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Recovering passwords stored by computer systems
In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords protecting a computer system. A common approach (brute-force
Password_cracking
Unix password-cracking program
Crack is a Unix password cracking program designed to allow system administrators to locate users who may have weak passwords vulnerable to a dictionary
Crack_(password_software)
Password cracking software tool
John the Ripper is a free password cracking software tool. Originally developed for the Unix operating system, it can run on fifteen different platforms
John_the_Ripper
Modification of software, often to use it for free
specific crack. A crack can mean any tool that enables breaking software protection, a stolen product key, or guessed password. Cracking software generally
Software_cracking
Password recovery software
was a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows. It could recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing, cracking various
Cain_and_Abel_(software)
Windows password cracker
L0phtCrack is a password auditing and recovery application originally produced by Mudge from L0pht Heavy Industries. It is used to test password strength
L0phtCrack
Topics referred to by the same term
Street Cracks (2009 film), an independent thriller Cracks (novel), a 1999 novel by Sheila Kohler Crack (password software), a UNIX/Linux password hacking
Crack
RainbowCrack is a computer program which generates rainbow tables to be used in password cracking. RainbowCrack differs from "conventional" brute force
RainbowCrack
Open-source password recovery tool
Hashcat is a password recovery tool. It had a proprietary code base until 2015, but was then released as open source software. Versions are available for
Hashcat
Russian software company
working on computer security programs, with the main focus on password and system recovery software. On July 16, 2001, Dmitry Sklyarov, a Russian citizen employed
ElcomSoft
Topics referred to by the same term
security. Password cracking, the process of discovering the plaintext of an encrypted computer password. Software cracking, the defeating of software copy
Cracking
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
functions, the opposite is true in password security applications in which defending against brute-force cracking is a primary concern. The growing use
Key_derivation_function
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
are just as memorable as naively selected passwords, and just as hard to crack as randomly generated passwords. Combining two or more unrelated words and
Password
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
check passwords by computing the hash of the password entered and comparing it to the hash stored in the file. Thus, each match cracks a user password, and
Salt_(cryptography)
Password cracking software
concept tool, for security researchers to demonstrate how easy it can be to crack logins. Hydra works by using different approaches, such as brute-force attacks
Hydra_(software)
Issue-tracking product developed by Atlassian
compromise of two Apache Software Foundation servers. The Jira password database was also compromised. The database contained unsalted password hashes, which are
Jira_(software)
Password management software
notes, is protected by one master password. The content is synchronized to any device the user uses the LastPass software or app extensions on. Information
LastPass
Password bypass software
(aka konboot, kon boot) is a software utility that allows users to bypass Microsoft Windows passwords and Apple macOS passwords (Linux support has been deprecated)
Kon-Boot
Malicious software
reduce this risk. With the latter enabled, even if an attacker can crack the password, they cannot use the account without also having the token possessed
Malware
Technique for defeating password protection using lists of likely possibilities
are easily covered by modern cracking software pattern generation. A safer approach. is to randomly generate a long password (15 letters or more) or a multiword
Dictionary_attack
Security feature in Microsoft Office
algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array key. Hacking software is now readily available to find
Microsoft Office password protection
Microsoft_Office_password_protection
Word processor
conversion of a password to a 16-bit key. Key length in Word 97 and 2000 was strengthened up to 40 bit. However, modern cracking software allows removing
Microsoft_Word
Spreadsheet editor by Microsoft
g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a
Microsoft_Excel
MacOS password cracker
Password cracking Key stretching Aircrack-ng Cain and Abel Crack Hashcat John the Ripper Dunstan, Patrick (2011-09-18). "Cracking OS X Lion Passwords"
DaveGrohl
Windows password cracker
Ophcrack is a free open-source (GPL licensed) program that cracks Windows log-in passwords by using LM hashes through rainbow tables. The program includes
Ophcrack
Windows database that stores users' passwords
attempt to improve the security of the SAM database against offline software cracking, Microsoft introduced the SYSKEY function in Windows NT 4.0. When
Security_Account_Manager
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
test each possible key. Passwords or passphrases created by humans are often short or predictable enough to allow password cracking, and key stretching is
Key_stretching
Policy covering use of computer passwords
A password policy is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly. A password
Password_policy
Windows application for AOL cracking
AOHell was a Windows application that was used to simplify 'cracking' (computer hacking) using AOL. The program contained a very early use of the term
AOHell
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
The Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP) is an augmented password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol, specifically designed to work around existing
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Security protocol for wireless computer networks
WPA-Personal and WPA2-Personal remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded
Wi-Fi_Protected_Access
Tool to change passwords on Unix-like OSes
a user's password. The password entered by the user is run through a key derivation function to create a hashed version of the new password, which is
Passwd
Microsoft network operating system
tables, and brute force attacks unless long, unpredictable passwords are used, see password cracking. NTLM is used for logon with local accounts except on
LAN_Manager
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
is negligible. When cracking passwords, this method is very fast when used to check all short passwords, but for longer passwords other methods such as
Brute-force_attack
a comparison of notable free and open-source configuration management software, suitable for tasks like server configuration, orchestration and infrastructure
Comparison of open-source configuration management software
Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software
penetration-testing utility Hydra (software) – login cracker supporting numerous protocols John the Ripper – password cracking tool Kali Linux – penetration
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Packet sniffer
dSniff is a set of password sniffing and network traffic analysis tools written by security researcher and startup founder Dug Song to parse different
DSniff
Cyber-security challenge and mind sport in hacking
semantic URL attacks, knowledge-based authentication, password cracking, reverse engineering of software (often JavaScript, C and assembly language), code
Wargame_(hacking)
Action of recording the keys struck on a keyboard
IDG News Service. Retrieved 2009-04-19. Andrew Kelly (2010-09-10). "Cracking Passwords using Keyboard Acoustics and Language Modeling" (PDF). Sarah Young
Keystroke_logging
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
mathematical operation which is quick to calculate, yet hard to reverse. So password storage and digital signatures benefit from hashes. Even a small change
Cryptographic_hash_function
2022 security incident affecting LastPass
Two related security incidents were disclosed by the password manager LastPass in 2022. In the first incident, an attacker accessed parts of LastPass's
2022_LastPass_data_breach
Form of social engineering
unprecedented scale. The term "phishing" was first recorded in 1995 in the cracking toolkit AOHell, but may have been used earlier in the hacker magazine 2600
Phishing
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
the problem of the password being low-entropy, and therefore vulnerable to cracking via brute force. This technique is called password hardening. It fills
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
Software designed to enable access to unauthorized locations in a computer
exploiting a vulnerability (such as privilege escalation) or a password (obtained by cracking or social engineering tactics like "phishing"). Once installed
Rootkit
Botnet
The Hail Mary Cloud was, or is, a password guessing botnet, which used a statistical equivalent to brute force password guessing. The botnet ran from possibly
Hail_Mary_Cloud
Cross-platform instant messaging service
on another device. Users have the option to set a two-step verification password and add a recovery email. In late 2022, options to Sign in with Apple and
Telegram_(software)
Hacking technique
user's password, instead of requiring the associated plaintext password as is normally the case. It replaces the need for stealing the plaintext password to
Pass_the_hash
Defunct American software company
locate deleted emails and scan disks for strings to use them as a password dictionary to crack encryption or hashes. AccessData also created a similar tool
AccessData
Suite of office software
lack of document encryption, though, these passwords can be removed using a third-party cracking software. All versions of Microsoft Office products from
Microsoft_Office
Control of access to computer networks
the four-way handshake between an access point and a client, and crack the password offline without the owner of the access point ever knowing. An active
Network_security
Movies, software or music distributed in violation of copyright
(short for computer software), and is intended to be pronounced like the word wares /ˈwɛərz/. The circumvention of copy protection (cracking) is an essential
Warez
British video technology company
Invests In Video Software Company Synamedia". Deadline. 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2020-03-27. "Synamedia CEO Yves Padrines on Password Sharing, Targeted
Synamedia
American entrepreneur
Fisher, Dennis (July 30, 2012). "New Tool From Moxie Marlinspike Cracks Some Crypto Passwords". Threatpost. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012.
Moxie_Marlinspike
Attempts to limit access to strong cryptography
successful cracking of the DES-encoded messages, the EFF constructed a specialized DES cracking computer nicknamed Deep Crack. The successful cracking of DES
Crypto_Wars
Device to record all keyboard activity
advantage over software keyloggers as they can begin logging from the moment a computer is turned on (and are therefore able to intercept passwords for the BIOS
Hardware_keylogger
Sequence of words used to gain access
seconds using crackstation.net, indicating that the phrase is found in password cracking databases.) Using this guideline, to achieve the 80-bit strength recommended
Passphrase
Software suite
by a research group from Norway. The aircrack-ng software suite includes: aircrack-ng supports cracking WEP (FMS, PTW, KoreK and dictionary attacks), WPA/WPA2
Aircrack-ng
Key derivation function of password hash
to crack each password independently as opposed to being able to target the entire password database simultaneously. In detail, the user's password is
Crypt_(C)
Type of denial-of-service attack
access point. In order to mount a brute-force or dictionary based WPA password cracking attack on a Wi‑Fi user with WPA or WPA2 enabled, a hacker must first
Wi-Fi_deauthentication_attack
Suite of Microsoft security protocols
"NT MD4 password hash as new password encryption method for FreeBSD". Mail-archive.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Online NTLM hash crack using Rainbow
NTLM
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
have been created to slow searches. See Password cracking. For a method to prevent the testing of short passwords see salt (cryptography). Birthday attack
Preimage_attack
Privacy-focused encrypted messaging app
cross-platform software. It is developed by the nonprofit Signal Foundation and its subsidiary Signal Messenger LLC. Signal's software is free and open-source
Signal_(software)
American computer security expert
of commercial systems. He was the original author of the password cracking software L0phtCrack. In 2010, Mudge accepted a position as a program manager
Peiter_Zatko
Web browser developed by Google
use. Passwords stored in GNOME Keyring or KWallet are encrypted on disk, and access to them is controlled by dedicated daemon software. Passwords stored
Google_Chrome
Aspect of wireless networks
security standard: the password it uses can often be cracked in a few minutes with a basic laptop computer and widely available software tools. WEP was superseded
Wireless_security
Software for computer forensics
deleted emails and scan a disk for text strings to use them as a password dictionary to crack encryption. FTK is also associated with a standalone disk imaging
Forensic_Toolkit
drive if the wrong password is entered more than a certain number of times. This type of functionality cannot be provided by a software system since the
USB_flash_drive_security
Problem easily dividable into parallel tasks
tracing method) can be handled with no interdependency. Some forms of password cracking are another embarrassingly parallel task that is easily distributed
Embarrassingly_parallel
Debian-based Linux distribution for penetration testing
web application security testing, John the Ripper and Hashcat for password cracking, Aircrack-ng for wireless network auditing, and Nessus (trial version)
Kali_Linux
Overview of and topical guide to computer security
exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network. Password cracking – Software cracking – Script kiddies – List of computer criminals – Identity
Outline_of_computer_security
Watermarking attack Mangled packet Reverse connection Polymorphic code Password cracking Spoofing attack POODLE Security exploits affecting computers. Exploit
List of cybersecurity information technologies
List_of_cybersecurity_information_technologies
2015–2016 public relations and legal dispute
its data after ten failed password attempts (a common anti-theft measure on smartphones). Apple declined to create the software, and a hearing was scheduled
Apple–FBI_encryption_dispute
Discontinued source-available disk encryption utility
com/3/all/39/1394189/1 "Top ten password cracking techniques, http://www.alphr.com/features/371158/top-ten-password-cracking-techniques 'FBI도 못 푼다'는 암호 풀자
TrueCrypt
Multi-core microprocessor microarchitecture
its design presented significant challenges for software development. IBM offered a Linux-based software development kit to facilitate programming on the
Cell_(processor)
Means of compromising computer security by restarting the computer
Archived from the original on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2018-11-06. "Passware Software Cracks BitLocker Encryption Open" (Press release). PR Newswire. 2009-12-01
Cold_boot_attack
Software engineer, security expert (born 1968)
factorized in August 1999. He created Crack, the original password cracker for Unix, and for the CrackLib password-integrity testing library. In 2015, Muffett
Alec_Muffett
Ability of people to physically gain access to a computer system
systems," since an intruder could simply walk off with a server and crack the password at his leisure. Physical access also allows hardware keyloggers to
Physical_access
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
Since data may be visible on the Internet, sensitive information such as passwords and personal communication may be exposed to potential interceptors. The
Encryption
Israeli digital forensics company
Margi; Manson, Katrina (July 18, 2024). "FBI Used New Cellebrite Software to Crack Trump Shooter's Phone". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 27, 2024
Cellebrite
Computer programmer
versions of the pwdump password cracking utility. During his career, Jeremy Allison has consistently defended the free software approach: He pitched making
Jeremy_Allison
Application programming interface for capturing network traffic
(like top for network traffic) Kismet, for 802.11 wireless LANs L0phtCrack, a password auditing and recovery application. McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator, Rogue
Pcap
Free and open-source anonymity network based on onion routing
enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well
Tor_(network)
Approach to computer security from the US Defense Information Systems Agency
such as server scanning, OS and application vulnerability exploits, password cracking, man-in-the-middle attacks, pass-the-hash (PtH) and others. Alternatively
Software-defined_perimeter
Russian multinational cybersecurity and anti-virus provider
Kaspersky Total Security features, including password management, encryption and parental control software. Minuses — scanning took longer than expected
Kaspersky_Lab
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Operating systems use encryption to keep passwords secret, conceal parts of the system, and ensure that software updates are truly from the system maker
Cryptography
Mailing list run by Neil Gorsuch 1989 to 1991
Muffett announced Crack, the Unix password cracker The majority of Zardoz participants were Unix systems administrators and C software developers. Neil
Zardoz_(computer_security)
Data leak of private photographs
iCloud password is changed. Additionally, Apple will broaden and encourage the use of two-factor authentication in future versions of its software and operating
2014 celebrity nude photo leak
2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak
American computer programmer
software and led the development of Smart Risk Analyzer (SRA). He co-authored the best-selling Windows password auditing tool @stake LC (L0phtCrack)
Christien_Rioux
Anti-virus software
AntiVirus Software Review: Easy on the PC". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved December 15, 2025. Sullivan, Bob (November 20, 2001). "FBI software cracks encryption
Norton_AntiVirus
Computer hacker who hacks ethically
offense covers everything from guessing the password to accessing someone's webmail account, to cracking the security of a bank. The maximum penalty for
White_hat_(computer_security)
Proprietary mobile operating system
available". CrackBerry. April 4, 2018. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018. "Research In Motion to Acquire QNX Software Unit
BlackBerry_10
Numeric passcode for authentication
(2013-08-04). "PINs and Passwords, Part 1". Passwords. Orlando: SleuthSayers. Armed with only four possibilities, hackers can crack 20% of all PINs. Zieliński
Personal identification number
Personal_identification_number
2003 computer malware
coordinate distributed computing tasks to process intensive tasks (e.g., password cracking). Since 2010, certain variants of Sality have also incorporated rootkit
Sality
Security risk and prevention for mobile devices
possibility of cracking a device's password through a smudge attack (literally imaging the finger smudges on the screen to discern the user's password). The researchers
Mobile_security
Web service providing individuals with a "Globally Recognized Avatar"
open-source Hashcat password cracking tool. Given that Hashcat uses graphics processing units to achieve high efficiencies at cracking hashes, it has been
Gravatar
Gentoo based Linux distribution for penetration testing
significant speed increase from 32 bits Includes the required environment to crack passwords using GPGPU with OpenCL and CUDA configured 'out of the box' Built
Pentoo
Method to set encryption keys
if an attacker has sufficient computational power (see password strength and password cracking for more discussion). Unavoidably, however, pre-shared
Pre-shared_key
Subculture of individuals
Today, the hobbyists focus on commercial computer and video games, software cracking and exceptional computer programming (demo scene). Also of interest
Hacker_culture
Computer network protocol
MS-CHAP-v1 is fundamentally insecure. Tools exist to trivially extract the NT Password hashes from a captured MSCHAP-v1 exchange. When using MS-CHAP-v1, MPPE
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
Point-to-Point_Tunneling_Protocol
Software to extract data from mobile devices
decrypt raw disk images, as well as keychain items. Revealing device passwords, although this is not available for all locked devices Passcode recovery
Cellebrite_UFED
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English notehache ‘nuthatch’ (a bird name, apparently from Old English hnutu ‘nut’ + haccian ‘to break, crack’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bassford.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Crick in Northamptonshire, recorded in Domesday Book as Crec, from Celtic creig ‘rock’, ‘cliff’.Possibly an Americanized spelling of any of the names mentioned at Creek 3.
Girl/Female
Australian, Welsh
White Footprint; Track of the Holy
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places called Basford, especially the one in Staffordshire. There are others in Nottinghamshire and Cheshire. All are named with a personal name (variously Old English Beorcol and Basa, and Old Norse Barkr) + Old English ford ‘ford’.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Krock.English
Americanized spelling of German Krock.English : perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a potter, from Middle English crock ‘pot’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Middle English personal name Clac, which is from Old English Clacc or the Old Norse cognate Klakkr. As a personal name this is from a word meaning ‘lump’ and may have been used as a nickname for a large or thickset man. Reaney suggests that it could also be from clacker ‘chatterer’.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly north Midlands)
English (chiefly north Midlands) : variant of Bassford.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Clac (see Clack).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Lancashire, near Rishton, recorded in 1246 as Kunteclive, from Old English cunte ‘cunt’ + clif ‘slope’, i.e. ‘slope with a slit or crack in it’.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Lancashire)
English (chiefly Lancashire) : from Middle English cranke ‘lively’, ‘lusty’, ‘vigorous’, hence a nickname for a cheerful, boisterous, or cocky person.English : nickname from cranuc, a diminutive of Middle English cran ‘crane’ (see Crane).Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Kranke, from Low German Kraneke ‘crane’, applied to someone thought to resemble the bird in some way, or a nickname for a poor physical specimen, from Middle High German kranc ‘sickly’, ‘ailing’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Crank.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Kranke (see Crank).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Crass.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places named Claxton, for example in County Durham, Norfolk, and North Yorkshire, probably from the Old Norse personal name Klakkr (see Clack) or possibly from Old English clacc ‘hill’ + Old English tūn ‘settlement’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : presumably a nickname for someone with noticeable knuckles, or someone who was able to crack his knuckles loudly.
Biblical
crack; leak; distillation; balm
Female
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Olwen, OLWYN means "footprint/track of the holy one."
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : nickname for a lusty man, from Middle English craske ‘fat’, ‘lusty’ (see Crass).
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : from Middle English pass(en) ‘to pass or go across’ + more ‘marsh’, ‘fen’, a nickname, bestowed no doubt on someone who lived on the far side of a tract of moorland near the main settlement, or for someone who was familiar with the safe routes across a moor.English (chiefly Devon) : several early forms have -e- in place of -o- in the second syllable, and may have a different origin. They could derive from an Anglo-Norman French nickname for a seafarer, Passemer, from passe(r) ‘to cross’ (as above) + mer ‘sea’, ‘ocean’, or the second element could be from Old English mere ‘lake’, ‘marsh’.
Female
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Olwen, OLWIN means "footprint/track of the holy one."
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Arabic
Observant; Spectator
Female
Portuguese
Feminine form of Portuguese Glaucio, GLAUCIA means "bluish-gray." Compare with masculine Glaucia.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Lord of Individuals
Girl/Female
Celebrity, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil, Traditional
Affection; Love
Female
Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian form of Old Norse Ingibjorg, INGEBJØRG means "Ing's protection."
Girl/Female
Indian
Evening
Girl/Female
Hindu
Successful, Love of Krishna Radha
Biblical
strength of the Lord
Girl/Female
Muslim
Pure, Honest
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
CRACK PASSWORD-SOFTWARE
v. t.
To rack; to torment.
v. t.
To break or burst, with or without entire separation of the parts; as, to crack glass; to crack nuts.
v. t.
To lay up in a crock; as, to crock butter.
v. i.
To give off crock or smut.
n.
A brief time; an instant; as, to be with one in a crack.
n.
A sharp, sudden sound or report; the sound of anything suddenly burst or broken; as, the crack of a falling house; the crack of thunder; the crack of a whip.
n.
A partial separation of parts, with or without a perceptible opening; a chink or fissure; a narrow breach; a crevice; as, a crack in timber, or in a wall, or in glass.
n.
Course; way; as, the track of a comet.
n.
A thin, flying cloud; a rack.
n.
One who exacts rack-rent.
v. t.
To wash on a rack, as metals or ore.
v. t.
To utter smartly and sententiously; as, to crack a joke.
n.
A crazy or crack-brained person.
n.
A mark left by something that has passed along; as, the track, or wake, of a ship; the track of a meteor; the track of a sled or a wheel.
n.
An opening caused by the parting of any solid body; a crack or breach; a flaw.
v. t.
To cause to sound suddenly and sharply; to snap; as, to crack a whip.
v. t.
Anything that causes a clacking noise, as the clapper of a mill, or a clack valve.
a.
A frame on which articles are deposited for keeping or arranged for display; as, a clothes rack; a bottle rack, etc.
n.
Mental flaw; a touch of craziness; partial insanity; as, he has a crack.