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Gas exchange across the skin of an organism
Cutaneous respiration, or cutaneous gas exchange (sometimes called skin breathing), is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin
Cutaneous_respiration
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
tetrapods probably relied on four methods of respiration: with lungs, with gills, cutaneous respiration (skin breathing), and breathing through the lining
Tetrapod
Biological system in animals and plants for gas exchange
via secretion of mucus from specialised cells, and is involved in cutaneous respiration. While the lungs are of primary organs for gas exchange between
Respiratory_system
Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates
a process known as photoaging. Anatomy portal Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion Cutaneous respiration – gas exchange conducted through skin Moult Role
Skin
Family of salamanders
entirely reliant on cutaneous respiration. Approximately 83%–93% of oxygen uptake is through this method. Plethodontid salamander respiration rates are constrained
Plethodontidae
Exchange of gases between environment and tissues
cellular respiration. There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration: Aquatic respiration Buccal pumping Cutaneous respiration Intestinal
Respiration_(physiology)
Respiration using gas exchange in the enteral system
Enteral respiration, also referred to as cloacal respiration or intestinal respiration, is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the
Enteral_respiration
Terrestrial invertebrate, order Opisthopora
a simple, closed circulatory system, and respire (breathe) via cutaneous respiration. As soft-bodied invertebrates, they lack a true skeleton, but their
Earthworm
Process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water
primary importance to breathing control, the unique properties of cutaneous respiration supplements rapid gas exchange when amphibians are submerged in
Aquatic_respiration
Genus of amphibians
for respiration while the animal is in water or on land. Although it is common for amphibia to respire out of their skin, also known as cutaneous respiration
Amphiuma
Class of ectothermic tetrapods
its head to absorb oxygen from the surrounding water. Cutaneous respiration Enteral respiration Marjanović, D. (2021). "The Making of Calibration Sausage
Amphibian
Animals living on land
typically via specialized respiratory organs known as lungs, or via cutaneous respiration across the skin. They have also evolved homeostatic features such
Terrestrial_animal
Organ that allows fish to breathe underwater
from respiration by closing a valve at its anterior end. Some fish can at least partially respire without gills. In some species cutaneous respiration accounts
Fish_gill
Bony "loops" present in fish, which support the gills
in fish, or by lungs (which are homologous to swim bladders) and cutaneous respiration in most amphibians. Some neotenic amphibians (such as the axolotl)
Branchial_arch
Soft-bodied eight-limbed order of molluscs
1717W. doi:10.1242/jeb.198.8.1717. PMID 9319626. Wells, J. (1996). "Cutaneous respiration in Octopus vulgaris". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (Pt
Octopus
Species of snake
skin which extracts oxygen from the seawater through a process of cutaneous respiration while diving and swimming at the surface of the water. Sea snakes
Yellow-bellied_sea_snake
Order of amphibians
and gas exchange mostly takes place through the skin, known as cutaneous respiration, supplemented by the tissues lining the mouth. To facilitate this
Salamander
Subfamily of fish
breathing, similar to that employed by amphibians, is known as cutaneous respiration. Another important adaptation that aids breathing while out of water
Mudskipper
Species of amphibian
in its geographic range, and employs an unusual adaption for respiration through cutaneous gas exchange via capillaries found in its lateral skin folds
Hellbender
Species of amphibian
reliant on cutaneous respiration for gas exchange. Permeable skin is susceptible to desiccation and must be kept moist in order to facilitate cutaneous respiration;
Red-backed_salamander
Species of fish
that respiration through the gills ceased during inflation while cutaneous respiration increased, but this study found that cutaneous respiration is nearly
Valentin's_sharpnose_puffer
Species of cephalopod
1016/j.aquaculture.2004.09.036. Madan, J.J.; Wells, M.J. (1996). "Cutaneous respiration in Octopus vulgaris" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology
Common_octopus
Genus of fishes
dry out. While emersed (out of the water), they respire through cutaneous respiration, either through their skin, or by taking mouthfuls of air. Emersed
Neochanna
Order of fish
often naked. In some species, their mucus-covered skin is used in cutaneous respiration, where the fish breathes through its skin. In some catfish, the
Catfish
Collection of human autoimmune diseases
wrists, and knees. Other common symptoms include: chest pain during respiration joint pain (stiffness and swelling) painless oral ulcer fatigue weight
Lupus_erythematosus
Class of eel-shaped, slime-producing animal
complete recovery. The skin has also been suggested to be capable of cutaneous respiration. The origins of the vertebrate nervous system are of considerable
Hagfish
Belgian entomologist and zoologist (1816–1873)
the Namur school of mines. He was among the first to establish cutaneous respiration in amphibians. He also studied minerals and took an interest in
Henri_Lambotte
Species of turtle
is also known to utilize cutaneous respiration as well. Spiny softshell turtles are more dependent on underwater respiration than other freshwater species
Spiny_softshell_turtle
Species of fish
network close to the surface of the skin of its head, allowing for cutaneous respiration. These blood vessels are located at the top of the micro-ridges
Giant_mudskipper
Family of fishes
pectoral fins which aid in movement across terrestrial obstacles. Cutaneous respiration accounts for approximately fifteen percent of their oxygen intake
Anguillidae
Species of marine reptile
scutes in Dermochelyidae does not, however, have any function for cutaneous respiration, as is seen in these other clades. Instead, researchers have hypothesized
Leatherback_sea_turtle
Family of amphibians
albanerpetontids absorbed oxygen entirely through the skin via cutaneous respiration and lacked lungs like plethodontid salamanders, due to the length
Albanerpetontidae
Species of fish
atmospheric gas exchange via cutaneous respiration. The swim bladder on the other hand is not suitable for aerial respiration. It has a limited distribution
Lepidogalaxias
Family of amphibians
breeding season, some species live in the canopy. Most amphibians use cutaneous respiration, or the process of breathing through the skin. Due to the importance
Glass_frog
Abnormal formation of clumps of inflammatory cells (granulomata)
of anxiety and depression, which are also associated with fatigue. The cutaneous symptoms vary, and range from rashes and noduli (small bumps) to erythema
Sarcoidosis
Layer of cells that line the gastrovascular cavity of Cnidarians
including respiration, pigmentation, and digestion. The gastrodermis provides a large surface area for gas exchange to occur, via cutaneous respiration, which
Gastrodermis
Animal living mostly or entirely in water
species (e.g. Ampullariidae) have both. Many species of octopus have cutaneous respiration that allows them to survive out of water at the intertidal zones
Aquatic_animal
Species of fish
body with smooth and soft skin covered in small scales to assist cutaneous respiration. They have short blunt head with broad and flat interorbital space
Common_snowtrout
Species of fish
amphibious, and breathes through its epidermis, a process known as cutaneous respiration. A study examining specimens from Jeollanam-do, South Korea, found
Boleophthalmus_pectinirostris
Species of fish
capillaries near the surface in dermal bulges that allow it to perform cutaneous respiration, although it has been observed to have less mucus-secreting cells
Boleophthalmus_boddarti
Extinction event at the end of the Moscovian in the Carboniferous
more keratinized, allowing them to conserve water but losing their cutaneous respiration. Synapsids and sauropsids acquired new niches faster than amphibians
Carboniferous rainforest collapse
Carboniferous_rainforest_collapse
Group of mites
(thus the name of the clade) and peritremes, making them rely on cutaneous respiration in the absence of a respiratory system. Also prodorsal sensilla
Astigmatina
Species of amphibians
are easily distressed by improper handling, because they rely on cutaneous respiration, their thin skin is very sensitive to heating, drying and exposure
Ensatina
Species of fish
mudskipper enables it to breathe through its skin, otherwise known as cutaneous respiration. Mudskippers have a pair of pectoral fins, which allows them to
Atlantic_mudskipper
Species of reptile
cells that absorb oxygen from the water. This process is known as cutaneous respiration. These two respiratory strategies, along with their other resilient
Painted_turtle
Species of fish
conditions. It is supposed that these fish also have a form of cutaneous respiration, as they are small, live in conditions with low dissolved oxygen
Phreatobius_cisternarum
Species of fish
is capable of respiration by gulping water to manually push over their gills in addition to cutaneous respiration. Cutaneous respiration is a process of
Polynesian_longfinned_eel
Species of amphibian
body to the tail. They possess 13-14 costal grooves that aid in cutaneous respiration. The tail is very long at approximately two-thirds its total body
Three-lined_salamander
Clade of reptile-like animals
also formed claws of keratin, with both scales and claws making cutaneous respiration and water absorption impossible, making them breathe through their
Reptiliomorpha
Category of disease affecting dogs
anorexia, marked weight loss, stertorous respiration and conjunctivitis with marked chemosis. Multiple cutaneous nodules may be distributed over the entire
Canine_histiocytic_diseases
Genus of amphibians
comes to surface to breathe. Respiration is predominantly through its well-developed lungs; there is little cutaneous respiration. All species of Xenopus have
Xenopus
American physiology teacher and inventor (1886–1940)
1084/jem.37.6.829. PMC 2128415. PMID 19868763. Shaw, LA (1928). "Cutaneous Respiration of the Cat". American Journal of Physiology. 85 (1): 158–67. doi:10
Louis_Agassiz_Shaw_Jr.
Species of amphibian
is known to infect keratinized body surfaces where it can impair cutaneous respiration and osmoregulation thus resulting in mortality. Attempts to preserve
Atelopus_varius
Australian herpetologist
included new discoveries on the evolution of sea snake vision, cutaneous respiration in the forehead of some sea snakes, the presence of light sensors
Kate_Sanders
early inroads into understanding skin diseases and the concept of cutaneous respiration, suggesting the skin's role in gas exchange similar to the lungs
History_of_dermatology
Genus of centipede
which increases carbonic and lactic acids in the blood, as well as cutaneous respiration. These centipedes cannot survive indefinitely under water, however
Mixophilus
Family of beetles
their thoracic gills while others like Berosus ingeminatus use cutaneous respiration allowing them to hold air for longer periods of time. The ability
Hydrophilidae
Species of amphibian
provide them with adequate oxygen and moisture because they conduct cutaneous respiration. During the colder months of the year, the salamanders will spend
Spring_salamander
Extinct order of tetrapods
have lost scales to make movement easier under water or to allow cutaneous respiration, the absorption of oxygen through the skin. Several groups of temnospondyls
Temnospondyli
Species of amphibian
likely to be found at the surface, but require moist conditions for cutaneous respiration, causing them to retreat underground when surface moisture is lacking
Peaks_of_Otter_salamander
collaboration with J.W.S. Pringle. He also became interested in cutaneous respiration in fly larvae and attempted to prevent air intake by ligation of
Gottfried_S._Fraenkel
Salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae
months. Arginine vasotocin not only increases cutaneous water permeability, but promotes increased cutaneous blood flow. Thermoregulation, in combination
Newt
Extinct genus of bony fishes
This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers—so dense that cutaneous respiration (exchange of oxygen through the skin) was not a likely trait exhibited
Laccognathus
External body part or natural prolongation
organism's body such as an arm or a leg. Hair, scales, and feathers are cutaneous appendages. Protrusions from single-celled bacteria and archaea are known
Appendage
Burrowing eusocial rodent
burrows. The skin of naked mole-rats lacks neurotransmitters in their cutaneous sensory fibres. As a result, the naked mole-rats feel no pain when they
Naked_mole-rat
Clear liquid secreted from glands in eyes of mammals
crying is associated with tears, active tear ducts and abrupt strong respiration, due to strong emotional impetuses. Triggers of crying can vary from
Tears
Clinical treatment of skin conditions
radiation accelerates the skin ageing rate and contributes to abnormal cutaneous status by increasing matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in photo-damaged
Light-emitting_diode_therapy
Fish that can leave water for periods of time
mode of breathing, similar to that employed by amphibians, is known as cutaneous breathing. They propel themselves over land on their sturdy fore fins
Amphibious_fish
Family of mammals
from each other by the ossification of the hyoid apparatus and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws. This concept has been revised following
Felidae
Protein-coding gene
which affected individuals are at risk for the development of benign cutaneous tumors (folliculomas), pulmonary cysts (often associated with pneumothorax)
Folliculin
Species of flightless bird
This flattening behaviour compensate for common ostrich's rather poor cutaneous evaporative water loss (CEWL). These feather-heavy areas such as the body
Common_ostrich
Shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles
spiked tail ending in a club, somewhat like an ankylosaur. Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) or "shell rot" causes ulceration of the shell
Turtle_shell
Extinct family of temnospondyls
scales or scutes of rhinesuchids would have enabled or restricted cutaneous respiration (breathing through the skin as in modern amphibians). Other potential
Rhinesuchidae
Process by which gases diffuse through a biological membrane
cavity. In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide
Gas_exchange
Species of fungus
and otherwise healthy individuals. The fungus has been known to cause cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and as a lung colonist in people with
Exophiala_dermatitidis
Organ covering the outside of the human body
general types of skin: hairy and glabrous skin (hairless). The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin). Skin plays an
Human_skin
Mitochondria rich cell in animals
JB, Wegner NC, Tresguerres M (February 2019). "Ontogenetic changes in cutaneous and branchial ionocytes and morphology in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Ionocyte
Species of fungus
for why A. flavus is a common etiological cause of fungal sinusitis and cutaneous infections and noninvasive fungal pneumonia. Following infection, fungal
Aspergillus_flavus
Medical condition
Other symptoms include fever, hypercalcemia, choroidal tubercles, and cutaneous lesions. Firstly, many patients can experience a fever lasting several
Miliary_tuberculosis
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the
Mitochondria
Rabbit disease caused by Myxoma virus
disease include a subcutaneous mass at the site of inoculation, multiple cutaneous nodules, swelling and edema of the eyelids and genitals, a milky or purulent
Myxomatosis
Physiology of the common raven
form of respiration through panting. Unlike mammalian endotherms, birds do not have sweat glands and instead must rely on respiratory and cutaneous gas exchange
Common_raven_physiology
increases dramatically during exercise. cutaneous circulation 2% over-perfused Crucial in thermoregulation. Significant ability to use anaerobic respiration
Cardiovascular_physiology
English scientist, surgeon and antiseptic pioneer (1827–1912)
Nervous System Which Regulate the Contractions of the Arteries" and "On the Cutaneous Pigmentary System of the Frog", while the third and the principal paper
Joseph_Lister
Chemical detection of irritants and toxins
ISBN 978-0-12-801694-7. Chemesthesis is the detection of chemical irritants or toxins by cutaneous neurons and is an important underlying chemosensory process. Wise, Paul
Chemesthesis
Immune cell found in connective tissue
release. It also depolarizes nerve endings (leading to itching or pain). Cutaneous signs of histamine release are the "flare and wheal" reaction. The bump
Mast_cell
Genetic skin disease
Cases of digital autoamputation or necrosis have been reported due to cutaneous constriction bands. Relaxation incisions have been used to prevent this
Harlequin-type_ichthyosis
Group of lymphomas
but recurrence rates have been high (e.g. ~33%). Primary cutaneous EMZL or primary cutaneous MALT lymphoma (also termed skin-associated lymphoid tissue
Marginal_zone_lymphoma
Species of amphibian
content. They are also capable of trimodal respiration, with gas exchange occurring across branchial, cutaneous, and pulmonary surfaces. Known predators
Greater_siren
Chemical compound
effects include flushing of the face, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), cutaneous eruption, arterial hypotension, tachycardia, loss of appetite, jaundice
Papaverine
Medication for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
severe cutaneous reactions [rashes] have a far better survival, than those with only mild reactions and much better than those with no cutaneous manifestations
Erlotinib
Film of microorganisms on a surface
cases. Furthermore, it has been noted that bacterial biofilms may impair cutaneous wound healing and reduce topical antibacterial efficiency in healing or
Biofilm
Rare genetic condition
second form of RTS.[citation needed] Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome List of cutaneous conditions There is more on this subject in the cited paper, but it references
Rubinstein–Taybi_syndrome
Medical diagnostic method
representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements
Microneurography
Hormone-producing glands of a body
regulation and behavioral activities, such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, sleep, excretion, lactation, stress
Endocrine_system
Hynson J, McGuire J (1990). "Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous heat loss". Anesthesiology. 73 (4): 656–60. doi:10.1097/00000542-199010000-00011
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Swelling due to a compromised lymphatic system
L, Sangueza OP (February 1998). "Cutaneous vascular proliferations. Part III. Malignant neoplasms, other cutaneous neoplasms with significant vascular
Lymphedema
Informal group of fungi
organic acids. Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes) or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of
Yeast
One-humped camel
hemorrhagic septicemia and Rickettsia species, camelpox, anthrax, and cutaneous necrosis caused by Streptothrix and deficiency of salt in the diet. The
Dromedary
Rare disease
gene, located on human chromosome 1 at position 1q42.1, cause multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer
Fumarase_deficiency
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