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Measure of the fairness of electoral districts
The efficiency gap is a measure to determine the fairness of electoral districts for first-past-the-post voting with a two-party system. It measures which
Efficiency_gap
Improvement potential of energy efficiency
Energy efficiency gap refers to the improvement potential of energy efficiency or the difference between the cost-minimizing level of energy efficiency and
Energy_efficiency_gap
Form of political manipulation
resulting percentage is the efficiency gap. In 2017, Boris Alexeev and Dustin Mixon proved that "sometimes, a small efficiency gap is only possible with bizarrely
Gerrymandering
Discipline that includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies
potential energy efficiency is not always able to be achieved, thus creating an energy efficiency gap. While the energy efficiency gap considers economical
Energy_economics
American geographer
the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. With Eric Hirst, she coined the term "energy efficiency gap" and pioneered research to highlight and quantify the unexploited economic
Marilyn_A._Brown
Measure of lifetime average net present cost of electricity generation
terms, i.e. including adjustment for expected inflation. An energy efficiency gap phenomenon exists due to observed lack of consideration of and implementation
Levelized_cost_of_electricity
Ratio of energy extracted from sunlight in solar cells
band gap for the solar spectrum have a maximum theoretical efficiency of 33.16%, the Shockley–Queisser limit. Solar cells with multiple band gap absorber
Solar-cell_efficiency
American economist
evidence in favour of an energy efficiency gap, i.e. whether consumers and firms fail to invest as much into energy efficiency as the expected increases in
Michael_Greenstone
2018 United States Supreme Court case
Wisconsin ruled in favor of the Democrats, based on the evaluation of the efficiency gap measure developed for this case, and ordered Wisconsin to redo its districts
Gill_v._Whitford
American legal scholar specializing in election law
PlanScore, a platform for evaluating district plans. He co-invented the efficiency gap, a metric used to measure potential gerrymandering in electoral systems
Nicholas_Stephanopoulos
Lithuania–Poland border area
from NATO could be held north of the Suwałki Gap, in south-western Lithuania, due to better efficiencies for the Russian forces; the same route was assumed
Suwałki_Gap
Type of electoral system
Efficiency gap: The efficiency gap measures gerrymandering and has been scrutinized in the Supreme Court of the United States. The efficiency gap is
Plurality_voting
6-speed automatic transmission from 2005
which can be fully disengage when stationary, largely closing the fuel efficiency gap between vehicles with automatic and manual transmissions.[citation needed]
AWTF-80_SC
Votes that do not impact an election
measured by the efficiency gap. The efficiency gap is a frequently discussed method of measuring gerrymandering. A non-zero efficiency gap almost always
Wasted_vote
Maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell
gap of 1.1 eV, resulting in a maximum efficiency of about 32%. Modern commercial mono-crystalline solar cells produce about 24% conversion efficiency
Shockley–Queisser_limit
Mathematical compactness measure of a shape
cases to sufficiently fulfill the One man, one vote criterion and low efficiency gap would result in low Polsby–Popper compactness. Isoperimetric inequality
Polsby–Popper_test
efficiency gap was considered to be the first tool that met both Kennedy's and Stevens' suggestions. The first major legal test of the efficiency gap
Gerrymandering in the United States
Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States
Property of photosensitive devices
than twice the band gap energy and can create two or more electron-hole pairs per incident photon. Two types of quantum efficiency of a solar cell are
Quantum_efficiency
Winner-takes-all voting systems tend to result in only two viable parties
model - a Duvergerian logical predictive model of electoral systems Efficiency gap – Measure of the fairness of electoral districts Micromega rule – Preferences
Duverger's_law
6-speed automatic from 2005
which can be fully disengage when stationary, largely closing the fuel efficiency gap between vehicles with automatic and manual transmissions. In order to
GM_6L_transmission
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, a band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electronic states
Band_gap
6-speed automatic from 2005
which can be fully disengage when stationary, largely closing the fuel efficiency gap between vehicles with automatic and manual transmissions. In order to
Ford_6R_transmission
World's first 6-speed automatic from 2000
which can be fully disengage when stationary, largely closing the fuel efficiency gap between vehicles with automatic and manual transmissions. In order to
ZF_6HP_transmission
Maximum possible efficiency of electrical power from sunlight
and are therefore subject to the thermodynamic efficiency limit. Photons with an energy below the band gap of the absorber material cannot generate an electron-hole
Thermodynamic efficiency limit
Thermodynamic_efficiency_limit
Type of data compression
as PNG. By adding further compression, a programmer can reduce the efficiency gap. The extra layer can be decompressed by the CPU so that the GPU receives
Texture_compression
Device that generates sparks in internal combustion engines
directly, but will show up as a reduction in the engine's power and fuel efficiency. Gap adjustment is not recommended for iridium and platinum spark plugs
Spark_plug
Overview of democracy measures
median voter. Other measured aspects of democracy include voter turnout, efficiency gap, wasted vote, and political efficacy. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index
Democracy_indices
Thermally driven separation process
flux and energy efficiency. In AGMD, uniquely important design features include gap thickness, condensing surface hydrophobicity, gap spacer design, and
Membrane_distillation
House elections for the 113th U.S. Congress
elected Democratic candidates, has also been cited as causing some of the efficiency gap. The GOP also benefited from having a greater number of incumbents,
2012 United States House of Representatives elections
2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections
success'. An estimated 30% efficiency gap in railway operations compared with the continent contributes to an overall efficiency gap in transport "equivalent
Impact of the privatisation of British Rail
Impact_of_the_privatisation_of_British_Rail
Nigerian property technology
Property Nigeria. Retrieved 2026-10-02. "New digital tools target efficiency gaps in Nigeria's real..." Daily Trust. Retrieved 2026-10-02. "Our Property
OurProperty_NG
Form of research
"Searching for hidden costs: A technology-based approach to the energy efficiency gap in light-duty vehicles". Energy Policy. 98: 590–606. Bibcode:2016EnPol
Qualitative_research
determines the luminous efficiency of the device. Quaternary and higher compositions allow adjusting simultaneously the band gap and the lattice constant
List of semiconductor materials
List_of_semiconductor_materials
Measure of electoral disproportionality
election disproportionality affects smaller or larger parties more. Efficiency gap Wasted vote Gallagher, Michael. "Proportionality, disproportionality
Sainte-Laguë_Index
Methods for higher energy efficiency
Efficient energy use, or energy efficiency, is the process of reducing the amount of energy required to provide products and services. There are many technologies
Efficient_energy_use
Political slogan
index (used often in the context of proportional representation) or the efficiency gap (used commonly in context of two-party systems and First-past-the-post
One_man,_one_vote
Conflict of interest when one person acts on another's behalf
pp. 107–118. Jaffe, Adam B; Stavins, Robert N (1994). "The energy efficiency gap: What does it mean?" (PDF). Energy Policy. 22 (10): 805. Bibcode:1994EnPol
Principal–agent_problem
World's first 7-speed epicyclic gearset from 1992
which can be fully disengage when stationary, largely closing the fuel efficiency gap between vehicles with automatic and manual transmissions. In order to
Lepelletier_planetary_gearset
Lower house of the Wisconsin Legislature
2021, the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism reported the efficiency gap had further increased to 16.6% in favor of Republicans. On July 8, 2015
Wisconsin_State_Assembly
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Energy distance - Energy drift - Energy efficiency gap - Energy-efficient landscaping - Energy elasticity - Energy engineering
Index_of_energy_articles
Practical physics application
cause slow loss of efficiency of the device or sudden failure. The wavelength of the light emitted is a function of the band gap of the semiconductor
Light-emitting_diode_physics
Video compression format, succeeds H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2, is a patent-encumbered video compression standard designed as part of the MPEG-H
High_Efficiency_Video_Coding
American university teacher
263597. ISBN 0897919025. S2CID 53236196. "Transmuter: Bridging the Efficiency Gap using Memory and Dataflow Reconfiguration" (PDF). Yuan Lin; Hyunseok
Trevor_Mudge
Measure of electoral disproportionality
disproportionate election in [British] history". Politics portal Democracy indices Efficiency gap Special Committee on Electoral Reform (a Canadian Parliamentary Committee)
Gallagher_index
American economist
Reason – via Nexis Uni. Lomborg, Bjørn (July 23, 2016). "Please mind the efficiency gap and beware the Pollyannas of renewable power". The Australian. Levinson
Arik_Levinson
Device used to produce electricity from light
band gap of 1.6–1.8 eV as a top cell can reduce thermalization loss, produce a high external radiative efficiency and achieve theoretical efficiencies over
Solar_cell
Solar-cell architecture
band gaps, forming the carrier-separating heterojunctions that are analogous to the p-n junction of traditional solar cells. The high efficiency of heterojunction
Heterojunction_solar_cell
Measurement of difference between votes received and seats won
proportional part of the system Loosemore-Hanby Index in PolRep, an R package. Efficiency gap Loosemore, John; Hanby, Victor J. (October 1971). "The Theoretical Limits
Loosemore–Hanby_index
2008 scheme of the Government of India
follows: National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National
National Action Plan for Climate Change
National_Action_Plan_for_Climate_Change
9th Administrator of the Energy Information Administration
Newell, Richard G; Stavins, Robert N (2017). "Assessing the energy-efficiency gap" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 55 (4). American Economic Association:
Richard_G._Newell
Centralized investment and economic input decision-making model under Leninist states
less efficient than both developed and developing countries, and this efficiency gap had only widened in the years of analysis. It was seen that Hungary
Economic planning systems of communist states
Economic_planning_systems_of_communist_states
Ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required
increases the efficiency (and the cost) relative to the power of the compressor, and also by reducing the system's internal temperature gap over the compressor
Coefficient_of_performance
Crude oil refinery of Nigeria
crude inputs were realized as refined output products, a significant efficiency gap. Operations were thus suspended until a plan for profitability could
Port Harcourt Refining Company
Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company
Agricultural product movement concept
users of digital technologies. This has the impact of widening the efficiency gap between larger farms or plantations and smallholder farmers, leading
Agricultural_value_chain
financial resources (fiscal efficiency) and what are the impacts of this tax system on overall economic efficiency. If tax efficiency needs to be assessed,
Tax_efficiency
Machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of an air gap between the rotor and stator
Electric_motor
Type of radio transmitter
A spark-gap transmitter is an obsolete type of radio transmitter which generates radio waves by means of an electric spark. Spark-gap transmitters were
Spark-gap_transmitter
Stormwater treatment system
$500 per year for each tree box filter. In order to extend the life and efficiency of the tree box filter, it is recommended that inspections be conducted
Tree_box_filter
Health care efficiency is a comparison of delivery system outputs, such as physician visits, relative value units, or health outcomes, with inputs like
Health_care_efficiency
Application-level throughput of a network
while Ethernet needs to transport 1500 + 38 = 1538 bytes. The overall efficiency is 1460 / 1538 = 94.9%. Accordingly, the maximum goodput for any application
Goodput
Cybersecurity technology
solutions provide automated assessments that help identify weaknesses or gaps in an organization's security posture. BAS tools work by executing simulated
Breach_and_attack_simulation
Electric convertible sports car (2008–2012)
on the model. It has a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h). The Roadster's efficiency, as of September 2008[update], was reported as 120 miles per gallon gasoline
Tesla Roadster (first generation)
Tesla_Roadster_(first_generation)
Assembly of photovoltaic cells used to generate electricity
conversion efficiency, including its reflectance, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency, charge carrier collection efficiency and conduction
Solar_panel
Scholars disagree on how to quantify the efficiency of slavery. In Time on the Cross Fogel and Engerman equate efficiency to total factor productivity (TFP)
Economics of slavery in the United States
Economics_of_slavery_in_the_United_States
Maximizing effect while minimizing waste
Resource efficiency is the maximising of the supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order
Resource_efficiency
Defensive lines of the war
for first-line defense, with fieldworks to contain breakthroughs. Northern gaps may be targeted but involve risks due to proximity to the Russian border
Fortifications of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Fortifications_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine
manufacturers on efficiency classification, with three efficiency classes: Eff 1 for High Efficiency Eff 2 for Standard Efficiency Eff 3 for Low Efficiency The term
Premium_efficiency
American architect and entrepreneur
Inc. and The Gap to develop and implement pioneering environmental energy efficiency policies and operational systems to improve efficiency and productivity
John_Picard_(architect)
Schottky barrier solar cell
Schottky-junction is an attempt to increase the efficiency of solar cells by introducing an impurity energy level in the band gap. This impurity can absorb more lower
Schottky_junction_solar_cell
Rate at which data is processed in communication networks
channel efficiency and packet drop rate in percentage are less ambiguous terms. The channel efficiency, also known as bandwidth utilization efficiency, is
Network_throughput
End of the historical linkage between gross national product and wages
wages from productivity, sometimes known as the great decoupling, is the gap between the growth rate of median income and the growth rate of GDP per person
Decoupling of wages from productivity
Decoupling_of_wages_from_productivity
Term related to educational inequalities
The term 30-million-word gap (often shortened to just word gap) was originally coined by Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley in their book Meaningful Differences
Word_gap
British musician (1953–2001)
Heat (1979), was two years in the making. The maxi-single Health and Efficiency (1980) permitted Williams to demonstrate his now considerable skill. Their
Gareth Williams (British musician)
Gareth_Williams_(British_musician)
Semiconductor light source
photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors
Light-emitting_diode
Controlling or altering the band gap of a material
suitable for use as a high efficiency photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell. They tracked the changes to the band gap and the charge carrier effective
Band-gap_engineering
ISO 3008-4:2021 Part 4: Linear joint fire seal materials used to seal the gap between a fire door frame and the supporting construction ISO 3009:2003 Fire-resistance
List of ISO standards 3000–4999
List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999
Gap between current and desired performance of organization
guaranteed to impact upon the efficiency and effectiveness of senior executives and their management teams. The strategy gap is considered to be real and
Strategy_gap
American investor and politician (born 1995)
false claims regarding an advisory role with the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), legal disputes concerning his business activities, and allegations
James_Fishback
energy in excess of the band gap generates an entropy flow in the pV cell, rather than electric power. The energy efficiency ( η ϕ {\displaystyle \eta _{\phi
Phonovoltaic
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
limiting efficiency value is consistent with the values published by Parrott and Vos in 1979: 64% and 68.2% respectively, there is a small gap between
Multi-junction_solar_cell
Type of electric motor construction
An axial flux motor (axial gap motor, or pancake motor) is a geometry of electric motor construction where the gap between the rotor and stator, and therefore
Axial_flux_motor
The actions of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) have attracted reactions from officials, scholars, and citizens. While a majority supports
Response to the Department of Government Efficiency
Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency
Method to produce electricity from solar radiation
conversion efficiency, including its reflectance, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency, charge carrier collection efficiency and conduction
Photovoltaics
Seaport with automated, digitalized systems
automation, and data-driven solutions to optimize logistics, improve efficiency, enhance security, and reduce environmental impact. It uses technologies
Smart_port
Type of particle accelerator
by applying an electric field across an accelerating gap. The force on a particle crossing this gap is given by the Lorentz force law: F = q [ E + ( v ×
Cyclotron
Collective decision-making procedure
such irrational behavior can cause inefficiency in closer elections, the efficiency gains through preference expression are often sufficient to make QV net
Quadratic_voting
Distance traveled by a vehicle compared to volume of fuel consumed
The fuel economy (also called fuel efficiency or mileage) of an automobile relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of fuel consumed
Fuel_economy_in_automobiles
Photographic light source capable of producing sub-microsecond light flashes
An air-gap flash is a photographic light source capable of producing sub-microsecond light flashes, allowing for (ultra) high-speed photography. This
Air-gap_flash
Identifier for a time offset from UTC of +05:00
Time Yekaterinburg Time "1951". pakistanspace.tripod.com. Gap analysis on Energy Efficiency institutional arrangements in Pakistan, Asif Masood, pp.44
Pakistan_Standard_Time
Chemical compound
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of
Gallium_arsenide
remained stable. At the same time, farmers began to grow other crops and efficiency was increased in certain sectors.[citation needed] After 2000, land reform
Agriculture_in_Ukraine
Applies an electric current to heat or cool materials
large scale (for homes or commercial buildings) is rare due to its low efficiency and high cost relative to other options. This technology is far less commonly
Thermoelectric_heat_pump
Flexible material used in construction to seal joints
Modern caulking compounds are flexible sealing compounds used to close up gaps in buildings and other structures against water, air, dust, and insects,
Caulk
is the F / D {\displaystyle F/D} ratio, which determines the aperture efficiency. F {\displaystyle F} is the focal length and D {\displaystyle D} is the
Transmitarray_antenna
recycling processes, start-ups leverage their agility to fill technological gaps in the market. Furthermore, they generally do not need to purchase raw materials;
Plastic-to-Liquid
indicating that the unique jaw torus of Nimravus increased bite force and efficiency. Porto, de Oliveira & Fiedler (2025) study changes speciation and extinction
2025_in_paleomammalogy
Spintronics-related effect
on their surfaces (i.e., spin-polarized Dirac cones), while having a band gap in the bulk (this is why these materials are called insulators). Also in
Rashba–Edelstein_effect
Japanese car adapted for racing
upgrades to reduce running cost and improve reliability. In 2015, fuel efficiency was improved, along with better weight distribution and refined aerodynamics
Nissan_GT-R_in_motorsport
Nitrogen fixation process using electrical arcs
of a U-shaped electromagnet around a spark gap so that the gap between them was perpendicular to the gap between the electrodes, and which was later
Birkeland–Eyde_process
Reference voltage independent of temperature
voltage corresponding to the particular semiconductor's theoretical band gap, with very little fluctuations from variations of power supply, electrical
Bandgap_voltage_reference
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