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Problem in linear algebra
computation of the permanent in a class of problems believed to be even more difficult to compute than NP. It is known that computing the permanent is impossible
Computing_the_permanent
Mathematical proof about the permanent of matrices
1979, Leslie Valiant proved that the computational problem of computing the permanent of a matrix is #P-hard, even if the matrix is restricted to have entries
♯P-completeness of 01-permanent
♯P-completeness_of_01-permanent
Polynomial of the elements of a matrix
be used to compute the permanent. Moreover, computing the permanent of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete. Thus, if the permanent can be computed in polynomial
Permanent_(mathematics)
Classification of computer problems
Currently the main focus of the program is on algebraic complexity classes. Proving that computing the permanent cannot be efficiently reduced to computing determinants
Geometric_complexity_theory
Theoretical computer scientist
investigated the mixing behaviour of Markov chains to construct approximation algorithms for counting problems such as the computing the permanent, with applications
Mark_Jerrum
investigated the mixing behaviour of Markov chains to construct approximation algorithms for counting problems such as the computing the permanent, with applications
Alistair_Sinclair
Distributed computing paradigm
Edge computing is a distributed computing model that brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data. More broadly, it refers to any
Edge_computing
Set of edges without common vertices
because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1 matrix (another #P-complete problem) is the same as computing the number of perfect matchings in the bipartite
Matching_(graph_theory)
Path in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once
and only if the digraph is Hamiltonian. The relationship between the computational complexities of computing it and computing the permanent was shown by
Hamiltonian_path
Complexity class
1007/BF00383444. S2CID 119697949.. Leslie G. Valiant (1979). "The Complexity of Computing the Permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2). Elsevier: 189–201
♯P-complete
Type of distributed computing
Jungle computing is a form of high performance computing that distributes computational work across cluster, grid and cloud computing. The increasing
Jungle_computing
Positive Experiences. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 5087–5097. doi:10
Death_in_video_games
Mathematical function generalizing the determinant and permanent
these functions. While the determinant can be computed in polynomial time using Gaussian elimination, computing the permanent of a general matrix is ♯P-complete
Immanant
Complexity class
344. ISBN 978-0-521-42426-4. Leslie G. Valiant (1979). "The Complexity of Computing the Permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2). Elsevier: 189–201
♯P
Matching which covers every node of the graph
However, counting the number of perfect matchings, even in bipartite graphs, is #P-complete. This is because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1
Perfect_matching
False assumptions programmers make who are new to distributed computing
Distributed computing Fine vs coarse grained SOA Wilson, Gareth (2015-02-06). "The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing - Tech Talk". Archived from the original
Fallacies of distributed computing
Fallacies_of_distributed_computing
System with multiple networked computers
share a common goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have much overlap, and no clear distinction
Distributed_computing
This fact is used in a simplified proof showing that computing the permanent is #P-complete. The problems of finding a vertex disjoint and edge disjoint
Vertex_cycle_cover
in the history of computing from 1990 to 1999. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing. "Vision for the Future"
Timeline of computing 1990–1999
Timeline_of_computing_1990–1999
Additional storage that enables faster access to main storage
computing, a cache (/kæʃ/ KASH) is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data
Cache_(computing)
Mixing property of Markov chains and graphs
from the set of all perfect matchings in the bipartite graph, which in turn gives rise to the polynomial-time approximation scheme for computing the permanent
Conductance_(graph_theory)
International Society for Computing
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing founded on September 15, 1947, and headquartered in New
Association for Computing Machinery
Association_for_Computing_Machinery
Museum in Cambridge, England
The Centre for Computing History is a computer museum in Cambridge, England, established to create a permanent public exhibition telling the story of the
Centre_for_Computing_History
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum
Quantum_algorithm
ability and local interactions. The term amorphous computing was coined at MIT in 1996 in a paper entitled "Amorphous Computing Manifesto" by Abelson, Knight
Amorphous_computing
A Business and Computing is a dual degree program offered jointly by some computing and business schools. The program generally lasts four-five years instead
Business_and_Computing
merged in order to become Literary and Linguistic Computing (LLC) in 1986. Literary and Linguistic Computing is a peer-reviewed, international journal that
European Association for Digital Humanities
European_Association_for_Digital_Humanities
Digital workload distribution techniques
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units) with the aim of making their overall
Load_balancing_(computing)
Computing concept
In computing, entropy is the randomness collected by an operating system or application for use in cryptography or other uses that require random data
Entropy_(computing)
Physical components of a computer
hardware terms History of computing hardware Microprocessor MOSFET List of computer hardware manufacturers Open-source computing hardware Open-source hardware
Computer_hardware
lower bound for the permanent" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 23 (5): 1026–1049, doi:10.1137/S0097539792233907, archived from the original (PDF) on
ACC0
American multinational technology company
cloud computing, software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI). It has been referred to as "the most
arbitrary commutative semirings. Valiant, L.G. (1979). "The complexity of computing the permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2): 189–201. doi:10
♯SAT
Book by Edward Snowden
Permanent Record is a 2019 autobiography by Edward Snowden, whose revelations sparked a global debate about surveillance. It was published on September
Permanent Record (autobiography)
Permanent_Record_(autobiography)
Data and process for mutating a software resource to a desired state
applied in a permanent way (i.e. to storage), but in some cases, a patch is applied to memory (i.e. via a tool such as a debugger) in which case the change
Patch_(computing)
American multinational technology conglomerate
and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon. In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment
Amazon_(company)
statement for the case that k {\displaystyle k} is not a divisor of n {\displaystyle n} is an open mathematical problem. Computing the permanent Henryk Minc
Bregman–Minc_inequality
Computing Announces Trillium 3G / 4G Wireless Protocol Software Upgrades". 2008-12-05. Jim Barthold (2008-02-11). "Femto glue: Continuous Computing and
Continuous_Computing
Research institute at the University of Utah
The Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute is a permanent research institute at the University of Utah that focuses on the development of new
Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute
Scientific_Computing_and_Imaging_Institute
self-reductions. The discrete logarithm problem, the quadratic residuosity problem, the RSA inversion problem, and the problem of computing the permanent of a matrix
Random_self-reducibility
Technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group
Trusted Computing (TC) is a technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group. The term is taken from the field of trusted systems and has
Trusted_Computing
US non-profit organization
education on the uses of cloud computing to help secure all other forms of computing." The CSA has over 80,000 individual members worldwide. The CSA gained
Cloud_Security_Alliance
Standard model in theoretical computer science
expressions it has already computed. Arithmetic circuits provide a formal way to understand the complexity of computing polynomials. The basic type of question
Arithmetic_circuit_complexity
2017 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM
from the original on May 21, 2020. "T2P9D01 Mainboard User's Guide" (PDF). Raptor Computing Systems. 2018. "OpenPOWER - RCS Wiki". "Raptor Computing Systems::CP9M01"
POWER9
Temporary storage for deleted files
In computing, the trash, also known by other names such as trash bin, dustbin, wastebasket, and similar names, is a graphical user interface desktop metaphor
Trash_(computing)
National Archive for the History of Computing, University of Manchester National Videogame Arcade, Nottingham Museum of Computing, Swindon Time Line Computer
List_of_computer_museums
Multiprocessor computer system where not all of the CPUs are treated equally
65MP. 3B20C Cellular multiprocessing Giant lock Heterogeneous computing Multi-core (computing) Software lockout Symmetric multiprocessing IBM (December 1976)
Asymmetric_multiprocessing
American conference for women in computing
The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing
Software company
(DaaS), networking, PCoIP and cloud computing. VDIworks built the very first PCoIP broker connection which is the industry’s only PCoIP broker with quad
VDIworks
Organization that shares designs of data center products
significantly influenced the design and operation of large-scale computing facilities worldwide. As of February 2025, over 400 companies across the world are members
Open_Compute_Project
Type of data center server computer
Blade Server Comparison at the Wayback Machine (archived 2012-10-19) Cisco Unified Computing System White Paper[permanent dead link] "Cisco and Docker
Cisco Unified Computing System
Cisco_Unified_Computing_System
Canadian businessman (born 1961)
ca/institute-for-quantum-computing). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: UW Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC). Archived from the original on November 11, 2017
Mike_Lazaridis
Short length of conductor
In electronics and particularly computing, a jumper is a short length of conductor used to close, open or bypass part of an electronic circuit. They are
Jumper_(computing)
When a process becomes non-responsive
(computing) Blue screen of death Crash (computing) Livelock Infinite loop Uninterruptible sleep Windows appends the text "(Not responding)" to the window
Hang_(computing)
Global computing organization
Computing and Education 2 (HCE2): IFIP 19th World Computer Congress, WG 9.7, TC 9: History of Computing, Proceedings of the Second Conference on the History
International Federation for Information Processing
International_Federation_for_Information_Processing
American research institute
Scientific Computing Core (SCC) that manages the institutes computational resources and provides software development expertise. In addition to the permanent computational
Flatiron_Institute
Private university in Milan, Italy
Legal Studies; Social and Political Sciences; and Computing Sciences. Permanent research centers include the Paolo Baffi Centre (economics, finance and regulation)
Bocconi_University
Function of a matrix
semi-definite. Computing the hafnian of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete, because computing the permanent of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete. The hafnian of a
Hafnian
Ministerial department of the UK Government
'100 Computing Lessons' by Scholastic. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a 'Network of Teaching Excellence'to support schools with the new
Department_for_Education
identifier=3005888[permanent dead link] General Motors Research Laboratories site. Domain is one of the first .com domains. First true operating
General Motors Research Laboratories
General_Motors_Research_Laboratories
Cluster of IBM mainframes
In computing, a Parallel Sysplex is a cluster of IBM mainframes acting together as a single system image with z/OS. Used for disaster recovery, Parallel
IBM_Parallel_Sysplex
Annual event in America established 1988
the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, is the annual conference established in 1988 by the Association
ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference
ACM/IEEE_Supercomputing_Conference
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The newest manifestation of cluster computing is cloud computing. The components of
Computer_cluster
Unit of digital information, usually 8 bits
optimize for this usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit byte. Modern architectures
Byte
American businessman (born 1964)
the founder, executive chairman, and former president and CEO of Amazon, the world's largest e-commerce and cloud computing company. According to the
Jeff_Bezos
Methods that imitate, replicate or use natural processes
systems, fractal geometry, artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others. However, the field is more related to biological computation
Natural_computing
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
mathematics and computing which has become widely recognised with statues and many things named after him, including an annual award for computing innovation
Alan_Turing
Distributed application structure in computing
without needing to install any permanently resident malware. Distributed computing projects such as SETI@home and the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
Client–server_model
Academic department of the Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Interactive Computing School of Computing Instruction CODA Building College of Computing Building Klaus Advanced Computing Building Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing
Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Computing
Aerospace and defense division
"Anecdotes". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 32 (2): 80–83. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.29. Project MUSE 394131. "Computing Devices of Canada Ltd. (CDC)"
General Dynamics Mission Systems - Canada
General_Dynamics_Mission_Systems_-_Canada
Term in human–computer interaction
Any change in a computing system, such as a new feature or new component, is transparent if the system after change adheres to previous external interface
Transparency (human–computer interaction)
Transparency_(human–computer_interaction)
American multinational technology company
materials science using a combination of AI, high-performance computing and quantum computing. The service includes Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language model
Microsoft
Computer scientist and quantum computing researcher
one of the inventors of blind quantum computing. Her work has included contributions to quantum cryptography, verification of quantum computing, and cloud
Elham_Kashefi
Cloud business entity
manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. As cloud computing evolves
Cloud_broker
Audio programming language
Stéphane (2004). "Syntactical and Semantical Aspects of Faust". Soft Computing (PDF).[permanent dead link] Scaringella, Nicolas; Orlarey, Yann; Fober, Dominique
FAUST_(programming_language)
English as lingua franca of programming and computer science
The English language is sometimes described as the lingua franca of computing. Computer science utilizes English as its primary conduit. The prevalence
English_in_computing
Aiming device
sight depending on an optical or computing system"[permanent dead link] Hawks, Chuck. chuckhawks.com; "Choosing the Right Sight". Retrieved July 24, 2008
Iron_sights
Organization supporting the R Project
The R Foundation for Statistical Computing is a non-profit organization based in Vienna, Austria, that provides legal and financial support for the R
R Foundation for Statistical Computing
R_Foundation_for_Statistical_Computing
Input device
media Multimodal Interfaces and Physical Computing[permanent dead link] "Interactive Media Design". Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-11-08
I-CubeX
Norman; Schilit, Bill N. (1995). "Context-Aware Computing Applications". 1994 First Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. pp. 85–90. doi:10
Context-aware pervasive systems
Context-aware_pervasive_systems
Problem transformation for counting solutions
ISBN 0-89871-479-6, MR 1827376 Valiant, L. G. (1979), "The complexity of computing the permanent", Theoretical Computer Science, 8 (2): 189–201, doi:10
Polynomial-time counting reduction
Polynomial-time_counting_reduction
American multinational technology company
Rotovision. p. 15. ISBN 2-88046-750-0.[permanent dead link] Walters, E. Garrison (2001). The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology
IBM
Organized collection of data in computing
In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software
Database
Classics was one of the first of the humanities disciplines to adopt computing approaches; the first references to the use of computing in the classical humanities
Digital_classics
events in the history of computing: from prehistory until 1949. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see History of computing. The Ishango
Timeline of computing before 1950
Timeline_of_computing_before_1950
Computer memory testing equipment
affect the functional behavior of a system (memory chip, logic chips or PCB): Non-Permanent faults and Permanent faults. Permanent faults affect the logic
Memory_tester
American computer scientist
in three years. He then attended the School of Information and Computer Sciences (now the College of Computing) at the Georgia Institute of Technology
Gene_Spafford
Seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet
contain truly individual parts [are] S, ... Q...[permanent dead link] "2: Q Shape". Identifont. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February
Q
Elapsed time before a specified event is to take place
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Guide to Windows Commands Fibre Channel time-out values Human–computer interaction Permanent signal Richards, Mark
Timeout_(computing)
Platform Computing Collaborate to Deliver Integrated HPC Solution Platform teams up with Dell on HPC Arrow NAC teams with Platform Computing to provide
OpenLava
Data item stored in a browser by a website
already used in computing when computer programmer Lou Montulli had the idea of using them in web communications in June 1994. At the time, he was an
HTTP_cookie
Indian-American business executive (born 1967)
he was the executive vice president of Microsoft's cloud and enterprise group, responsible for building and running the company's computing platforms
Satya_Nadella
Visual area containing some kind of user interface
In computing, a window is a graphical control element. It consists of a visual area containing some of the graphical user interface of the program it
Window_(computing)
British-American computer scientist
computation and ubiquitous computing. He proposes Tangible computing and Social computing as two different aspects of the same program of investigation
Paul_Dourish
American computer scientist
at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is also the founding Director of the Parallel Computing Institute. Gropp helped to create the Message
Bill_Gropp
Building at Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada
The George Vari Engineering and Computing Centre is a 4-story building that is part of Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Initially
George Vari Engineering and Computing Centre
George_Vari_Engineering_and_Computing_Centre
disparity in computing concerns the disparity between the number of men in the field of computing in relation to the lack of women in the field. Originally
Gender_disparity_in_computing
Computer science award
Jerrum, M.; Sinclair, Alistair (1989), "Approximating the permanent", SIAM Journal on Computing, 18 (6): 1149–1178, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.431.4190, doi:10
Gödel_Prize
Security bug
to gain administrator-level privileges on tens-of-millions of devices.[permanent dead link] Constantin, Lucian (February 11, 2015). "Critical vulnerability
JASBUG
On-demand cloud computing provider
use more computing in times of high application usage, and then scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic). These cloud computing web services
Amazon_Web_Services
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Perfecting; Completing
Female
English
 Pet form of English Theodora, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Boy/Male
Native American
Rock.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Female
Greek
 Short form of Greek and Latin Dorothea, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Male
English
Short form of English Theodore, THEO means "gift of God," and other names beginning with Theo-.
Boy/Male
Greek American German
God given.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Completing the Work; Finishing the Task
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Girl/Female
Indian
Completing the work, Finish
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Perfecting; Completing
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name TSE means "rock."
Girl/Female
Muslim
Completing the work, Finish
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English thewe ‘thrall’, ‘slave’ (Old English þēow).
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
Boy/Male
Native American
Eagle.
Boy/Male
Indian
A nick loving name
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Hearts Feelings
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Anglo-Norman French personal name Fau(l)ques (oblique case Fau(l)que), originally a Germanic byname meaning ‘falcon’.
Boy/Male
Tamil
The Moon, Intelligent, Collection
Male
Hebrew
(זַבְדִּי) Hebrew name ZABDIY means "the gift of Jehovah. In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a son of Zerah.
Boy/Male
British, English
Cute
Girl/Female
English
From the Latin Cecilia: blind. The blind St. Cecilie - patron saint of music - was a talented...
Boy/Male
Australian, Parsi
Unpopulated; Uninhabited
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Jerry, JERRIE means "spear ruler."
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
a.
Tending to compose or soothe.
n.
A contrivance for computing the revolutions of a wheel; an odometer.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compose
n.
The art of composing or writing; authorship.
a.
Pertaining to, or used in, composition.
n.
The art or act of composing hymns.
n.
A computer.
adv.
By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform.
n.
The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning.
n.
The whole material composing the world.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compete
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compute
v. i.
See Thee.
a.
Acting in competition; competing; rival.
n.
The act or process of confuting; refutation.
n.
Anything, or any part, corresponding to the toe of the foot; as, the toe of a boot; the toe of a skate.
a.
Serving to consummate; completing.
definite article.
A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Confute
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Commute