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Physical quantity in soil
Effective stress is a fundamental concept in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering that describes the portion of total stress in a soil mass that
Effective_stress
Type of building foundation
foundation depends on whether a total stress or effective stress analysis is considered. Generally, a total stress analysis is applicable for low permeability
Shallow_foundation
Techniques and therapies to manage stress
mechanisms actually operate and are effective in practice. Many stress management techniques cope with stresses one may find themselves withstanding
Stress_management
Branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils
soil, the distinction between pore water pressure and inter-granular effective stress, capillary action of fluids in the soil pore spaces, soil classification
Soil_mechanics
Theory of soil consolidation and effective stress
quantifiable changes in stress to a porous medium are a direct result of a change in effective stress. The effective stress, σ e f f {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol
Terzaghi's_principle
Soil material that is ordinarily a solid behaving like a thick liquid
embankment dams and retaining structures. Soil liquefaction occurs when the effective stress (shear strength) of soil is reduced to essentially zero. This may be
Soil_liquefaction
Concept in continuum mechanics
In continuum mechanics, stress triaxiality is the relative degree of hydrostatic stress in a given stress state. It is often used as a triaxiality factor
Stress_triaxiality
Type of natural water upwelling
effective stress within the soil. When the water pressure at a point in the soil is equal to the total vertical stress at that point, the effective stress
Seepage
Capability of producing the desired result
Effectiveness or effectivity is the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce desired output. When something is deemed effective, it means
Effectiveness
Process by which soils decrease in volume
framework of consolidation is therefore closely related to the concept of effective stress, and hydraulic conductivity. The early theoretical modern models were
Soil_consolidation
Location in an object where stress is far greater than the surrounding region
mechanics, a stress concentration (also called a stress raiser or a stress riser or notch sensitivity) is a location in an object where the stress is significantly
Stress_concentration
Scientific study of earth materials in engineering problems
developed the principle of effective stress, and demonstrated that the shear strength of soil is controlled by effective stress. Terzaghi also developed
Geotechnical_engineering
Behavioral disorder due to war trauma
Combat stress reaction (CSR) or combat neurosis is acute behavioral disorganization as a direct result of the trauma of war. Also known as "combat fatigue"
Combat_stress_reaction
Stress test with different levels of stress in each perpendicular direction
fluid (usually water) during the test, then calculating the effective stress from the total stress and pore pressure. The triaxial test can be used to determine
Triaxial_shear_test
Behavior of soil under varying stresses
further changes in mean effective stress p ′ {\displaystyle \ p'} , deviatoric stress q {\displaystyle \ q} (or yield stress, σ y {\displaystyle \
Critical_state_soil_mechanics
Magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain
the direction of the shear stress. The average normal intergranular contact force per unit area is called the effective stress. If water is not allowed
Shear_strength_(soil)
Amount of water an aquifer releases while staying saturated
{\displaystyle V_{t}} or V w {\displaystyle V_{w}} ) per change in applied stress (effective stress — σ e {\displaystyle \sigma _{e}} or pore pressure — p {\displaystyle
Specific_storage
Mental disorder associated with trauma
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event. Examples include sexual assault, domestic
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic_stress_disorder
Sudden movement of the Earth's crust
doi:10.1038/physci243066a0. Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006). "Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip
Earthquake
Constitutive relation
relation between strain rate and stress: ϵ ˙ e = A τ e n {\displaystyle {\dot {\epsilon }}_{e}=A\tau _{e}^{n}} The effective strain rate ϵ ˙ e {\displaystyle
Glen–Nye_flow_law
Excavated channel in ground
pile (soil excavated from the trench) or heavy equipment. These add extra stress to the walls of the trench. Inability to escape the trench because of steep
Trench
Pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles
is vital in calculating the stress state in the ground soil mechanics, from Terzaghi's expression for the effective stress of the soil. Pressure develops
Pore_water_pressure
Change in viscosity of a gel or fluid caused by stress
thinner, less viscous) over time when shaken, agitated, shear-stressed, or otherwise stressed (time-dependent viscosity). They then take a fixed time to
Thixotropy
Topics referred to by the same term
(geology), the part of shear strength that is independent of the normal effective stress in mass movements Cohesion (linguistics), the linguistic elements that
Cohesion
Function of the type of soil
Stress distribution in soil is a function of the type of soil, the relative rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of foundation at level
Stress_distribution_in_soil
Component of shear strength of a rock
During critical state flow of soil, the undrained cohesion results from effective stress and critical state friction, not chemical bonds between soil particles
Cohesion_(geology)
Training in a deliberately distracting environment
of stress on the individual are a concern in industry, the military, aviation, sports, and other settings where effective performance under stress is
Stress_exposure_training
Physical quantity that expresses internal forces in a continuous material
beams and stone blocks to withstand, transmit, and distribute stress in the most effective manner, with devices such as the capitals, arches, cupolas, trusses
Stress_(mechanics)
Method of measuring soil consolidation
predict how a soil in the field will deform in response to a change in effective stress. Oedometer tests are designed to simulate the one-dimensional deformation
Oedometer_test
Pressure of soil in horizontal direction
ratio of the horizontal effective stress, σ’h, to the vertical effective stress, σ’v. The effective stress is the intergranular stress calculated by subtracting
Lateral_earth_pressure
Feeling of strain and pressure
psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a form of psychological and mental discomfort. Small amounts of stress may be beneficial
Psychological_stress
Ratio of void volume and total volume of a porous material
Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. v. 14, pp. 1–24. Effective and Ineffective Porosity or Total and Effective Porosity Explained at E&P Geology.com Archived
Porosity
Maximum stress soil has experience in the past
Preconsolidation pressure is the maximum effective vertical overburden stress that a particular soil sample has sustained in the past. This quantity is
Preconsolidation_pressure
Civil engineering technique
undertaken based on bending moment and shear envelope obtained from the stress analysis. In the design of such underground walls, width of the unit is
Slurry_wall
British/South African Geotechnical Engineer and Professor of Soil Mechanics
Burland's findings showed that the conventional approach of using effective stress to predict soil behaviour required adjustment for partly saturated
John_Burland
Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater
needed] Cleanup of contaminated groundwater tends to be very costly. Effective remediation of groundwater is generally very difficult. Contamination
Well
Reorganization of the microstructure in tissues
effective stress shield by reinforcing the material where needed. When the tissue is relaxed again, they find themselves in an unnaturally stressed position
Tissue_remodeling
Weight per unit volume of a material
the unit weight of water. It is often used in the calculation of the effective stress in a soil. The formula for submerged unit weight is: γ ′ = γ s − γ
Specific_weight
Physical scale model tested in a large geotechnical centrifuge
{\displaystyle \sigma '_{m}} is the effective stress in the model and σ p ′ {\displaystyle \sigma '_{p}} is the effective stress in the prototype. In soil mechanics
Geotechnical centrifuge modeling
Geotechnical_centrifuge_modeling
Mathematical model in materials science
is used to define shear strength of soils and rocks at different effective stresses. In structural engineering it is used to determine failure load as
Mohr–Coulomb_theory
Non-reversible deformation of a solid material in response to applied forces
Mises solves for an effective stress under uniaxial loading, subtracting out hydrostatic stresses, and states that all effective stresses greater than that
Plasticity_(physics)
State of saturated soils
when the upward water pressure gradient and water flow reduce the effective stress, i.e., cohesiveness of the soil. Sandy soils may lose their shear strength
Quick_condition
called the Biot's effective stress that represents the stress transmitted solely through the solid skeleton. Terzaghi's effective stress which is widely
Poromechanics
Mental disorder associated with trauma
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD, CPTSD, or cPTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas:
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder
Natural hazard involving ground movement
decrease in the shear strength of the slope material, an increase in the shear stress borne by the material, or a combination of the two. A change in the stability
Landslide
Group of snails
of time. Stress wears preferentially on the front surface of the cusp of the teeth, allowing the back surface to stay sharp and more effective. There is
Limpet
Response to a terrifying, traumatic or surprising experience
Acute stress reaction (ASR), also known as psychological shock, mental shock, or simply shock, as well as acute stress disorder (ASD), is a psychological
Acute_stress_reaction
Formula to quantify column buckling under a given load
critical buckling stress is usually lower than the yield stress. In contrast, a stocky column can have a critical buckling stress higher than the yield
Euler's_critical_load
Quantity of water contained in a material
The normalized water content, Θ {\displaystyle \Theta } , (also called effective saturation or S e {\displaystyle S_{e}} ) is a dimensionless value defined
Water_content
Measure of material deformation perpendicular to loading
PMC 5719638. PMID 29225507. "Lecture Notes in Structural Geology – Effective Stress". Retrieved 2019-07-03. Silva, et al. "Cork: properties, capabilities
Poisson's_ratio
Capacity of soil to support loads
'}}-1\right)} c′ is the effective cohesion. σzD′ is the vertical effective stress at the depth the foundation is laid. γ′ is the effective unit weight when saturated
Bearing_capacity
Calculation for the size of a fatigue crack
remain in contact with each other at loads above zero. This reduces the effective stress intensity factor range and the fatigue crack growth rate. A d a / d
Crack_growth_equation
Stress imposed on soil or rock by overlying material
at depths of tens of kilometres is on the order of 1,000–2,000 bar. Effective stress Geothermobarometry Lateral earth pressure Pore water pressure Sedimentary
Overburden_pressure
Dimensionless quantity related to porosity
increasing the contact between adjacent particles and modifying the soil effective stress. The opposite situation, i. e. when the void ratio is relatively small
Void_ratio
Pressure between two fluids from forces between the fluids and tube walls
determined that the soil type and effective stress on the soil particles influenced frost heave, where effective stress is the sum of pressure from above
Capillary_pressure
Form of urinary incontinence from an inadequate closure of the bladder
Stress incontinence, also known as stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or effort incontinence is a form of urinary incontinence. It is due to inadequate
Stress_incontinence
Providing info to patients to help them better understand and cope with illness
among themselves. Finally, C.M. Anderson's research included more effective stress management techniques. Psychoeducation in behavior therapy has its
Psychoeducation
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength
Creep_(deformation)
Manner in which fluids behave when flowing through a porous medium
(2019), 539, 379-387 Saurabh, Suman (2022-02-15). "Flow regime evolution and stress-dependent permeability in nanoporous rocks". Fuel. 310 122413. Elsevier
Fluid flow through porous media
Fluid_flow_through_porous_media
Sudden change in shape of a structural component under load
b_{\text{eff}}} , effective width σ y {\displaystyle \sigma _{y}} , yielding stress As the loaded stress increases, the effective width continues to
Buckling
difference between the total volume and the solid volume. Typically, the effective radius of the pore body or neck is used to define the size of pores. The
Pore_structure
Crack growth calculation program
calculate the stress intensity factor level K op {\displaystyle K_{\text{op}}} at which the crack tip is fully open. The effective stress intensity factor
Fastran
Equation in materials science engineering
to σ 3 {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}} = principal stress σ e {\displaystyle \sigma _{e}} = effective stress Source: Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } can be obtained
Larson–Miller_relation
Measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
configuration of the flow-paths d {\displaystyle d} is the average, or effective pore diameter [length]. Absolute permeability denotes the permeability
Permeability_(porous_media)
Metal-working process
applied to components that require the reduction of residual stresses. Effective vibratory stress-relief treatment results from a combination of factors: 1
Vibratory_stress_relief
Austrian geotechnical engineer known as the "father of soil mechanics" (1883-1963)
Sometimes I failed, but usually I succeeded." Consolidation (soil) Effective stress Engineering geology Geotechnical engineering Retaining wall Rock mass
Karl_von_Terzaghi
Sinking of land due to groundwater extraction
compressible layers of silt or clay. As the groundwater is pumped out, the effective stress changes, precipitating consolidation, which is often non-reversible
Groundwater-related subsidence
Groundwater-related_subsidence
Study of irreversible deformation of rock
overlapping categories: confining pressure tests, pore pressure or effective stress tests, temperature-dependent tests, and strain rate-dependent tests
Rock_mass_plasticity
M.; Wood, H. A. (1971). "A crack growth retardation model using an effective stress concept". NASA. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
AFGROW
Internet community
to achieve one's objectives). Heavily overlapping communities include effective altruism, transhumanism, and AI safety (specifically mitigation of AI
Rationalist_community
Program offering mindfulness training
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an educational program designed for learning mindfulness and discovering skillful ways to manage stress. MBSR was
Mindfulness-based stress reduction
Mindfulness-based_stress_reduction
Healthcare professional working outside of hospitals
paramedic professionals. Peer counselling programs appear to be an effective stress management strategy for paramedics. Taking part in open discussions
Paramedic
Method for analyzing stability of slopes of soil or rock
{\displaystyle \sigma '=\sigma -u} is the effective stress ( σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the total stress normal to the interface and u {\displaystyle
Slope_stability_analysis
Tensions related to work
Occupational stress or job strain is chronic psychological stress related to one's job. Occupational stress can be managed by understanding what the stressful
Occupational_stress
Category of mental disorders
Stress-related disorders constitute a category of mental disorders. They are maladaptive, biological and psychological responses to short- or long-term
Stress-related_disorders
Banking regulation standard
management and effective and efficient decision-making across the bank. The frequency of reports should be increased during times of stress/crisis. Principle
BCBS_239
cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Most 'ideal soil' theories stress both approaches. (See also – Cation exchange capacity) Strictly speaking
Base-cation_saturation_ratio
Office in Gothenburg, Sweden
within Mohd Jamaludin Md Noor's Soil Settlement and the Concept of Effective Stress and Shear Strength Interaction, inundation inherent to coastal and
Lilla_Bommen_(building)
Simulation of a financial asset or institution under crisis conditions
interested in conducting their own stress tests to insure the effective operation of financial institutions. Since then, stress tests have been routinely performed
Stress_test_(financial)
Formula to quantify column buckling under a given load
gyration to effective length) conditions. The equation interpolates between the yield stress of the material and the critical buckling stress given by Euler's
Johnson's_parabolic_formula
Field in materials science and mechanics
S2CID 197568886. Saurabh, Suman; Harpalani, Satya (2018-01-01). "The effective stress law for stress-sensitive transversely isotropic rocks". International Journal
Poroelasticity
Bone fracture due to repeated stressing
A stress fracture is a fatigue-induced bone fracture caused by repeated stress over time. Instead of resulting from a single severe impact, stress fractures
Stress_fracture
Muscle relaxation technique
conditions like anxiety, insomnia, stress, depression, and pain and may have beneficial long term effects. It is also effective for many populations, including
Progressive_muscle_relaxation
Type of therapy to improve mental health
healthcare workers found that CBT was more effective than no intervention but no more effective than alternative stress-reduction interventions. Cochrane Reviews
Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
Reshaping a metal workpiece via deformation
categorised by differences in effective stresses. These categories and descriptions are highly simplified, since the stresses operating at a local level
Forming_(metalworking)
Catastrophic channeling in earth dams caused by water flow
transported by seepage, and the coarse particles carry most of the effective stress. Suffusion can only occur provided the fine soil particles are small
Internal_erosion
increase in the applied stress or decrease in the effective stress. For example, microcracks perpendicular to the maximum stress direction will close. However
Microcracks_in_rock
Array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with humans
depression, and stress-related disorders, while conscientiousness is associated with better self-regulation and more effective stress management. Mental
Human_behavior
antennae on the ground surface. As the seismic (P or compression) waves stress earth materials, four geophysical phenomena occur: The resistivity of the
Seismoelectrical_method
Norwegian North Sea oil field
As hydrocarbons were produced the pore pressure declined and the effective stress increased, leading to subsidence. Water injection was initiated to
Ekofisk_oil_field
Type of glaciomarine and unstable clay prone to landslides
mechanics DLVO theory, model for aggregation of aqueous dispersions Effective stress Electrical double layer, (EDL) Geomechanics Interface and colloid science
Quick_clay
Institution for the education of students by teachers
place. Stress sometimes affects students more severely than teachers, up to the point where the students are prescribed stress medication. This stress is
School
Level of psychological well-being
bringing about reductions in depression, anxiety and stress. Mindfulness meditation may also be effective in treating substance use disorders. Lucid dreaming
Mental_health
Inflammation of the inner edge of the shin bone (tibia)
A shin splint, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome, is pain along the inside edge of the shinbone (tibia) due to inflammation of tissue in the
Shin_splints
Dam in Montana, US
low permeability of the surrounding shale. This resulted in a low effective stress in the bentonite and a very low shear strength. According to the Billings
Fort_Peck_Dam
Geophysicist researcher
effect of diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic processes and increasing effective stress. Geology 29 (2), 183-186. Saffer, D.M., Marone, C., 2003. Comparison
Demian_Saffer
learning the subject. During times of stress, the body reacts by secreting stress hormones into the bloodstream. Stress can cause acute and chronic changes
Effects_of_stress_on_memory
Geometric representation of material yield
six-dimensional space of stresses. The yield surface is usually convex and the state of stress of inside the yield surface is elastic. When the stress state lies on
Yield_surface
soil would naturally resist compaction via shear strength/friction/effective stress. The determination of the OPT is important because if tillage is carried
Optimum water content for tillage
Optimum_water_content_for_tillage
Ability to mentally cope with a crisis
also enhanced in people who develop effective coping skills for stress. Coping skills help people reduce stress levels, so they remain functional. Coping
Psychological_resilience
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