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Concept in epistemology
A consensus theory of truth is the process of taking statements to be true simply because people generally agree upon them. An ancient criterion of truth
Consensus_theory_of_truth
Conformity to reality
to truthlikeness, a characteristic of theories that approximate the truth. Various theories of the nature of truth have been proposed, but its precise
Truth
Attempts to analyze the concept of truth
philosophy and epistemology, epistemic theories of truth are attempts to analyze the notion of truth in terms of epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief
Epistemic_theories_of_truth
Theory of truth within pragmatism
A pragmatic theory of truth is a theory of truth within the philosophies of pragmatism and pragmaticism. Pragmatic theories of truth were first posited
Pragmatic_theory_of_truth
Topics referred to by the same term
(philosophical) criteria. Consensus theory of truth, truth as determined by consensus rather than or before other criteria. False-consensus effect, a tendency to overestimate
Consensus
Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
Cognitive dissonance Consensus theory of truth Criticism of democracy Democracy Fundamental attribution bias Groupthink Hurting the feelings of the Chinese people
Argumentum_ad_populum
Concept regarding objective facts
political judgements". Alternative facts Consensus reality Consensus theory of truth Critical theory Degree of truth Fake news False or misleading statements
Post-truth
Theories of truth aim to identify what all truths have in common. They seek to clarify the role and concept of truth and discern its essential features
Theories_of_truth
Notion of reality based on consensus view
of thought and so assist in discrediting completely the world of reality". Brute fact Common knowledge Common misconception Consensus theory of truth
Consensus_reality
Untruth propagated to strengthen social harmony
lie – Propaganda technique Consensus theory of truth Lie-to-children Morality play Paternalistic deception Social dominance theory Social dominance orientation
Noble_lie
Group decision-making aiming for universal agreement
democracy Consensus reality Consensus theory of truth Contrarian Copenhagen Consensus Deliberation Deliberative democracy Dialogue mapping Ethics of Dissensus
Consensus_decision-making
Philosophical concept
According to the redundancy theory of truth (also known as the disquotational theory of truth), asserting that a statement is true is completely equivalent
Redundancy_theory_of_truth
German social philosopher (1929–2026)
by ideology or other errors. In this version of the consensus theory of truth Habermas maintains that truth is what would be agreed upon in an ideal speech
Jürgen_Habermas
combine independent estimates. Cultural Consensus Theory is one such technique, but specifically refers to a family of mathematical models used to estimate
Cultural_consensus_theory
Theories on 2001 terror attacks in U.S.
but some conspiracy theory groups, including Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth, reject the scientific and expert consensus. 9/11 conspiracy theorists
9/11_conspiracy_theories
Philosophical belief that principles depend on societal agreements, not external reality
characterization of law is too narrow. French historical epistemology Émile Boutroux Consensus theory of truth Ayer, Alfred Jules. Language, Truth and Logic
Conventionalism
Sense or significance of an entity
Reference-based theories hold that the meaning of an expression is what it stands for or the entity it denotes. Truth-conditional theories maintain that
Meaning_(philosophy)
Type of epistemology
types of coherentism: the coherence theory of truth, and the coherence theory of justification (also known as epistemic coherentism). Coherent truth is divided
Coherentism
Theory of personal perception
Collective consciousness Collective unconscious Consensus reality Consensus theory of truth Cosmic consciousness Direct and indirect realism Fake news General
Reality_tunnel
Collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists
Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the vast majority of active, qualified experts on a conclusion in a specific
Scientific_consensus
Politics in which facts are considered irrelevant
the scientific method "Art, Truth and Politics" (Nobel lecture) Big lie – Propaganda technique Consensus theory of truth – Concept in epistemology Dark
Post-truth_politics
Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people
Argumentum ad populum Bandwagon effect Consensus theory of truth Echo chamber (media) Emotional contagion False consensus effect Filter bubble Group polarization
Groupthink
scientific literature. Collective intelligence Consensus decision-making Consensus democracy Consensus theory of truth Emotional Intelligence Intelligence Participation
Consensus-based_assessment
Branch of metaphysics
The basic intuition behind truthmaker theory is that truth depends on being. For example, a perceptual experience of a green tree may be said to be true
Truthmaker_theory
Attributional type of cognitive bias
sense of being part of the majority. The false-consensus effect can be traced back to two parallel theories of social perception, "the study of how we
False_consensus_effect
This is a list of notable conspiracy theories. Many conspiracy theories relate to supposed clandestine government plans and elaborate murder plots. They
List_of_conspiracy_theories
Epistemological theory that faith is independent of reason
epistemology Consensus theory of truth Coherence theory of truth Subjectivism Tertullian taught fideistic concepts such as the later philosophers William of Ockham
Fideism
How a group of agents can reach a common decision
Consensus dynamics, also known as agreement dynamics, is an area of research at the intersection of systems theory and graph theory. It studies how a
Consensus_dynamics
Group of loosely affiliated 9/11 conspiracy theorists
9/11 truth movement encompasses a disparate group of adherents to a set of overlapping conspiracy theories that dispute the general consensus of the September
9/11_truth_movement
Attributing events to an improbable conspiracy
mainstream consensus among those who are qualified to evaluate its accuracy, such as scientists or historians. As such, conspiracy theories are identified
Conspiracy_theory
Implementation theory is an area of research in game theory concerned with whether a class of mechanisms (or institutions) can be designed whose equilibrium
Implementation_theory
Ideology developed by Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping Theory (Chinese: 邓小平理论; pinyin: Dèng Xiǎopíng Lǐlùn), also known as Dengism, is the series of political and economic ideologies first developed
Deng_Xiaoping_Theory
Philosophical principle that perspectives and epistemology are always linked
use of the term. Nietzsche's perspectivism is a realist antimetaphysics rejecting both the correspondence theory of truth and the notion that truth-value
Perspectivism
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
Theorem in Boolean algebra
In Boolean algebra, the consensus theorem or rule of consensus is the identity: x y ∨ x ¯ z ∨ y z = x y ∨ x ¯ z {\displaystyle xy\vee {\bar {x}}z\vee yz=xy\vee
Consensus_theorem
2020 film by Andrew Rossi
with an average rating of 7.0/10. The website's consensus reads: "Expansive in scope and methodically researched, After Truth is a chilling thesis on
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News
Branch in philosophy of science
The Trouble with Theory: The Educational Costs of Postmodernism. Penn State University Press. Devitt, M. 1997. Realism and Truth, Princeton University
Constructivism (philosophy of science)
Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)
Logical paradox from vague predicates
available then the group consensus will always be unanimous and the paradox does not occur. In the economics field of utility theory, the sorites paradox
Sorites_paradox
Standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims
epistemology, criteria of truth (or tests of truth) are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims. They are tools of verification
Criteria_of_truth
Degree to which an observation is affected by one's presuppositions
scientific consensus if the disagreeing parties make different observations due to their different theoretical backgrounds. Two forms of theory-ladenness
Theory-ladenness
System for reasoning about vagueness
form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial
Fuzzy_logic
Material supporting an assertion
confirms Newton's and Einstein's theory of gravitation equally well and is therefore unable to establish consensus among scientists. But in such cases
Evidence
Basic framework of mathematics
of mathematics are the logical and mathematical frameworks that allow the development of mathematics without generating self-contradictory theories,
Foundations_of_mathematics
Deceptive statement
A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. The statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true, but only
Half-truth
2010 book by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming is a 2010 non-fiction book by American
Merchants_of_Doubt
In mathematics, a statement that has been proven
inside the theory). As the axioms are often abstractions of properties of the physical world, theorems may be considered as expressing some truth, but in
Theorem
Logical theory
Trivialism is the logical theory that all statements (also known as propositions) are true and, consequently, that all contradictions of the form "p and not
Trivialism
Buddhist differentiation of conventional and ultimate truth
doctrine of the two truths (Sanskrit: dvasatya, Wylie: bden pa gnyis) differentiates between two levels of satya (Sanskrit; Pāli: sacca; meaning "truth" or
Two_truths_doctrine
Rejected AIDS origin hypotheses
scientific consensus regards it as disproven. A 2004 article in the journal Nature described the hypothesis as "refuted". These theories generally attribute
Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories
English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)
explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He supported the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. He
Stephen_Hawking
Truth, beauty, and goodness
there was consensus that, in addition to the basic concept of being itself (ens), unity (unum), truth (verum) and goodness (bonum) were part of the transcendental
Transcendentals
the process of communicating. Consensus decision-making – Group decision-making aiming for universal agreement Consensus theory of truth – Concept in
Collaborative_pedagogy
Propaganda warfare via Internet memes
2024.2421554. Lemmon, Julia (16 December 2024). "The Weaponization of Fiction and Truth - Disinformation as Hybrid Warfare and its Strategic Use in the United
Memetic_warfare
Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change
Allegations that scientific consensus involves conspiring to fake data or suppress the truth: a climate change conspiracy theory. Fake experts, or individuals
Climate_change_denial
Discussion of the meaning and usage of the terms evolution, fact and theory
also refer to the truth or falsity of a proposition. To the public, theory can mean an opinion or conjecture (e.g., "it's only a theory"), but among scientists
Evolution_as_fact_and_theory
Perspectives in sociology and political philosophy
associated with positivism, where theory is a neutral, explanatory tool. Consensus is a euphemism for ideology. Genuine consensus is not achieved, rather the
Conflict_theories
2024 American television series
television documentary series about the 1991 death of writer Danny Casolaro amid his conspiracy theories of a supposed international cabal that he labeled
American Conspiracy: The Octopus Murders
American_Conspiracy:_The_Octopus_Murders
Style of documentary filmmaking
'truth cinema' or 'truthful cinema') is a style of documentary filmmaking developed by Edgar Morin and Jean Rouch, inspired by Dziga Vertov's theory about
Cinéma_vérité
Rejecting scientific or historical consensus
existence of consensus. In psychology, denialism is a person's choice to deny reality as a way to avoid believing in an uncomfortable truth. Denialism
Denialism
Philosophical study of knowledge
branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge
Epistemology
2015 film by James Vanderbilt
Tomatoes, Truth has a 63% approval rating based on reviews from 182 critics, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus states:
Truth_(2015_film)
Fringe theory claiming that Jesus did not exist
Christ myth theory, also known as the Jesus myth theory, Jesus mythicism, or the Jesus ahistoricity theory, is the fringe view that the story of Jesus is
Christ_myth_theory
attempt to divide and conquer the UK. The report described the UK as one of Russia's "top targets" as it was "seen as central to the Western anti-Russian
Russian interference in British politics
Russian_interference_in_British_politics
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
idea with the name of "pragmaticism". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based)
Empiricism
Field of logic concerned with imperatives
generally what role truth and falsity play in their semantics. Thus, there is almost no consensus on any aspect of imperative logic. One of a logic's principal
Imperative_logic
View that neither the future nor the past exist, only the present
theory looks to capture the dependence of truth upon being with the idea that truths (e.g., true propositions) are true in virtue of the existence of
Philosophical_presentism
Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others
philosophy, theory of mind (often abbreviated to ToM) is the capacity to understand other individuals by ascribing mental states to them. A theory of mind includes
Theory_of_mind
Natural-language "if" sentences about what may be the case
classification, there is broad consensus that everyday "if A, B" claims used to guide belief and action are a distinctive target for theory. Early formal work identified
Indicative_conditional
Boolean prime ideal theorem Compactness theorem Consensus theorem De Morgan's laws Duality (order theory) Laws of classical logic Peirce's law Stone's representation
List of Boolean algebra topics
List_of_Boolean_algebra_topics
Theory in monetary economics
The quantity theory of money (QTM) is a hypothesis within monetary economics which states that the general price level of goods and services is directly
Quantity_theory_of_money
Hypothetical physical concept
A theory of everything or final theory is a hypothetical coherent theoretical framework of physics containing all physical principles. The scope of the
Theory_of_everything
Term for cultural process of shifting ideas of reality
direct perceptions of consensus reality. Hyperreality is seen as a condition in which, because of the compression of perceptions of reality in culture
Hyperreality
Field of economics and game theory
Mechanism design (sometimes implementation theory or institution design) is a branch of economics and game theory. It studies how to construct rules—called
Mechanism_design
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
importance of the two dissonant items is high, it is difficult to determine which action or thought is correct. Both have had a place of truth, at least
Cognitive_dissonance
Façade making something seem better than in reality
minister and lover of the Russian Empress Catherine II. After the 1783 Russian annexation of Crimea from the Ottoman Empire and "liquidation" of the Cossack
Potemkin_village
Sociological theory of society
called "consensus theory"). Also, it ignores inequalities including race, gender, class, which cause tension and conflict. The refutation of the second
Structural_functionalism
Proof that only uses basic techniques
techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis. Historically, it was once thought
Elementary_proof
Anticipatory democracy is a theory of civics relying on democratic decision making that takes into account predictions of future events that have some
Anticipatory_democracy
Personality construct
relevant to the construct of psychopathy? Reconciling the dual roles of theory and clinical utility". Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
Psychopathy
Conspiracy theory about race and culture
theory or great replacement theory, is a debunked white nationalist far-right conspiracy theory coined by French author Renaud Camus. Camus's theory states
Great Replacement conspiracy theory
Great_Replacement_conspiracy_theory
Academic discipline
than philosophy of science. There is no consensus among philosophers about many of the central problems concerned with the philosophy of science, including
History and philosophy of science
History_and_philosophy_of_science
Psychological theory describing the evolution of moral reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on the stages of moral development is an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Lawrence_Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development
Vulgar term for nonsense
quantify the degree of disregard for truth in large language models. Anthropologist David Graeber's book Bullshit Jobs: A Theory argues the existence
Bullshit
Widespread deliberate fabrication presented as truth
expected cost of not believing the hoax (the cost if its assertions are true times the likelihood of their truth) outweighs the expected cost of believing
Hoax
Branch of logic
collaboratively edited and there is no consensus about which terminology to adopt. A truth-functionally complete set of connectives is also called simply functionally
Propositional_logic
Compulsory International Baccalaureate subject
equally reliable justifications? Use of coherence, correspondence, pragmatism, and consensus as criteria of truth. The TOK course is expected to involve
Theory of knowledge (IB course)
Theory_of_knowledge_(IB_course)
Far-right fake news website (2016–2021)
Pundit is a far-right fake news website known for publishing conspiracy theories. According to The Atlantic, True Pundit had "a well-known modus operandi
True_Pundit
False or misleading information about 5G technology
telecommunications technology was widespread in many countries of the world. False information and conspiracy theories were propagated by the general public and celebrities
5G_misinformation
Metatheoretical stance on scientific inquiry
amends positivism and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry. While positivists
Postpositivism
Country in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
the end of the century. His theory did not come to fruition because of the USSR's collapse. According to Wilson, the Soviet Union was, in theory, well-positioned
Soviet_Union
Philosophical view that there is no correct way of perceiving the passage of time
universe theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time. Some forms of eternalism give time a similar ontology to that of space
Eternalism (philosophy of time)
Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)
American TV series
and Bill Prady. The series is the second direct spin-off of the sitcom The Big Bang Theory, the overall fourth television series in the franchise, and
Stuart Fails to Save the Universe
Stuart_Fails_to_Save_the_Universe
Macroeconomic theory
been described as a heterodox theory. It departs from mainstream economic consensus by rejecting the conventional model of central bank independence. MMT
Modern_Monetary_Theory
American philosopher (1922–1996)
the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific
Thomas_Kuhn
Branch of pragmatic philosophy
more on Peirce's theory of truth, see the Peirce section in Pragmatic theory of truth. Peirce's discussions and definitions of truth have influenced several
Pragmaticism
Datum or structured component of reality
Engel's version of the correspondence theory of truth explains that what makes a sentence true is that it corresponds to a fact. This theory presupposes the
Fact
Propaganda technique
channels (like news and social media) without regard for truth or consistency. The firehose of falsehood is a contemporary model for Russian propaganda
Firehose_of_falsehood
Sociopolitical debate in China
The 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy (Chinese: 真理标准大讨论; lit. 'Debate on Standards for Judging the Truth'), also known as the 1978 Truth Criterion Discussion
1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy
Form of influence campaign
of creative deceit. Black propaganda relies on the willingness of the receiver to accept the credibility of the source. If the creators or senders of
Black_propaganda
JFK assassination conspiracy theory
Agency (CIA) is represented in nearly every theory that involves American conspirators. The secretive nature of the CIA, and the conjecture surrounding the
CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory
CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory
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