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The electron-cloud effect is a phenomenon that occurs in particle accelerators and reduces the quality of the particle beam. Electron clouds are created
Electron-cloud_effect
Physical phenomenon
Meitner–Auger effect is a physical phenomenon in which atoms eject electrons. It occurs when an inner-shell vacancy in an atom is filled by an electron, releasing
Auger_effect
Decrease in attraction between an electron and the nucleus
with more than one electron. The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference
Shielding_effect
Permanent bond dipole due to electron-rich or -poor groups in a molecule
mesomeric effect. Covalent bonds can be polarized depending on the relative electronegativity of the two atoms forming the bond. The electron cloud in a σ-bond
Inductive_effect
Particle detector for visualizing ionizing radiation
his work on the cloud chamber (the same year as Arthur Compton received half the prize for the Compton Effect). The diffusion cloud chamber was developed
Cloud_chamber
Electro-optic effect (nonlinear optics) Electrocaloric effect (cooling technology) (heat pumps) Electron-cloud effect (particle accelerators) (physics) Electroviscous
List_of_effects
Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material
photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. Electrons emitted in this
Photoelectric_effect
Anti-particle to the electron
then-new concept of electron spin to explain the Zeeman effect. The paper did not explicitly predict a new particle but did allow for electrons having either
Positron
Function describing an electron in an atom
in matter. In this model, the electron cloud of an atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product
Atomic_orbital
When a particle's interactions with a material cause it to emit new particles
the electrons back toward the plate. This tube was called the pentode. Electron-cloud effect Malter effect Sputtering R. Kollath, Secondary electron emission
Secondary_emission
Elementary particle with negative charge
The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. It is an elementary particle
Electron
Process in electrical breakdown
avalanche effect was discovered by John Sealy Townsend in his work between 1897 and 1901, and is also known as the Townsend discharge. Electron avalanches
Electron_avalanche
Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge
transferred (electrons flow) downwards to ground along the lightning channel (the conventional current flows from the ground up to the cloud). The reverse
Lightning
Measurement in atomic physics
screening effect of the inner shells The extent to which the outermost electron penetrates into the charge cloud set up by the inner lying electron In the
Effective_nuclear_charge
Creation of particle-antiparticle pair from a neutral boson
and its antiparticle from a neutral boson. Examples include creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton.
Pair_production
Term in the chemistry of transition metals
that the size of the orbital is larger in the complex. This electron cloud expansion effect may occur for one (or both) of two reasons. One is that the
Nephelauxetic_effect
Flow of electric charge
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate
Electric_current
Charge transfer due to contact or sliding
Pan, Shuaihang; Zhang, Zhinan (2017). "Triboelectric effect: A new perspective on electron transfer process". Journal of Applied Physics. 122 (14):
Triboelectric_effect
Collision causing gamma ray emission
Electron–positron annihilation occurs when an electron (e− ) and a positron (e+ , the electron's antiparticle) collide. At low energies, the result of
Electron–positron annihilation
Electron–positron_annihilation
or burn off electrons. This is known as thermionic emission. The electrons are then compressed or focused by the focusing cup into a cloud known as a space
Line_focus_principle
Probability density of electrons being somewhere
Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding
Electron_density
Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions
is small and/or highly charged, it will distort the electron cloud of the negative ion, an effect summarized in Fajans' rules. This polarization of the
Ionic_bonding
Smallest unit of a chemical element
the same applies to all neutrons of the nucleus and to all electrons of the electron cloud. A nucleus that has a different number of protons than neutrons
Atom
Charge carried by one proton or electron
equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e. In SI units, the coulomb is defined such that the
Elementary_charge
Electron Electron-capture dissociation Electron-cloud effect Electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction Electron magnetic resonance Electron Microscopy
Index_of_physics_articles_(E)
Ionizing radiation
called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, known
Beta_particle
Particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge
determined by its electron cloud. Cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of the electron cloud. One particular
Ion
Force observed on an asymmetric capacitor
The Biefeld–Brown effect (pronunciation) is an electrical phenomenon, first noticed by inventor Thomas Townsend Brown in the 1920s, where high voltage
Biefeld–Brown_effect
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
microelectronics because electrons tunnel readily through insulating layers and transistors that are thinner than about 1 nm. The effect was predicted in the
Quantum_tunnelling
Electromagnetic spectrum Electron-cloud effect Electron Electron avalanche Electron beam ion trap Electron cyclotron resonance Electron density Electron energy loss
List of plasma physics articles
List_of_plasma_physics_articles
Suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas
resulting clouds resemble long strings over the ocean. The warming caused by human-produced greenhouse gases has been somewhat offset by the cooling effect of
Aerosol
Deviation of electrons from their original trajectories
Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter or, if an
Electron_scattering
Energy needed to remove an electron
minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron(s) (the valence electron(s)) of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule
Ionization_energy
Electric charge treated as continuously distributed in space
is sufficient to cause electrons to "boil" away from the surface atoms and surround the metal object in a cloud of free electrons. This is called thermionic
Space_charge
Measure of electrostatic effect and how far it persists
wavenumber, respectively. They are of interest in describing the behaviour of electrons in metals at room temperature and warm dense matter. The Debye length
Debye_length
Free-moving particle which carries an electric charge
The free electrons are referred to as conduction electrons, and the cloud of free electrons is called a Fermi gas. Many metals have electron and hole
Charge_carrier
Deep-red spectral line of hydrogen
ionized hydrogen content of gas clouds. Since it takes nearly as much energy to excite the hydrogen atom's electron from n = 1 to n = 3 (12.1 eV, via
Hydrogen-alpha
Experiment in quantum physics
Compton–Simon experiment used cloud chamber techniques to track two different types of tracks: tracks of the recoil electron and tracks of the photoelectrons
Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment
Bothe–Geiger_coincidence_experiment
Vacuum tube used to display images
cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams, which are directed and controlled to display images
Cathode_ray_tube
Damping of electric fields
to the shielding effect, the electric fields of ions in conducting solids are further reduced by the cloud of conduction electrons. Consider a fluid
Electric-field_screening
Subatomic particle with positive charge
electrons) until they are slowed sufficiently to be captured by the electron cloud in a normal atom. However, in such an association with an electron
Proton
Physical quantity of interest in chemistry and electrodynamics
electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. in electron optics and ion optics. It appears in the scientific fields of electron microscopy, cathode ray tubes, accelerator
Mass-to-charge_ratio
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
the n–p–n points inside). The field-effect transistor, sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in n-channel FET) or holes (in p-channel
Transistor
to exponential electron multiplication, possibly damaging and even destroying the RF device. The multipactor effect occurs when electrons accelerated by
Multipactor_effect
Quasiparticle in condensed matter physics
effectively screen the charge of an electron, known as a phonon cloud. This lowers the electron mobility and increases the electron's effective mass. The general
Polaron
Measure of the size of an atom
referred to as atomic orbitals or electron clouds. Moreover, in condensed matter and molecules, the electron clouds of the atoms usually overlap to some
Atomic_radius
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
Since electrons forced to remain in orbit are continuously accelerating, they would be mechanically unstable. Larmor noted that electromagnetic effect of
Bohr_model
Device that controls current between electrodes
Non-thermionic types such as vacuum phototubes achieve electron emission through the photoelectric effect, and are used for such purposes as the detection of
Vacuum_tube
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force resulting from their
Exciton
Quasiparticle
(which may also be understood as a cloud of phonons) is known as a polaron (in part because the interaction between electron and lattice is via a polarization)
Bipolaron_(physics)
Concept in quantum mechanics
mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances
Wave–particle_duality
Early form of computer memory
Williams tube depends on an effect called secondary emission that occurs on cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). When the electron beam strikes the phosphor that
Williams_tube
Proposed aircraft stealth technology
inlet cones. Known as Project KEMPSTER, this used an electron beam generator to create a cloud of ionization in front of each inlet. The system was flight
Plasma_stealth
Process where an excited nucleus ejects an orbital electron from its atom
orbital electrons of an atom. This causes the electron to be emitted (ejected) from the atom. Thus, in internal conversion, a high-energy electron is emitted
Internal_conversion
1911 theoretical description of an atom
now call electrons. Perrin discussed how this hypothesis might related to important then unexplained phenomena like the photoelectric effect, emission
Rutherford_model
First modern model of the atom
first proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 following his discovery of the electron in 1897, and was rendered obsolete by Ernest Rutherford's discovery of
Plum_pudding_model
NASA mission
of polar energy budgets, the role of water vapor and clouds in the atmospheric greenhouse effect, and their implications for Arctic amplification, sea
PREFIRE
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
charged, special relativity becomes needed to gauge the effect of the nucleus on the electron cloud. These relativistic effects result in heavy elements
Periodic_table
Breaking a molecular bond such that both fragments retain an electron
captodative effect Radicals can be stabilized by a synergistic effect of both electron-withdrawing group and electron-donating group substituents. Electron-withdrawing
Homolysis_(chemistry)
Electron oscillations in a nanoparticle
between electrons and nuclei. This force causes the electron cloud to oscillate. The oscillation frequency is determined by the density of electrons, the
Localized_surface_plasmon
detectors, incident photons are converted to electron-hole pairs via the photoelectric effect. The resulting charge cloud is being accelerated towards the readout
Charge_sharing
Change in luminosity of a moving object due to special relativity
change in direction by an electron is accompanied by the release of energy in the form of a photon. With enough electrons and a powerful enough magnetic
Relativistic_beaming
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
The photoelectric effect: This describes the case in which a gamma photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic electron, causing the ejection
Gamma_ray
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
unimpeded and with no detectable effect. Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavors: electron neutrino, ν e; muon neutrino, ν
Neutrino
Theories, models and concepts that go back to the quantum hypothesis of Max Planck
flow of an electron gas in a conducting material (an electric current) at sufficiently low temperatures. The fractional quantum Hall effect is a topological
Applications of quantum mechanics
Applications_of_quantum_mechanics
State of matter
fields play a dominant role. Examples are charged particle beams, an electron cloud in a Penning trap and positron plasmas. A dusty plasma contains tiny
Plasma_(physics)
Chemical bond which does not involve the sharing of electrons
differ by definition. Halogen–aromatic interactions involve an electron-rich aromatic π-cloud as a nucleophile; halogen bonding is restricted to monatomic
Non-covalent_interaction
Gaseous phase of water
the preparation of certain classes of biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy. Typically the specimens are prepared by cryofixation and freeze-fracture
Water_vapor
Subatomic particle
mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2 ħ, but with a much
Muon
Granular whitish deposit of ice formed by freezing fog
observations of snow crystals with a low-temperature scanning electron microscope (LT-SEM) clearly show cloud droplets measuring up to 50 μm on the surface of the
Rime_ice
Fusion reactor design
similarly with electrons. In June 2014 EMC2 published a preprint providing (1) x-ray and (2) flux loop measurements that the diamagnetic effect will impact
Polywell
Disruption of radio signals by nuclear detonation
the ions and electrons re-form back into atoms and the effect slowly fades over a period of seconds or minutes. Even as it cools the cloud attenuates signals
Nuclear_blackout
Vacuum tube used for amplifying radio waves
klystron, an electron beam interacts with radio waves as it passes through resonant cavities, metal boxes along the length of a tube. The electron beam first
Klystron
Type of microwave generator
electrons passes through the anode and forms a cloud behind it, forming the virtual cathode. However, the electrons are still attracted by the anode (and repulsed
Vircator
Device measuring ionizing radiation
the radiation. Ionizing radiation produces free electrons and electron holes. The number of electron-hole pairs is proportional to the energy of the radiation
Semiconductor_detector
Interference phenomenon of waves
Atmospheric diffraction Electron backscatter diffraction Brocken spectre Cloud iridescence Coherent diffraction imaging Convergent beam electron diffraction Diffraction
Diffraction
Chinese-American physicist
electrification. Wang has argued that electron transfer between atoms/molecules in contact electrification is due to electron cloud overlap (or wave function overlap)
Zhong_Lin_Wang
frequencies as the fireball cools and the electrons begin to re-form onto free nuclei. A second blackout effect is caused by the emission of beta particles
Effects_of_nuclear_explosions
Atmospheric electrical phenomenon
London", consisting of a dense and dark cloud, emitting a white substance that grew into a spherical shape under the cloud, from which a fiery globe fell towards
Ball_lightning
Mixture of an insoluble substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance
Even if the particles do not have a permanent dipole, fluctuations of the electron density gives rise to a temporary dipole in a particle. This temporary
Colloid
Electrohydrodynamic aircraft propulsion
ground with no moving parts in 2006. us 10119527 LLC, Electron Air. "Electron Air LLC". Electron Air LLC. Retrieved 21 February 2025. Video on YouTube
Ion-propelled_aircraft
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
is located in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the electron cloud. Protons and neutrons are bound together to form a nucleus by the nuclear
Atomic_nucleus
Measure of heterogeneity of particle or molecular sizes
form of chemical dispersion, such as particles in a colloid, droplets in a cloud, crystals in a rock, or polymer macromolecules in a solution or a solid
Dispersity
Matter and radiation in the space between the star systems in a galaxy
the depths of molecular clouds. Cosmic rays transfer energy to gas through both ionization and excitation and to free electrons through Coulomb interactions
Interstellar_medium
Branch of physics focused on matter in the solid state
the electrons in a solid. By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an "electron gas" of classical, non-interacting electrons, the
Solid-state_physics
Long conducting wires which can act as electrical motors or generators
The higher energy electrons stream through the slowly expanding ion cloud, while the lower energy electrons are trapped within the cloud by the keeper potential
Electrodynamic_tether
Force of attraction or repulsion between molecules and neighboring particles
charged electron clouds in non-polar molecules. Thus, London interactions are caused by random fluctuations of electron density in an electron cloud. An atom
Intermolecular_force
under anaerobic conditions in some bacteria, with DMSO being the terminal electron acceptor. During the course of the reaction, the oxygen atom in DMSO is
DMSO_reductase
Atmospheric phenomenon
air near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of
Fog
British meteorologist and physicist (1869–1959)
1927 Nobel Prize in Physics with Arthur Compton for his invention of the cloud chamber. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson was born on 14 February 1869 in Glencorse
C._T._R._Wilson
Theoretical natural state of matter
molecules). Eventually the photons exited the cloud together as normal photons (often entangled in pairs). The effect is caused by a so-called Rydberg blockade
Photonic_molecule
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
cone) then the electron will hit the atmosphere. Diffuse auroras are caused by the collective effect of many such scattered electrons hitting the atmosphere
Aurora
Vacuum tube with four active electrodes
charge, or cloud of electrons, around the cathode. This cloud acted as a virtual cathode. With low applied anode voltage, many of the electrons in the space
Tetrode
Concept in condensed matter physics
nuclei. The electron behaves as though it has a different effective mass travelling unperturbed in vacuum. Such an electron is called an electron quasiparticle
Quasiparticle
Type of field-effect transistor
A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (Fe FET) is a type of field-effect transistor that includes a ferroelectric material sandwiched between the gate
Fe_FET
classical orbits, electrons are said to inhabit atomic orbitals. An orbital is the "cloud" of possible locations in which an electron might be found, a
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Lithography using 13.5 nm UV light
on 2026-02-04. Retrieved 2026-07-07. Frederick Chen (2025-09-18). Electron Blur Effect on EUV Stochastics. Retrieved 2026-07-07 – via YouTube. N. Miyahara
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Extreme_ultraviolet_lithography
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
mechanism of memristive behavior in such structures is based entirely on the electron spin degree of freedom, which allows for a more convenient control than
Memristor
since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals, but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to
History_of_atomic_theory
Atom of the element hydrogen
positively charged proton in the nucleus, and a single negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes
Hydrogen_atom
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
Boy/Male
Tamil
Cloud
Girl/Female
American, Hindu, Indian
Selection
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selection, Choice
Girl/Female
Greek
Sparkling. The fiery sun. Mythological daughter of Agamemnon. In literature she was a central...
Boy/Male
Welsh
Lame.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Greek
Bright; Shining
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Election; Last Dream
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, Dutch, English, French, German, Indian, Latin
Lame
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ambudhara | à®…à®®à¯à®ªà¯à®¤à®¾à®°à®¾
Cloud
Ambudhara | à®…à®®à¯à®ªà¯à®¤à®¾à®°à®¾
Boy/Male
Arabic
Electric Light
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near an outcrop or hill, from Old English clÅ«d ‘rock’ (only later used to denote vapor formations in the sky).French : from the Germanic personal name Hlodald, composed of the elements hlÅd ‘famous’, ‘clear’ + wald ‘rule’, which was borne by a saint and bishop of the 6th century.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Cloud
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a noisy person, from Middle English lude ‘loud’ (Old English hlūd), perhaps in part preserving the Old English byname Hlūda that Ekwall postulates to explain the place names Loudham (Suffolk) and Lowdham (Nottinghamshire).English : topographic name for someone who lived by a roaring stream, Old English hlūde or hl̄de literally ‘the loud one’, or a habitational name from any of the places named from hl̄de, for example Lyde in Herefordshire and Somerset.English : variant of Louth.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Selection; Choice
Male
English
English form of French Claude, CLAUD means "lame."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Cloud that Carries Rain; Prophet Name; Rain Clouds
Boy/Male
Tamil
Cloud
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Cloud; Rainy Clouds
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Selection choice
Boy/Male
Tamil
Cloud
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sweet person, Sweet, Surgery
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
God of God
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : sometimes of English origin, but in County Kerry it is usually an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó DuinnÃn (see Dineen).English : patronymic from a variant of Dunn 2.Sir George Downing (1623–84), baronet, member of Parliament, and ambassador to the Netherlands in the time of both Cromwell and King Charles II, was the second graduate of the first class (1642) at Harvard College. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of Emmanuel Downing of the Inner Temple and his second wife, Lucy Winthrop, sister of John Winthrop. The family emigrated to New England in 1638 and settled at Salem, MA.
Boy/Male
Indian
Attractive Personality
Girl/Female
Hindu
Creative
Girl/Female
Latin
Blessed one.
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Garland of Flowers
Girl/Female
Tamil
Another name of Goddess Parvati shailputri
Boy/Male
Afghan, African, Arabic, French, German, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Swahili
Protector; Poet; Obvious; Shining; Sparkling; Brilliant; Another Name for God; Associate; Helper; Supporter; Expression
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
God for Earth
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
ELECTRON CLOUD-EFFECT
n.
Alt. of Electro-puncturing
a.
Having clouds resting on the top or head; reaching to the clouds; as, cloud-capped mountains.
n.
A rain cloud; one of the four principal varieties of clouds. See Cloud.
n.
Amber; also, the alloy of gold and silver, called electrum.
n.
Consisting of a cloud or clouds.
v. t.
To darken or obscure, as if by hiding or enveloping with a cloud; hence, to render gloomy or sullen.
v. t.
To envelop in clouds; to cloud.
n.
Overcast or obscured with clouds; clouded; as, a cloudy sky.
n.
Cloud-gatherer; -- an epithet applied to Zeus.
a.
Producing electro-motion; producing, or tending to produce, electricity or an electric current; causing electrical action or effects.
v. t.
To overspread or hide with a cloud or clouds; as, the sky is clouded.
a.
Pertaining to an election or to electors.
v. i.
To grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; -- often used with up.
a.
The act of choosing; choice; selection.
n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election.
a.
Alt. of Electro-metrical
n.
A dark vein or spot on a lighter material, as in marble; hence, a blemish or defect; as, a cloud upon one's reputation; a cloud on a title.
n.
That which has a dark, lowering, or threatening aspect; that which temporarily overshadows, obscures, or depresses; as, a cloud of sorrow; a cloud of war; a cloud upon the intellect.
v. t.
To mark with, or darken in, veins or sports; to variegate with colors; as, to cloud yarn.