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Epistemological theory
Manifesto" a variant of contrastivism that, he argues, differs from contextualism, invariantism, and Schaffer's contrastivism. Ernest Gellner in Words
Contrastivism
American philosopher
grounding and his development of monism, and is also a notable proponent of contrastivism. Since earning his PhD from Rutgers University in 1999, Schaffer has
Jonathan_Schaffer
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Aristotle
Structured system of communication
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Language
French philosopher (1930–2004)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Jacques_Derrida
German polymath (1646–1716)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Linguistic_relativity
Philosophical study of knowledge
informed to know it in the context of a rigorous meteorological debate. Contrastivism, another view, argues that knowledge ascriptions are comparative, meaning
Epistemology
Scientific study of language
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Linguistics
Bearer of truth values
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Proposition
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
American philosopher (born 1955)
require the existence of a God. Sinnott-Armstrong is a proponent of Contrastivism, the idea that all claims of reasons are relative to contrast classes
Walter_Sinnott-Armstrong
Words expressing a complete thought
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Sentence_(linguistics)
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Bertrand_Russell
Subject of inquiry in philosophy and linguistics
) An alternative to contextualism called contrastivism has been proposed by Jonathan Schaffer. Contrastivism, like contextualism, uses semantic approaches
Contextualism
American philosopher (born 1964)
Revisited". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. Baumann, Peter (2 June 2013). "Review of Contrastivism in Philosophy". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617. Gallow, J. Dmitri (16 May 2022)
Christopher_Hitchcock
How clauses compose sentences in grammar and syntax
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Sentence_clause_structure
English philosopher and political theorist (1588–1679)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Thomas_Hobbes
Linguistic term for jargon of a group
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Cant
Soviet psychologist (1896–1934)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Lev_Vygotsky
Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Confucius
Hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Mental_representation
Entity whose presence indicates the probable existence of something else
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Sign
German philosopher, logician, and mathematician (1848–1925)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Gottlob_Frege
German philosopher (1900–2002)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Hans-Georg_Gadamer
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Analytic_philosophy
Study of meaning in language
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Semantics
Fundamental unit of cognition
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Concept
American philosopher (1932–2025)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
John_Searle
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Ambiguity
Socialism Communism Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivist theory of names
Outline_of_philosophy
Differentiating and characterizing feature
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Property_(philosophy)
Swiss linguist and philosopher (1857–1913)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Ferdinand_de_Saussure
System of names or terms in a particular field of arts or sciences
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Nomenclature
French philosopher (1859–1941)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Henri_Bergson
Philosophy emphasizing names and labels
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Nominalism
Chinese philosopher (4th century BCE)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Zhuang_Zhou
Entities that are said to be either true or false
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Truth-bearer
1921 philosophical work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus
English philosopher (1919–2006)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
P._F._Strawson
German-born American anthropologist (1858–1942)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Franz_Boas
British philosopher (1900–1976)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Gilbert_Ryle
Bilingualism by learning two languages from birth
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Simultaneous_bilingualism
English philosopher (1910–1989)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
A._J._Ayer
Sense or significance of an entity
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Meaning_(philosophy)
Distinction between using a word and mentioning it
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Use–mention_distinction
Medieval school of philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Scholasticism
Distinction in the philosophy of language
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Sense_and_reference
Theory in philosophy of language
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Descriptivist_theory_of_names
Words and contextual actions which provide a complete meaning
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Language_game_(philosophy)
Property or quality connoted by a word, phrase, or another symbol
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Intension
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Pragmatics
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
Art of persuasion
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Rhetoric
Branch of philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Philosophy_of_information
Theory that terms acquire referents via a chain of usage events
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Causal_theory_of_reference
Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Pyrrhonism
American philosopher (1917–2003)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)
Cant used by various peoples in English-speaking countries
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Thieves'_cant
Chinese Confucian philosopher (c. 310 – after 238 BCE)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Xunzi_(philosopher)
Principle in linguistics about meaning
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Principle_of_compositionality
Approach to semantics in analytic philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Two-dimensionalism
German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Johann_Gottfried_Herder
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Logical_form
German philosopher (1767–1835)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Wilhelm_von_Humboldt
Canadian-born American philosopher
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Stephen_Yablo
British analytic philosopher (1919–2001)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
G._E._M._Anscombe
American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Saul_Kripke
Movement in Western philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Logical_positivism
1953 work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Philosophical_Investigations
Intellectual current and methodological approach in the social science
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Structuralism
Utterance that serves a performative function
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Speech_act
British philosopher of language (1913–1988)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Paul_Grice
Branch of philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Philosophy_of_language
Belgian-born American philosopher of science and language
known to be false. This article influenced Bas van Fraassen's work on contrastivism. Later in his career, Bromberger worked on generative linguistics. Bromberger's
Sylvain_Bromberger
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Semantics_(logic)
English philosopher (1911–1960)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
J._L._Austin
German-American philosopher (1891–1970)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Rudolf_Carnap
Austrian philosopher and author of novels, satires (1849–1923)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Fritz_Mauthner
Idea of language as the principal framework in dictating human thought
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Linguistic_determinism
American philosopher (1941–2001)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
David_Lewis_(philosopher)
View on the purpose of philosophy
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Quietism_(philosophy)
Philosophical theory by Bertrand Russell
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Theory_of_descriptions
Philosophical belief that principles depend on societal agreements, not external reality
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Conventionalism
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Index_of_language_articles
American linguist and anthropologist (1884–1939)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Edward_Sapir
American philosopher (born 1940)
Oxford University Press, 2003. "Comments on 'From Contextualism to Contrastivism in Epistemology'." Philosophical Studies (2003). "Lewis on Intentionality
Robert_Stalnaker
American linguist (1887–1949)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Leonard_Bloomfield
Branch of medieval logic
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Supposition_theory
American linguist (1897–1941)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Benjamin_Lee_Whorf
British philosopher (1925–2011)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Michael_Dummett
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Deconstruction
American mathematician and philosopher (1926–2016)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Hilary_Putnam
Analytical philosophical view expounded by Bertrand Russell
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Logical_atomism
Finnish and American philosopher and logician (1929–2015)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Jaakko_Hintikka
Principle of classical logic
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Import–export_(logic)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Endowment_(philosophy)
Polish linguistics theorist (1931–2026)
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Andrzej_Bogusławski
Denoting phrase in the form of "the X"
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Definite_description
Meta-ethical theory
Watzlawick Theories Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivism Direct reference
Non-cognitivism
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