Crichton
Person who uses a computer or network service
A user is a person who uses a computer or network service. A user typically has a user account and is recognized by the system through a username. Some
User_(computing)
Electronic flight control system
flight controls are converted to electronic signals, and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide
Fly-by-wire
Computer program that runs as a background process
systems. A daemon that connects to a computer network is a network service. After the term was adopted for computer use, it was incorrectly rationalized
Daemon_(computing)
Digital multimedia format for storing video and audio
management as were sold through the iTunes Store use the .m4p (MPEG-4 Protected) extension. iTunes Plus tracks that the iTunes Store currently sells are
MP4_file_format
Software that uses cryptography
information. Cryptography is used to protect digital information stored on computers as well as information transmitted over computer networks such as the Internet
Encryption_software
Topics referred to by the same term
Transaction account User account, the means by which a user can access a computer system Customer of a company, used in B2B business account manager account
Account
American global computer security software company
authority in educating and protecting people against the Love Bug or ILOVEYOU virus, one of the most destructive computer viruses in history. At the end
McAfee
Language for controlling a computer
A programming language is an engineered language for expressing computer programs, typically allowing software to be written in a human readable manner
Programming_language
2007 film by Russell Mulcahy
Mikey, a young computer junkie who drives the "computer station" portion of the convoy Madeline Carroll as White Queen, the sister computer of the original
Resident_Evil:_Extinction
and mysterious rook move. protected passed pawn A passed pawn that is supported by another pawn. protection A piece is protected when another friendly piece
Glossary_of_chess
Ukrainian computer scientist
Russakovsky is an associate professor of computer science at Princeton University. Her research investigates computer vision and machine learning. She was
Olga_Russakovsky
List of food and beverages offered by a restaurant
single-page menu may double as a disposable placemat. To protect a menu from spills and wear, it may be protected by heat-sealed vinyl page protectors, lamination
Menu
Cryptographic network protocol
access and operate remote computers, sending the authentication tokens (e.g. username and password) for this access to these computers across a public network
Secure_Shell
Processing of natural language by a computer
is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence
Natural_language_processing
American non-profit digital archive
the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format. In 2004, the Internet
Internet_Archive
Regulatory Commission (NRC) who was convicted for attempting to breach protected computer systems. Eccleston, a U.S. citizen who had been living in Davao City
Charles_H._Eccleston
Traditional board game for two players
relevance to other fields such as mathematics, computer science, and psychology. One of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing
Chess
again. The programs use re-enactments, interviews, eyewitness testimony, computer-generated imagery, cockpit voice recordings, and official reports to reconstruct
List_of_Mayday_episodes
Group that provides security feedback
United States. Technical red teaming focuses on compromising networks and computers digitally. There may also be a blue team, a term for cybersecurity employees
Red_team
information for notable Computer-assisted survey information collection (CASIC) software. Comparison of statistical packages Computer-assisted qualitative
Comparison_of_survey_software
Act violating the laws of war
confinement of a protected person, compelling a protected person to serve in the force of a hostile Power, or wilfully depriving a protected person of the
War_crime
Physical components of a computer
Computer hardware, commonly shortened to hardware, includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU), random-access
Computer_hardware
Bans on a Russian antivirus software
the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) to use its software to scan computers worldwide for material of interest—ties which the company has actively
Kaspersky and the Russian government
Kaspersky_and_the_Russian_government
Any computer program for end-user use
intended for end-user use – not operating, administering or programming a computer. It includes programs such as word processors, web browsers, media players
Application_software
Computer input/output device for users
A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device that can be used for entering data into, and transcribing data from, a computer
Computer_terminal
Method of computer access control
Authentication takes place when someone tries to log into a computer resource (such as a computer network, device, or application). The resource requires
Multi-factor_authentication
Use of knowledge for practical goals
that computers did not create significant net technological unemployment. Due to artificial intelligence being far more capable than computers, and still
Technology
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance