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Benefits provided by intact ecosystems
Ecosystem services are the various benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. The interconnected living and non-living components of the natural environment
Ecosystem_service
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment, where the biotic and abiotic components are
Ecosystem
Incentives offered to farmers or landowners
Payments for ecosystem services (PES), also known as payments for environmental services (or benefits), are incentives offered to farmers or landowners
Payment for ecosystem services
Payment_for_ecosystem_services
Ecosystem in saltwater environment
ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These contrast with freshwater ecosystems
Marine_ecosystem
Intergovernmental science and policy organization
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an independent intergovernmental organization established
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services
Scientific study of renewing and restoring ecosystems
extinctions and ecosystem service decline. Two methods have been identified to slow the rate of species extinction and ecosystem service decline: conservation
Ecological_restoration
Contribution of ecosystems to economy
Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) is a statistic that measures the monetary value of ecosystem services produced within a given area in an accounting period
Gross_ecosystem_product
Subarctic terrestrial ecozone
ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere, approximately between 50° and 70°N latitude. These ecosystems are
Boreal_ecosystem
Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly
the original ecosystem's defining characteristics, typically including the ecosystem services it may have provided. Collapse of an ecosystem is effectively
Ecosystem_collapse
Ecosystems found in mountains
of montane ecosystems, they contain increased numbers of endemic species. Montane ecosystems also exhibit variation in ecosystem services, which include
Montane_ecosystem
Wildland-ocean interface
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi)
Marine_coastal_ecosystem
Structure of civilization
urban ecosystems are considered an ecosystem functional group within the intensive land-use biome. They are structurally complex ecosystems with highly
Urban_ecosystem
2019 report by the United Nations on mass extinction
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is a report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, on the global state
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services
worth of ecosystem services—bringing new attention to the field of ecosystem valuation. He and his colleagues calculated that such services were worth
Ecosystem_valuation
Underwater ecosystem
A seagrass meadow or seagrass bed is an underwater ecosystem formed by seagrasses. Seagrasses are marine (saltwater) plants found in shallow coastal waters
Seagrass_meadow
Study of humans and their environment
nature while highlighting the importance of ecological functions (ecosystem services or natural capital in modern terms): "In exchange for performing its
Human_ecology
Area with vegetation dominated by grasses
A grassland is an area (or ecosystem) where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. Sedges and rushes can also be found along with some legumes such as
Grassland
Natural resource management
function and services while meeting socioeconomic, political, and cultural needs. Although indigenous communities have employed sustainable ecosystem management
Ecosystem_management
Environmental impact assessment
million of grants. It popularized the term ecosystem services, the benefits gained by humans from ecosystems. During the 1990s, international conventions
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment
Apple's digital product ecosystem
The Apple ecosystem is a term used to describe Apple Inc.'s digital ecosystem of products and services, including the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac computers
Apple_ecosystem
Dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area
A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors
Forest
Deciduous forest in the temperate regions
type of forest. Temperate deciduous forests provide several unique ecosystem services, including habitats for diverse wildlife, and they face a set of natural
Temperate_deciduous_forest
Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems
economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially. By treating the economy as a subsystem of Earth's larger ecosystem, and by emphasizing
Ecological_economics
agriculture is essential in providing ecosystem services, which conserves biodiversity while providing agricultural services. Agriculture creates a conflict
Biodiversity_in_agriculture
Variety and variability of life forms
various levels, for example, genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distributed evenly
Biodiversity
Topics referred to by the same term
that leads to irreversible ecosystem damages, resulting in systems losing their ability to restore historical ecosystem service baselines. Water security
Water_crisis
Genus of grasses commonly known as reeds
impacts, P. australis may provide beneficial ecosystem services that need to be considered in coastal ecosystems, even where it is considered an invasive
Phragmites
Type of business ecosystem
A startup ecosystem is formed by people in startups in their various stages, and various types of organizations in a location (physical or virtual) that
Startup_ecosystem
American systems ecologist (born 1972)
Bennett (born 1972) is an American ecosystem ecologist specializing in studying the interactions of ecosystem services on landscape. She is currently a
Elena_Bennett
U.S. non-profit organization
assets. By identifying, monetising, and valuing natural capital and ecosystem services. Earth Economics primary focus is to help communities and organisations
Earth_Economics
Ecosystem in a body of water
aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem found in and around a body of water, in contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain communities
Aquatic_ecosystem
Study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions
focus of ecosystem ecology is on functional processes, ecological mechanisms that maintain the structure and services produced by ecosystems. These include
Ecosystem_ecology
Set of approaches to adapt to climate change
Biological Diversity (CBD) defines EBA as "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt
Ecosystem-based_adaptation
Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
into a single integrated system. Estuaries provide a wide range of ecosystem services that sustain both ecological productivity and human well-being. They
Estuary
American non-profit organization
management and conservation by creating and capturing market values for ecosystem services, to support innovative projects and companies that are developing
Forest_Trends
Study of organisms and their environment
important role in ecosystem services which by definition maintain and improve human quality of life. It delivers ecosystem services across heterogeneous
Ecology
American scientist
implementation of investments in watershed ecosystem services. Brauman's interest in understanding and valuing the ecosystem services of landscapes runs through much
Kate_Brauman
Sustainable use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges
must benefit biodiversity and support the delivery of a range of ecosystem services." The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out that the term nature-based
Nature-based_solutions
Land use management system
Agroforestry can help conserve biodiversity, positively influencing other ecosystem services. Depleted soil can be protected from soil erosion by groundcover plants
Agroforestry
Condition caused by overuse of water resources
that leads to irreversible ecosystem damages, resulting in systems losing their ability to restore historical ecosystem service baselines. The term has been
Water_bankruptcy
Tiger reserve in India
(conducted during 2016–2019) that ascertained the economic value of the ecosystem services provided free of cost by the 'Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve'
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam_Tiger_Reserve
Ecosystem that is flooded or saturated with water
A wetland is a distinct semi-aquatic ecosystem whose groundcovers are flooded or saturated in water, either permanently, for years or decades, or only
Wetland
Variety of families of Mollusca
remediation. As an ecosystem engineer, oysters provide supporting ecosystem services, along with provisioning, regulating and cultural services. Oysters influence
Oyster
Crop planted to manage erosion and soil quality
Pokharel, S. S.; Yu, H. (2023). "Intercropping cover crops for a vital ecosystem service: a review of the biocontrol of insect pests in tea agroecosystems"
Cover_crop
Ecological trend recorded since the late 20th century
report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (PDF) (Report). Intergovernmental
Decline_in_insect_populations
Abrupt changes in structure and function of systems
importance in ecology because they can substantially affect the flow of ecosystem services that societies rely upon, such as provision of food, clean water or
Regime_shift
Part of Earth's aquatic ecosystems
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems that include the biological communities inhabiting freshwater waterbodies such as lakes
Freshwater_ecosystem
World's stock of natural resources
natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called ecosystem services. All of these underpin our economy and society, and thus
Natural_capital
Areas protected for having ecological or cultural importance
to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected Areas alleviate climate change effects
Protected_area
Forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance
Old-growth forests are valuable for economic reasons and for the ecosystem services they provide. This can be a point of contention when some in the logging
Old-growth_forest
Dam in Pará, Brazil
destroyed a plethora of the ecosystem services the region provided before the hydroelectric dam's construction. Cultural/heritage services are those that contribute
Tucuruí_Dam
American non-profit organization
transparency and providing information for ecosystem services and payment schemes. The idea of launching Ecosystem Marketplace was borne out of meeting by
Ecosystem_Marketplace
Human settlement closely modeled on natural ecosystems
modeled on the self-sustaining resilient structure and function of natural ecosystems", as defined by Ecocity Builders, a non-profit organization started by
Eco-cities
International decade, 2021–2030
The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration runs from 2021 to 2030. Similar to other nature-related international decades, its purpose is to promote
UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration
UN_Decade_on_Ecosystem_Restoration
Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land
; Silliman, Brian R. (2011). "The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services". Ecological Monographs. 81 (2): 169–193. Bibcode:2011EcoM...81..169B
Marsh
Forested wetland
pathways all contribute to how energy and nutrients flow in and out of the ecosystem. As water flows through the swamp, nutrients, sediment and pollutants
Swamp
Care of trees in urban environments
cover. Urban tree canopy inequity limits the access to the beneficial ecosystem services that trees provide. Populations that do not live in neighborhoods
Urban_forestry
Marsh subject to tidal change in water
tidal marsh ecosystems. Restoration of tidal marshes through the removal of tidal restrictions to re-establish degraded ecosystem services have been underway
Tidal_marsh
Capacity of soil to perform ecosystem services
refers to the condition of soil based on its capacity to perform ecosystem services that meet the needs of human and non-human life. Soil quality reflects
Soil_quality
Set of processes exchanging nutrients between parts of a system
which includes water. Recycling in natural systems is one of the many ecosystem services that sustain and contribute to the well-being of human societies.
Nutrient_cycle
Group (IEG), NACs integrate the economic value of nature, including ecosystem services, into a corporation with an equity capital structure. Each NAC holds
Natural_Asset_Company
Farming approach
harnessed for productive purposes. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture
Sustainable_agriculture
Software Ecosystem is a book written by David G. Messerschmitt and Clemens Szyperski that explains the essence and effects of a "software ecosystem", defined
Software_ecosystem
Environmental engineering
supports ecosystem and biological conservation. Mitsch and Jorgensen were the first to define ecological engineering as designing societal services such that
Ecological_engineering
Regulation of fishing
achieving the goal of balancing human needs, ensuring the longevity of ecosystem services, and mitigating adverse ecological impacts. Today, EBFM is a more
Fisheries_management
Area where land meets the sea or ocean
parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many ecosystem services to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in port
Coast
Aspect of agriculture
supporting and cultural ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are "the benefits human populations derive from ecosystems". Through the use of vacant
Peri-urban_agriculture
Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species
2004. Ecosystem services in Southern Africa: a regional assessment. The regional scale component of the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Habitat_destruction
Extinction of species or loss of species in a given habitat
scientists, along with the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, say that the main reason for biodiversity loss is a growing human
Biodiversity_loss
Wet agriculture and forestry on peatlands
efficient and relatively easy way to maintain ecosystem services. However, these the ecosystem services are not priced in a market and do not produce
Paludiculture
Nonprofit environmental organization
movement in conservation science that treated biodiversity protection, ecosystem services, development, climate resilience and human livelihoods as linked objectives
Conservation_International
Area of low biodiversity
depauperate ecosystems where greater biodiversity was formerly present. Depauperate ecosystems are less effective at providing ecosystem services and less
Depauperate_ecosystem
Country programme of Conservation International in China
conservation programmes in southwest China, pilot work on payments for ecosystem services (PES) around the Lashihai Nature Reserve near Lijiang in Yunnan, and
Conservation International China
Conservation_International_China
the water column. Salt marshes are very productive ecosystems and provide many ecosystem services including carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling, and coastal
Low_marsh
Mexican ecologist
University of Mexico (UNAM). Her research focuses on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and social–ecological systems. She is an Editor-in-Chief of the journal
Patricia_Balvanera
Organic matter component of soil
physical and chemical properties and its capacity to provide regulatory ecosystem services. SOM is especially critical for soil functions and quality. The benefits
Soil_organic_matter
Culinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates
disaster". phys.org. Retrieved 13 October 2021. Ramsar (2011). "Wetlands Ecosystem Services Factsheet 5: Water Purification" (PDF). ramsar.org. Retrieved 13 October
Shellfish
Genus of wasps
quantities and the wasp's fierce sting. The species can provide important ecosystem services such as pollination, herbivore deterrence and predation of disease
Brachygastra
Estimate of an ecosystem's production of certain biological materials
a given year (because not all hectares produce the same amount of ecosystem services). Biocapacity is calculated from United Nations population and land
Biocapacity
Species of bivalve
freshwater mussels, Westralunio carteri is recognised as a provider of ecosystem services due to filter-feeding activities. Adult W. carteri are capable of
Westralunio_carteri
and policy documents include debt-for-nature swaps, payments for ecosystem services, and green bonds, as well as conservation-related funding delivered
Conservation_finance
Deep and sustained change in a society
Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Brondizio, E. S., Settele
Societal_transformation
Conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems
focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, enhancing ecosystem services, supporting biosequestration, increasing resilience to climate change
Regenerative_agriculture
Economical estimate of the net worth of the planet
of all ecosystem services as evaluated in ecosystem valuation or full-cost accounting. The price on the services that the world's ecosystems provide
Value_of_Earth
Practice of growing and cultivating plants
Costner, Lucas (June 2018). "Garden Pollinators and the Potential for Ecosystem Service Flow to Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture". Sustainability. 10 (6):
Gardening
Forest or woodland area which has re-grown after a timber harvest
biodiversity more effectively. This has also been shown to improve ecosystem service functionality, as well as rural independence and livelihoods. Some
Secondary_forest
Species with a large effect on its environment
particular ecosystem, but that does not automatically imply that other ecosystems have a similar structure. Cultural keystone species Ecosystem service Foundation
Keystone_species
Societal goal and normative concept
technologies such as renewable energy. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment from 2005 measured 24 ecosystem services. It concluded that only four have improved over
Sustainability
Colombian biologist
Intergovernmental Science and Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services and has been part of the national representation to the Inter-American
Brigitte_Baptiste
Branch of forestry
multiple use is becoming more common. Forests provide a variety of ecosystem services: cleaning the air, accumulating carbon, filtering water, and reducing
Forest_management
Mode of human development
biodiversity and ecosystem services was published by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. It recommended
Sustainable_development
German mathematician
use and ecosystem service. His early research in this regard highlighted the need for consistent, integrated approaches to ecosystem services and land-use
Ralf_Seppelt
Organic fertilizer made from seaweed
microbial communities. Seaweed aquaculture has the potential to yield ecosystem services by providing a source of nutrition to human communities and a mechanism
Seaweed_fertiliser
Wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention
Sometimes known as 'nature's benefits’, ecosystem services are the benefits (usually to humans) provided by natural ecosystems. They include provisions such as
Whangamarino_Wetland
Processes of managing land
resources to meet human needs while ensuring long-term sustainability, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Sustainable forest management is a
Land_management
Science and craft of managing woodlands
an essential role in creating and modifying habitats, and affects ecosystem services provisioning. A practitioner of forestry is a forester. Modern forestry
Forestry
Field of geochemistry and hydrology
study human impacts on all dimensions of the hydrological cycle and ecosystem services. Water molecules carry unique isotopic "fingerprints", based in part
Isotope_hydrology
American economist
Costanza et al. Twenty years of ecosystem services: how far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosystem Services 2021, Costanza et al. Common
Robert_Costanza
Total variability of Earth's life forms
report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services". Population and Development
Global_biodiversity
Maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can support
The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the maximum population size of a living biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment
Carrying_capacity
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