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Devices intended to improve the fluency of persons who stutter
Electronic fluency devices (also known as assistive devices, electronic aids, altered auditory feedback devices and altered feedback devices) are electronic
Electronic_fluency_device
Speech disorder
DSM-5 describes "Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)" for developmental stuttering, and "Adult-onset Fluency Disorder". However, the specific
Stuttering
Public university in Greenville, North Carolina, US
researchers also developed an electronic fluency device called SpeechEasy; the device is designed to improve the fluency of a person who stutters by changing
East_Carolina_University
Auditory feedback headset
headset developed by Sound for Life Ltd. The device uses bone-conduction technology and a proprietary electronic filter to alter the user's perception of
Forbrain
Extension of the time between speech and auditory perception
different mobile apps available that use DAF in phone calls. Electronic fluency devices use delayed auditory feedback and have been used as a technique
Delayed_auditory_feedback
Dictionary with data in digital form
example, almost all handheld Japanese-English electronic dictionaries are designed for people with native fluency in Japanese who are learning and using English;
Electronic_dictionary
Social movement
around fluency and fixing stuttered speech. These include interventions such as fluency shaping therapy, electronic delayed auditory devices (also known
Stuttering_pride
Types of human disorders
eliminated, and a permissive speaking environment encouraged. Electronic fluency devices, which alter the auditory input and provide modified auditory
Speech and language impairment
Speech_and_language_impairment
Medical treatment
doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/031). PMID 17102144. S2CID 24775349. "Electronic Devices, Software and Apps". Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization
Stuttering_therapy
Cohort born from 1997 to 2012
countries by the OECD found that the amount of time spent using an electronic device has increased, from under two hours per weekday in 2012 to close to
Generation_Z
Language spoken in addition to one's first language
speaker after puberty. In most cases, people never achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in their second languages as in their first language
Second_language
Standardized test used for Nigerian college admissions
brochure. The board prohibits the use of calculators, timers, or other electronic devices during the exam. Cellular phones are also strictly prohibited from
Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination
Unified_Tertiary_Matriculation_Examination
Public library in the United States
program with the Warsaw Public Library, built around an English-language fluency/Polish literature appreciation contest called "Libros Lege". In both Warsaw
Eisenhower Public Library District
Eisenhower_Public_Library_District
Class of Internet of things for warfare
environment and converts it into a digital electronic signal or a physical operation. General device: A device embedded with processing and communication
Internet_of_Military_Things
Ability of a computer system to be used by all people
all people, regardless of disability type, English literacy or digital fluency. The term accessibility is most often used in reference to specialized
Computer_accessibility
Reading a text on a computer or smart device screen
accustomed to using technology, they may react differently to reading on electronic devices than older individuals. A study conducted in 2014 by Tirza Lauterman
Screen_reading
Children's book designed to teach the letters of the alphabet
atmosphere) Performing Dialogue (Plays and Readers' Theater) Rereading for fluency Retelling for comprehension checks Engaging Multiple Intelligences through
Alphabet_book
Educational evaluation method
Behind (NCLB) government program instituted by the government of the U.S. Electronic portfolio is a personal digital record containing information such as
Educational_assessment
Israeli taken hostage by Hamas
and the general public until after his return to Israel. Ohana achieved fluency in Arabic during his two years in imprisonment. According to his later
Yosef_Ohana
Chancellor of Germany from 1871 to 1890
538–540. ISBN 978-1-4191-8003-3. French he speaks with the purity and fluency almost of a native, and the same may be said of his English. [...] Not
Otto_von_Bismarck
Study of consumption of goods and services
pleasing product is essential in the marketplace. Studies in processing fluency and consumer behaviour have revealed that "that people prefer visual displays
Consumer_behaviour
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
doing dimensional estimates and algebraic computations in his head with fluency Ulam likened to blindfold chess. His impression was that von Neumann analyzed
John_von_Neumann
Writing system used for Urdu
Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. Project Fluency (7 October 2016). Urdu: The Complete Urdu Learning Course for Beginners:
Urdu_alphabet
Transmission of information
includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness. For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch
Communication
East German secret police chief (1907–2000)
Naimark suspects, that the NKGB had realized that their officers' lack of fluency in the German language was engendering massive popular resentment. Wilhelm
Erich_Mielke
Diagnostic testing performed at or near the point of care
coupling of POCT devices and electronic medical records enable test results to be shared instantly with care providers. The use of mobile devices in the health
Point-of-care_testing
) Heavy schwungvoll (Ger.) Lively, swinging, bold, spirited scioltezza Fluency, agility (used in con scioltezza) sciolto Fluent, agile scordatura Altered
Glossary_of_music_terminology
Interactions with artificial intelligence
can have simulated natural conversations with AI models to improve their fluency in a second language. Companies have developed AI human companion systems
Human–AI_interaction
Education practice
the online space and it essentially replaces pricey textbooks with electronic devices that students often bring themselves to class. E-textbooks, which
Blended_learning
Use of speech recognition to verify pronunciation
much it sounds like a native speaker. This is separate from measures of fluency, such as so-called "Goodness of Pronunciation" (GoP) scores, which estimate
Pronunciation_assessment
Capital and largest city of Spain
industries such as those related to motor vehicles, aircraft, chemicals, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, processed food, printed materials, and leather goods
Madrid
Public school in New York City
belts, and swipe their ID cards to indicate each school's attendance. Electronic devices are allowed in the building. Students must come early to get scanning
Prospect_Heights_High_School
Country in East Africa
official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce
Kenya
Shopping mall in Singapore
this can include phones, laptops, computer parts, cameras and other electronic devices. CASE (Consumer Association of Singapore) often publishes advisory
Sim_Lim_Square
American choreographer and composer (1910–1993)
student is encouraged toward the highest aesthetic values, and upon creative fluency and achievement, as well as technical skill. The job of the teacher is
Alwin_Nikolais
sovereign LLM, which will include the capabilities of reasoning, voice, and fluency in Indian languages. As of May 2025, the government, as part of the IndianAI
Artificial intelligence in India
Artificial_intelligence_in_India
Ethnic group
businesses and social groups in colonial Singapore owing to multilingual fluency in English, Malay, and Hokkien (post-independence and after the 1980s,
Chinese_Singaporeans
Ability to read using braille
answer simple questions about the information presented, and have enough fluency to get through the material in a timely manner. Over the course of a child's
Braille_literacy
Arithmetic operation
and counting on can become increasingly automatic. This development of fluency allows students to calculate single-digit sums more quickly and accurately
Addition
Interactive storybook series
offering different play patterns depending on the user's level of reading fluency players felt able to "own" the story by "playing with the individual pieces"
Living_Books
including The Grundy Tutor, The Auto Tutor and the Empirical Tutor. These electronic devices present frames of information followed by questions, and branch to
History of virtual learning environments
History_of_virtual_learning_environments
System developed by Google
introduced in November 2016 that used an artificial neural network to increase fluency and accuracy in Google Translate. The neural network consisted of two main
Google Neural Machine Translation
Google_Neural_Machine_Translation
Polynesian language spoken in New Zealand
restricting its everyday use to the limited geographical areas of high Māori fluency, and to more formal occasions, such as during public consultation. An interpreter
Māori_language
UK charity
Stuttering Association. At its World Congress in Brazil, the International Fluency Association awarded the IFA Consumer Award of Distinction 2009 to the British
British Stammering Association
British_Stammering_Association
Ethnic group in Indonesia
the house of the pu'un, or the customary chairman). The usage of electronic devices is prohibited. No modern clothing is allowed. Only hand-woven black
Baduy_people
Variety of Mandarin Chinese
young learners) and represents the dominant digital input method on electronic devices. Before the introduction of Hanyu pinyin starting in 1958, it was
Taiwanese_Mandarin
English language course for non-native speakers
can access the internet, timers of any type, or any other electronic or communication devices. Also, no one was allowed to take photos in the exam room
AP International English Language
AP_International_English_Language
Measuring the point of gaze or motion of an eye relative to the head
introspective verbal protocols. Thanks to advancement in portable electronic devices, portable head-mounted eye trackers currently can achieve excellent
Eye_tracking
Constructed language meant to facilitate communication
Esperanto-Societo de Ĉikago. Retrieved 9 January 2026. Language, Estimated Hours to Fluency [...] Esperanto, 150 hours Ream, Randy (13 Feb 2025). "The Fastest Way
International auxiliary language
International_auxiliary_language
Area of computer science
new ideas in advancing the Montessori Method in the context of modern fluencies, as well as to test how to direct the organic growth of a social system
Social_computing
A-Navigation Trial Project
officer onboard who has to gather data from all of these navigational devices by his eyes and integrate them into a single picture in his mind. The Automatic
Autonomous and Remote Navigation Trial Project
Autonomous_and_Remote_Navigation_Trial_Project
Person who has grown up in the digital age
comfortably locate, consume and send digital information through electronic devices and platforms such as computers, mobile phones, and social media.
Digital_native
Automatic conversion of spoken language into text
applications include voice user interfaces, where the user speaks to a device, which "listens" and processes the audio. Common voice applications include
Speech_recognition
Broadcast television technology
that operates on the signal received via a television antenna. These devices often include digital video recorder (DVR) functionality. Due to frequency
Digital terrestrial television
Digital_terrestrial_television
Psychology topic
hyperactivity, impulsivity, social functioning, schizophrenic symptoms, and verbal fluency in various special populations. However, aerobic exercise has no significant
Well-being contributing factors
Well-being_contributing_factors
Ethnic group native to Portugal
French has been dwindling, often replaced by English. In 2005 French fluency stood at 24%. Nevertheless, 70% of middle school students study French
Portuguese_people
Standardized examination for prospective medical students in the United States and Canada
needed] The AAMC prohibits the use of calculators, timers, or other electronic devices during the MCAT exam. Cellular phones are also strictly prohibited
Medical College Admission Test
Medical_College_Admission_Test
Visual representation of music
(intonation structures; called glasy); the melodies are characterized by fluency and well-balancedness. There exist several types of Znamenny Chant: the
Musical_notation
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
measures reading, writing, speaking and listening as well as grammar, oral fluency, pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary and written discourse. The test is
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
French and American criminal and spy
description of the Bedford Street apartment, including its array of electronic surveillance devices, though he did not indicate any awareness of its connection
Pierre_LaFitte
Presence of dangerous substances in the air
general cognitive problems. PM2.5 was also associated with reduced verbal fluency (for instance, number of animals one can list in a minute) and worse executive
Air_pollution
Off-road motorsport event in Saudi Arabia
technology only affordable by the largest teams, all unapproved competitor electronic devices needed to be locked in a sealed compartment during the race. Also
2020_Dakar_Rally
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) project (US)
information about students' fluency in reading aloud and examined the relationship between oral reading, accuracy, rate, fluency, and reading comprehension
National Assessment of Educational Progress
National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress
Process and practice of acquiring a language
language schools. Language exchanges tend to benefit oral proficiency, fluency, colloquial vocabulary acquisition, and vernacular usage, rather than formal
Language_education
Military branch active from 1951 to 1975
gunship training, five routine combat missions. The need to acquire some fluency in English before starting certain training courses remained an obstacle
South_Vietnam_Air_Force
Team whose members collaborate remotely
difficulty is less pertinent today, as most workers have some level of fluency with digital media and firms often provide training to equalize workers'
Virtual_team
Bowed string instrument
The feedback problem has led to technological fixes like electronic feedback eliminator devices (essentially an automated notch filter that identifies and
Double_bass
Robotics kit for educational and competition use
initiatives, institutes and educational programs, including the Technological Fluency Institute (TFI), the Kindergarten to Careers initiative, the Pitsco Engineering
Tetrix_Robotics_Kit
Facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages
eligible for national certification, candidates must prove their age, fluency in English plus one working language, their level of education (minimally
Language_interpretation
Overview of and topical guide to autism
very broad term defining a learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest
Outline_of_autism
System for notating music
memorisation techniques, pertinent to the user's requirements, may aid fluency. Some principles from RNIB's guidelines 'See It Right' are transferred
Modified_Stave_Notation
Sharing knowledge for problem solving
skills – a person's unique ability to wield and apply information. This fluency of application is in part what differentiates information from knowledge
Knowledge_transfer
Graduate professional school of the University of California, Los Angeles
to address the educational challenges posed by poverty, lack of English fluency and achievement gaps on the part of racial and ethnic minorities. UCLA-CS
UCLA School of Education and Information Studies
UCLA_School_of_Education_and_Information_Studies
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ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
ELECTRONIC FLUENCY-DEVICE
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