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Process of reduction of industrial activity
those that associate deindustrialization with negative factors like bad economic performance. They suggest deindustrialization may be both an effect
Deindustrialization
Unemployment caused by technological change
possible to automate all jobs by 2060. Premature deindustrialization occurs when developing nations deindustrialize without first becoming rich, as happened with
Technological_unemployment
Borough and county in New York, US
disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization, ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans
Brooklyn
The deindustrialization of Brazil was a process of reducing the capacity of Brazilian industry after the 1980s. Between 1930 and 1980, Brazil industrialized
Deindustrialization_of_Brazil
U.S. state
century, earning it the nickname of the "Empire State". Although deindustrialization eroded a portion of the state's economy in the second half of the
New_York_(state)
Anarchist critique of civilization
anarchism that advocates a return to non-civilized ways of life through deindustrialization, abolition of the division of labor or specialization, abandonment
Anarcho-primitivism
1858–1947 Crown rule in India
producers were manufacturing only 25%–45% of local consumption. Deindustrialization of India's iron industry was even more extensive during this period
British_Raj
Country in Southeastern and Central Europe
original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. Popescu, Claudia. "Deindustrialization and Urban Shrinkage in Romania. What Lessons for the Spatial Policy
Romania
Region in the U.S. affected by industrial decline
economic decline, population loss, and urban decay attributable to deindustrialization. The term gained popularity in the U.S. beginning in the 1980s, when
Rust_Belt
Neighborhood in Washington, D.C., United States
poorest residents, many of whom were black laborers and families. Deindustrialization caused by the decline of the C&O Canal and Prohibition resulted in
Foggy_Bottom
Country in Southeastern Europe
Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers (1700 to Present)(open access eBook). "Deindustrialization—Its Causes and Implications". International Monetary Fund. 29 September
Greece
City in New York, United States
to be dominated by steel production by the 20th century. Later, deindustrialization and the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw the city's economy
Buffalo,_New_York
Second-most populous city in Pennsylvania, U.S.
headquarters employment; it had the most U.S. stockholders per capita. Deindustrialization in the late 20th century resulted in massive layoffs among blue-collar
Pittsburgh
Province of Spain
financial centers of the Iberian Peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely
Biscay
City in Michigan, United States
end of the 20th century, Flint has suffered from disinvestment, deindustrialization, depopulation and urban decay, as well as high rates of crime, unemployment
Flint,_Michigan
Tariffs have historically played a key role in the trade policy of the United States. Economic historian Douglas Irwin classifies U.S. tariff history into
History of tariffs in the United States
History_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States
Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
deindustrialization than British "free trade" policy alone. Based on the Clingingsmith and Williamson (2004) paper, the textile deindustrialization had
Charter_Act_1813
Period of Indian history (1757–1947)
process of pure immoderation for the several million persons..." Deindustrialization East India Company (1887). Charters relating to the East India Company
De-industrialisation_of_India
U.S. state
During the mid-1950s and 1960s, St. Louis and Kansas City suffered deindustrialization and loss of jobs in railroads and manufacturing, as did other Midwestern
Missouri
U.S. state
War was signed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The trend of deindustrialization has continued to impact the state's economy and others within the
Ohio
Large permanent human settlement
of the urban landscape. In the second half of the 20th century, deindustrialization (or "economic restructuring") in the West led to poverty, homelessness
City
Political party
The party's labor union element has weakened since the 1970s amid deindustrialization, and during the 1980s it lost many white working-class voters to
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic_Party_(United_States)
Economic, social, and political process
American Deindustrialization". Project Syndicate. Retrieved February 3, 2026. Tregenna, Fiona. "Manufacturing Productivity, Deindustrialization, and Reindustrialization"
Reindustrialization
demand for labor. Despite deindustrialization, the United States remains a leader in industrial output, but deindustrialization has had a significant regional
Deindustrialisation by country
Deindustrialisation_by_country
British military historian (1927–2022)
economic history, particularly on the United Kingdom's post-war deindustrialization. Barnett was born on 28 June 1927 in Pollards Hill, Surrey, the son
Correlli_Barnett
McKee, Guian A. (2008). The problem of jobs : liberalism, race, and deindustrialization in Philadelphia. Internet Archive. Chicago : University of Chicago
History_of_Philadelphia
Dense city that has experienced notable population loss
attributed to urban decline: deindustrialization, globalization, and suburbanization. One theory of shrinking cities is deindustrialization or, the process of disinvestment
Shrinking_city
American crime drama television series (2002–2008)
for their course on urban inequality: "Though scholars know that deindustrialization, crime and prison, and the education system are deeply intertwined
The_Wire
diversified across multiple industries following a long period of deindustrialization in the late 20th century. Prior to the 19th century, the regional
Economy_of_Buffalo,_New_York
Industrial Revolution. The Indian subcontinent went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of
Economic_history_of_India
Country in Central Europe (1949–1990)
full integration of the GDR into the FRG. Because of the resulting deindustrialization in former East Germany, the causes of the failure of this integration
East_Germany
1526–1857 empire in South Asia
August 2017. Jeffrey G. Williamson & David Clingingsmith, India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries Archived 29 March 2017 at the Wayback
Mughal_Empire
Region in the Northeastern United States
for the entire U.S. economy. The region underwent a long period of deindustrialization in the first half of the 20th century, as traditional manufacturing
New_England
County in North Carolina, United States
followed shortly by a knock-on loss of employment in other sectors. Deindustrialization coupled with the decline in the tobacco industry prompted by the
Robeson County, North Carolina
Robeson_County,_North_Carolina
Far-right political party in Germany
party rejects the European Green Deal and has warned against the deindustrialization of Europe. The party argues that the energy transition threatens
Alternative_for_Germany
Neighborhood of Cincinnati in Hamilton, Ohio, United States
racial steering. In the late twentieth century, suburbanization and deindustrialization contributed to a population and economic downturn throughout Cincinnati
Oakley,_Cincinnati
Community area in Chicago, Illinois
Pullman, one of Chicago's 77 defined community areas, is a neighborhood located on the city's South Side. Twelve miles from the Chicago Loop, Pullman is
Pullman,_Chicago
City in Pennsylvania, United States
throughout the U.S. Northeast, which began undergoing and suffering from deindustrialization, a product of foreign competition, trade policies, and relatively
Allentown,_Pennsylvania
Neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City
With job losses during the Great Depression of the 1930s and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased
Harlem
City in Massachusetts, United States
Somerville (/ˈsʌmərvɪl/ SUM-ər-vil) is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston, and north of Cambridge, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts,
Somerville,_Massachusetts
Industry or manufacturing in Argentina is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological
Industry_in_Argentina
Most populous city in Michigan, United States
1017/S002205071500115X. Bluestone, Barry (September 2013). "Detroit and Deindustrialization | Dollars & Sense". www.dollarsandsense.org. Archived from the original
Detroit
Subprefecture and commune in Brittany, France
end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the deindustrialization of the city was followed by the development of the service sector
Brest,_France
Prefecture and commune in Pays de la Loire, France
industries after 1850 (chiefly in shipbuilding and food processing). Deindustrialization in the second half of the 20th century spurred the city to adopt
Nantes
This article deals with the history of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, being the furthest
History_of_Glasgow
Largest city in Maryland, United States
Motors Baltimore Assembly), and transportation, Baltimore experienced deindustrialization, which cost residents tens of thousands of low-skill, high-wage jobs
Baltimore
it reached 914,808. Due to various historical factors including deindustrialization, suburbanization, and urban sprawl, Cleveland's population began
Demographics_of_Cleveland
United States as well as being one of the first regions to experience deindustrialization. Today, it is the center of education, research, high technology
Economy_of_New_England
1995 novel by Christoph Ransmayr
World War II and the implementation of the Morgenthau Plan, which has deindustrialized the region and created a ruthless post-apocalyptic-esque society. The
The_Dog_King
Period of economic growth in the 1980s
during most of the 1980s. Before then, the state had been hit hard by deindustrialization and resulting unemployment. During the Miracle, the unemployment
Massachusetts_Miracle
The economic history of Argentina is one of the most studied, owing to the "Argentine paradox". As a country, it had achieved advanced development in the
Economic_history_of_Argentina
Stadtteil of Leipzig in Saxony, Germany
intra-urban industrial site in Europe – until German reunification. After deindustrialization, it developed at the turn of the millennium into a place dedicated
Plagwitz
Capital and most populous city of Indiana, United States
has been a critical component of Indianapolis's economy; however, deindustrialization since the mid-20th century has significantly impacted the city's
Indianapolis
December 2010, more than a generation after deindustrialization, Youngstown has not recovered. The deindustrialization of Youngstown has been well documented
Economy_of_Youngstown,_Ohio
French novelist (born 1978)
which follows a group of young people growing up in the aftermath of deindustrialization in northeastern France, a theme that recurs throughout his work,
Nicolas_Mathieu_(writer)
required. It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of
Economy_of_India
Settlement that developed around one or more mills or factories
vulnerability to market fluctuations, technological changes, and eventual deindustrialization. Crespi d'Adda, UNESCO World Heritage Site Nuovo quartiere operaio
Mill_town
Working-class person who performs manual labour
its once large manufacturing base shrink significantly. With the deindustrialization of these areas beginning in the mid-1960s and accelerating throughout
Blue-collar_worker
the estuary in the neighborhood of Abando. After the process of deindustrialization experienced by the town since the mid-1990s, Abandoibarra became
Abandoibarra
Armed conflicts in Newark, New Jersey, United States
element of the conflict, have termed it the 1967 Newark Rebellion. Deindustrialization and suburbanization were major contributors to changes in Newark's
1967_Newark_riots
Branch of anarchism focused on the environment
Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Bioregionalism Decentralization Degrowth Deindustrialization Direct action Ecocentrism Environmental protection Municipalism Naturalism
Green_anarchism
Voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another
hedge funds, pension schemes" etc. Foreign aid can contribute to deindustrialization. Foreign aid in the form of food aid that is given to poor countries
Aid
American philosopher (1817–1862)
Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Bioregionalism Decentralization Degrowth Deindustrialization Direct action Ecocentrism Environmental protection Municipalism Naturalism
Henry_David_Thoreau
American politician (1891–1967)
Jewish refugees, and proposing (in the "Morgenthau Plan") measures to deindustrialize Germany. Morgenthau was the father of Robert M. Morgenthau, who was
Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.
Urban socioeconomic process
lower-income neighborhoods leads to displacement. Black flight Blue space Deindustrialization Development-induced displacement Infill Settlement movement The Last
Gentrification
Jeffrey G. Williamson, David Clingingsmith (August 2005). "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries" (PDF). Harvard University. Retrieved
Islam_in_India
President of the United States from 1933 to 1945
Roosevelt and Churchill refused to impose huge reparations and deindustrialization on Germany after the war. In March 1945, Roosevelt sent strongly
Franklin_D._Roosevelt
of the entire society instead of just the Black community. Urban deindustrialization was occurring, resulting in the number of black-owned banks being
Racial segregation in the United States
Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States
Cohort born from 1928 to 1945
wounds of class": a historiographical reflection on the study of deindustrialization, 1973–2013". History Compass. 11 (11). Wiley: 994–1007. doi:10.1111/hic3
Silent_Generation
wounds of class": a historiographical reflection on the study of deindustrialization, 1973–2013". History Compass. 11 (11). Wiley: 994–1007. doi:10.1111/hic3
Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom
Chancellor of Germany since 2025
chancellorship, Merz frequently warned against the threat of structural deindustrialization, arguing that Germany was at risk of losing its manufacturing core
Friedrich_Merz
Neighborhood in Pennsylvania, US
increasing poverty after the loss of its industries in the 1960s during deindustrialization. Disinvestment and general neglect has led to high abandonment in
Kensington,_Philadelphia
and union representation. As part of a larger process of regional deindustrialization, Westinghouse shut down the Bryant Electric plant in 1988 after transferring
Bryant_Electric_Company
American politician (born 1969)
Senate website Campaign website John Fetterman's voice John Fetterman on deindustrialization and his support for carbon caps Recorded April 22, 2009
John_Fetterman
was industrial disarmament and rebuilding agriculture. However, deindustrialization became impractical and the U.S. called for a strong German industrial
History_of_Germany
City in Hudson County, New Jersey, US
1970s, Jersey City was in a period of urban decline spurred on by deindustrialization. Many of its former industrial anchors relocated or declared bankruptcy
Jersey_City,_New_Jersey
J. Daley, who was chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party. Deindustrialization after 1970 closed the stockyards and most of the steel mills and
History_of_Chicago
candidate Ross Perot lost to Democrat Bill Clinton. The advent of deindustrialization in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw income inequality increase
Economic history of the United States
Economic_history_of_the_United_States
Neighborhood of Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
is defined by its industrial past, having suffered the effects of deindustrialization in the 20th century. Today, the River Wards are known both for gentrification
River_Wards,_Philadelphia
Demographic in the United States
2018. Baccini, Leonardo; Weymouth, Stephen (2021). "Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting". American Political
White_Americans
Chancellor of Germany from 2021 to 2025
most pressing social issue. In October 2024, Scholz warned of the deindustrialization of Germany. In December 2024, Scholz criticized Volkswagen's plan
Olaf_Scholz
business: Michael Jackson, Detroit, and the figural economy of American Deindustrialization (2017) Zoology, Entomology American Association for the Advancement
Cultural impact of Michael Jackson
Cultural_impact_of_Michael_Jackson
city. In the late 20th century, Bridgeport's history was one of deindustrialization and declining population, though it overtook Hartford as the state's
History of Bridgeport, Connecticut
History_of_Bridgeport,_Connecticut
Period in the history of the United States, 1981–2009
of Soviet power, the challenge of imported cars and textiles, the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt, soaring inflation, stagflation, and the energy
Reagan_era
City in New York, United States
economy. The city experienced significant population decline due to deindustrialization in the late 20th century, although less severely than its Rust Belt
Rochester,_New_York
Capital of Liaoning, China
pollution and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergone deindustrialization and, till the early 2000s, suffered mass unemployment issues with
Shenyang
Character from The Wire
James; Linkon, Sherry (2013). "Introduction to Crumbling Cultures: Deindustrialization, Class, and Memory" (PDF). International Labor and Working-Class
Frank_Sobotka
Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1576 and 1717
greatly increase British wealth, while at the same time leading to deindustrialization in Bengal. According to Indrajit Ray, domestic industries expanded
Bengal_Subah
Neighbourhood in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
of the 20th-century. Following a decline triggered by post-1960s deindustrialization and highway construction, the working-class neighborhood transitioned
Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
Chairman and CEO of General Motors (1925–2007)
began unveiling his vision for reorganization, diversification, and "deindustrialization." One of the most controversial decisions made during Smith's tenure
Roger_Smith_(executive)
City in West Virginia, US
and transportation through the 1970s. The city then experienced deindustrialization, which cost residents tens of thousands of low-skill, high-wage jobs
Huntington,_West_Virginia
60-year trend of black migration within the United States. Since 1970, deindustrialization of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States, growth
List of U.S. cities with large Black populations
List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations
sustainable development. In the second half of the twentieth century, deindustrialization (or "economic restructuring") in the West led to poverty, homelessness
History_of_cities
Neighborhood in New York City
the market was ultimately moved to Sunset Park instead. With the deindustrialization of New York City, Dumbo began to become primarily residential; artists
Dumbo,_Brooklyn
1899 book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin
Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Bioregionalism Decentralization Degrowth Deindustrialization Direct action Ecocentrism Environmental protection Municipalism Naturalism
Fields, Factories, and Workshops
Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops
Quartier of Milan in Lombardy, Italy
dedicated to some "Gang of the Ortica" (banda dell'Ortica). The deindustrialization that began in the 1990s significantly transformed the working-class
Ortica
Vicious cycle that reinforces poverty
In economics, a cycle of poverty, poverty trap or generational poverty is when poverty seems to be inherited, preventing subsequent generations from escaping
Cycle_of_poverty
West's economic growth vs other advanced regions
for India's deindustrialization in particular. The colonization of India is seen as a major factor behind both India's deindustrialization and Britain's
Great_Divergence
Social movement in German-speaking lands around the turn of the twentieth century
Bioregionalism Commune (intentional community) Communitarianism Deindustrialization Down to the Countryside Movement Ecovillage German utopian communities
Lebensreform
Nonfiction book by Thomas J. Sugrue
for most of the 20th century. He also argues that the process of deindustrialization, the flight of investment and jobs from the city, began in the 1950s
The Origins of the Urban Crisis
The_Origins_of_the_Urban_Crisis
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