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Language spoken in addition to one's first language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language
Second_language
Process of learning a second language
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native
Second-language_acquisition
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
English as a second or foreign language (ESL or EFL) is the teaching and learning of English by people whose first language is not English. The field includes
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Teaching English as a second (TESL) or foreign language (TEFL) and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) are terms that refer to teaching
Teaching English as a second or foreign language
Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Language skill phenomenon
Second-language attrition refers to atrophy of second-language skills. It is commonly found in individuals who live in environments in which the presence
Second-language_attrition
second-language acquisition (SLA) is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language. The field of second-language acquisition
Theories of second-language acquisition
Theories_of_second-language_acquisition
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable form of contact language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing
Creole_language
Structured system of communication
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both
Language
The phonology of second languages is different from the phonology of first languages in various ways. The differences are considered to come from general
Second-language_phonology
Romance language
global language with 519 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 636 million speakers total, including second-language speakers
Spanish_language
West Germanic language
second language in the world, with more second‑language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third‑most spoken native language
English_language
Process and practice of acquiring a language
Language education refers to the processes and practices of teaching a second or foreign language. Its study reflects interdisciplinary approaches, usually
Language_education
Way to categorize assembly languages
The label of second-generation programming language (2GL) is a generational way to categorize assembly languages. They belong to the low-level programming
Second-generation programming language
Second-generation_programming_language
West Germanic language
European Union. German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language, after English, both as a first and as a second language. German is also widely taught
German_language
Romance language
Francophone Africa it is spoken mainly as a second language or lingua franca, though it has also become a native language in a several urban areas. In some North
French_language
Brittonic language
Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken
Welsh_language
Writing performed by non-native users of a language
Second language writing is the study of writing performed by non-native speakers/writers of a language as a second or foreign language. The process of
Second_language_writing
concept for explaining the failure or success of a language learner. Second language (L2) refers to a language an individual learns that is not his/her mother
Motivation in second-language learning
Motivation_in_second-language_learning
Use of Spanish as a non-native language
The term Spanish as a second or foreign language is the learning or teaching of the Spanish language for those whose first language is not Spanish. In October
Spanish as a second or foreign language
Spanish_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Romance language
Portuguese (endonym: português) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family, written in the Latin script. With approximately 267
Portuguese_language
Spanish is the language that is predominantly understood and spoken as a first or second language by nearly all of the population of Argentina. According
Languages_of_Argentina
linguistics is a perspective and approach to the study of second, third and additional language acquisition. The general term complex dynamic systems theory
Complex dynamic systems theory
Complex_dynamic_systems_theory
Overview of and topical guide to second-language acquisition
topical guide to second-language acquisition: Second-language acquisition – process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often
Outline of second-language acquisition
Outline_of_second-language_acquisition
Use of multiple languages
have when learning aspects of a second language (L2). If language learning is a cognitive process, rather than a language acquisition device, as the school
Multilingualism
Academic journal
Chinese as a Second Language (CSL), or Hanyu jiaoxue yanjiu meiguo zhongwen jiaoshi xuehui xuebao (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報), is an academic journal in the field
Chinese_as_a_Second_Language
regional and foreign languages are also spoken. According to the 2024 Moroccan census, 92.7% of the population (including second-language speakers) spoke Arabic
Languages_of_Morocco
Scientific study of language
gestures in sign languages), phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language, and analogous systems of sign languages), and pragmatics (how
Linguistics
The generative approach to second language (L2) acquisition (SLA) is a cognitive based theory of SLA that applies theoretical insights developed from
Generative second-language acquisition
Generative_second-language_acquisition
country's official language, and almost the entire population speaks it either as a first language or proficiently as a second language. Its standard form
Languages_of_Israel
2019 studio album by XXX
Second Language is the second studio album by South Korean hip hop duo XXX. The album was released on 15 February 2019 through Beasts And Natives Alike
Second_Language_(album)
Chinese as a foreign or second language is when non-native speakers study Chinese varieties. The increased interest in China from those outside has led
Chinese_as_a_foreign_language
distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. There is no single criterion for how much knowledge is sufficient to be counted as a second-language (L2) speaker
List of languages by total number of speakers
List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers
North Germanic language
Finland-Swedish minority, Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland and has co-official language status in the country. Swedish was long spoken
Swedish_language
Academic journal
The Journal of Second Language Writing is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the fields of linguistics and language education. Its scope encompasses
Journal of Second Language Writing
Journal_of_Second_Language_Writing
Academic journal
Second Language Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of linguistics, concerned foremost with second language acquisition and second-language
Second_Language_Research
people. The most commonly spoken native languages are Hausa (over 63 million when including second-language, or L2, speakers), Yoruba (over 47 million
Languages_of_Nigeria
1949–1990), the most common second language taught there was Russian, while English and French were the preferred second languages taught in schools in the
Languages_of_Germany
language and a de facto official language of New Zealand. Almost the entire population speak it either as native speakers or proficiently as a second
Languages_of_New_Zealand
as a native language, with about half of the Berber population also speaking it as a second language, while 17.9% spoke Berber languages natively. Malika
Languages_of_Algeria
Tibeto-Burman language
including by 32.9 million speakers as a first language and 10 million as a second language. A 2023 World Bank survey found that 80% of the country's population
Burmese_language
East Slavic language
Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is
Russian_language
Radio show
English as a Second Language (ESL) Podcast is a web-based English language-learning podcast. It is the first and longest-running English language learning
English as a Second Language Podcast
English_as_a_Second_Language_Podcast
other minor language families and isolates. According to the People's Linguistic Survey of India, India has the second highest number of languages (780), after
Languages_of_India
Scholarly society based in Colchester, UK
European Second Language Association (EuroSLA) is a learned society for researchers with an interest in second language and second language acquisition
European Second Language Association
European_Second_Language_Association
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is
Dutch_language
In the course of learning a second language, learners will frequently encounter communication problems caused by a lack of linguistic resources. Communication
Communication strategies in second-language acquisition
Communication_strategies_in_second-language_acquisition
24th episode of the 1st season of Community
"English as a Second Language" is the twenty-fourth and penultimate episode of the first season of the American comedy television series Community. It
English as a Second Language (Community)
English_as_a_Second_Language_(Community)
North Germanic language
íslensk tunga [ˈi(ː)stlɛnsk ˈtʰuŋka]) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 390,000 people, the vast majority
Icelandic_language
Constitution of Mexico does not declare an official language; however, Spanish is the de facto national language spoken by over 90% of the population, while English
Languages_of_Mexico
This is a list of languages by number of native speakers. All such rankings of human languages ranked by their number of native speakers should be used
List of languages by number of native speakers
List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers
high level (usually as a second language), 78% spoke German, and 77% Luxembourgish (which is the most common native language). Upon the founding of the
Languages_of_Luxembourg
Indo-Aryan language
43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the sixth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number
Bengali_language
in second-language acquisition is the study of why some people learn a second language better than others. Unlike children who acquire a language, adults
Individual variation in second-language acquisition
Individual_variation_in_second-language_acquisition
bilingual; Grisons is officially trilingual. English is widely spoken as a second language across Switzerland, and many Anglophone migrants live in Switzerland
Languages_of_Switzerland
of the three official languages as a second language, according to their official registered ethnic group (the associated language is classified as a “Mother
Languages_of_Singapore
Learning technique
Computer-assisted language learning (CALL), known as computer-assisted learning (CAL) in British English and computer-aided language instruction (CALI)
Computer-assisted language learning
Computer-assisted_language_learning
Ability to deliver information quickly and correctly
It is also used to characterize language production, language ability or language proficiency. In speech language pathology fluency means the flow with
Fluency
Romance language
third-most-widely spoken native language in the European Union (13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13 million EU citizens (3%)
Italian_language
Ethio-Semitic language
million second language speakers in 2019, making the total number of speakers over 58.8 million. Amharic is the largest, most widely spoken language in Ethiopia
Amharic
the primary language of most inhabitants shifted during the Francization of Brussels. The second-most spoken primary (Belgian) language, used natively
Languages_of_Belgium
Old language with established literature or use
this is an indication that the second language is a classical language.[citation needed] In comparison, living languages with a large sphere of influence
Classical_language
West Slavic language
Eastern Europe. In addition to being the official language of Poland, Polish is also spoken as a second language in eastern Germany, northern Czech Republic
Polish_language
Language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers
language or dead language is a language with no living native speakers. A heritage language, or sometimes a dormant language, is an extinct language that
Extinct_language
Bantu language spoken in Africa
Lingala has 20 million native speakers and about another 20 million second-language speakers, for an approximate total of 40 million speakers. A significant
Lingala
Kra–Dai language
Central Thai (historically Siamese; Thai: ภาษาไทย), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai, Mon, Lao Wiang, and Phuan
Thai_language
Structural rules of a language
linguistics, grammar is the system of rules that governs how a natural language is structured and used, as evidenced by its speakers or writers. Grammar
Grammar
over 70 languages spoken as first languages. The majority of Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family
Languages_of_Pakistan
Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational
Second-language acquisition classroom research
Second-language_acquisition_classroom_research
West Germanic language spoken in South Africa
development as a separate language was "heavily conditioned by nonwhites who learned Dutch imperfectly as a second language." Beginning in about 1815
Afrikaans
Language used to facilitate communication between groups without a common native language
bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, link language, or language of wider communication (LWC), is a language systematically
Lingua_franca
Indo-Aryan language
who speak it as a second language. The name Urdu was first used by the Indian poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780 for the language, even though he
Urdu
Language of the Basque people
Basque (/ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ BASK, BAHSK; endonym euskara [eus̺ˈkaɾa]) is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that
Basque_language
Chadic language spoken in West Africa
Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number
Hausa_language
English-based creole spoken in Sierra Leone
as a second language by millions of other Sierra Leoneans belonging to the country's indigenous tribes. English is Sierra Leone's official language, and
Krio_language
Mande language spoken in West Africa
spoken by millions of people, either as a first or second language. Similar to the other Mande languages, it uses tones. It may be written in the Latin,
Dyula_language
Academic journal
Studies in Second Language Acquisition is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly by Cambridge University Press. The editors for 2008 were Albert
Studies in Second Language Acquisition
Studies_in_Second_Language_Acquisition
Methods of teaching languages
Language pedagogy is the discipline concerned with the theories and techniques of teaching language. It has been described as a type of teaching wherein
Language_pedagogy
Austroasiatic language
and as a second language by 11 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the native language of the
Vietnamese_language
language & religion", National Population and Housing Census 2021 in Nepal. Nepali accounted as a mother tongue for 44.86% while also being a second additional
Languages_of_Nepal
Manding language of Mali
national language of Mali spoken by perhaps 14 million people, natively by 4.2 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users. It
Bambara_language
International auxiliary language
language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 as "the International Language" (la Lingvo Internacia), it is intended to be a universal second language for
Esperanto
instruction in schools. English is the first language of most white Zimbabweans, and is the second language of a majority of black Zimbabweans. Historically
Languages_of_Zimbabwe
English is a West Germanic language that originated from Ingvaeonic languages brought to Britain in the mid-5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants
History_of_English
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language
Tagalog_language
Processing of natural language by a computer
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely
Natural_language_processing
West Slavic language
a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script. Spoken by over 12 million people including second-language speakers, it serves
Czech_language
Simplified language
native language of any singular speech community, but can be learned as a second language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from
Pidgin
Austronesian language
is spoken as a first language by about 80 million people and as a first or second language by close to 300 million. The language is pluricentric and a
Malay_language
Hypotheses of second-language acquisition
also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s
Input_hypothesis
Bantu language
Estimates of the number of Swahili speakers, including both native and second-language speakers, generally range from 150 million to 200 million. Most native
Swahili
Nguni language of southern South Africa
African language in South Africa, though the most commonly spoken South African language is Zulu. Xhosa is the second most common Bantu home language in South
Xhosa_language
SI unit of time
The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day, first into hours, then into minutes, and lastly into seconds, for a total
Second
Portuguese-based creole of Cape Verde
creole language spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. It is the native creole language of virtually all Cape Verdeans and is used as a second language by the
Cape_Verdean_Creole
Language of Senegal, the Gambia, and Mauritania
people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas
Wolof_language
Relative ability to learn a foreign language
foreign language, both in classroom and real-world situations. Understanding aptitude is crucial for a complete picture of the process of second language acquisition
Language-learning_aptitude
Process of losing a language
both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production
Language_attrition
Karluk Turkic language
live in Uzbekistan and speak Uzbek as their second language. There are two major variants of the Uzbek language: Northern Uzbek, or simply "Uzbek", spoken
Uzbek_language
Languages designated official status by the Constitution of India
22 languages have been classified as scheduled languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. There is no national language of India
Languages with official recognition in India
Languages_with_official_recognition_in_India
Bantu language spoken in Eswatini and South Africa
to be in the region of 4.7 million including first and second language speakers. The language is taught in Eswatini and some South African schools in
Swazi_language
Indo-Aryan language
language in the world when including first and second language speakers. Hindi is the fastest-growing language of India, followed by Kashmiri, Meitei, Gujarati
Hindi
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Richward, a Norman personal name composed of the Germanic elements rīc ‘power(ful)’ + ward ‘guard’.French : from Old French record, recort ‘recollection’, ‘account’, ‘testimony’, and by extension ‘witness’, hence perhaps a nickname for someone who had given evidence in a court of law, or a metonymic occupational name for a clerk who recorded court proceedings.New England variant of French Ricard, reflecting an Americanized spelling of the Canadian pronunciation.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Second.
Boy/Male
Indian
Second
Female
English
From the name of the state of Arizona in the United States of America, a place considered sacred by the Native Americans. It was named after Sedona Miller Schnebly (1877-1950), the wife of the city's first postmaster. Meaning unknown.
Boy/Male
Scottish American
Second son.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Lively.
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, English, French, German
Wealthy Protector; Protected by Grace; Gracious Protector
Boy/Male
Scottish American Irish Russian
Second son.
Boy/Male
English
Protected by God. Grace and protection. From the Old English name Estmund. Commonly used as a...
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Protective Grace
Female
English
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Seònaid, SEONA means "God is gracious."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Dual, Second
Boy/Male
African American American
Of man.
Girl/Female
Indian
Dual, Second
Girl/Female
Tamil
Second
Girl/Female
Muslim
Second Khalifah
Male
English
Variant spelling of Middle English Estmond, ESMOND means "gracious protector."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old English personal name composed of the elements ēast ‘grace’, ‘beauty’ + mund ‘protection’. This name was also used by the Norman, among whom it represents a continental Germanic cognate of the Old English name.
Girl/Female
Indian
Second
Boy/Male
Scottish
Second son.
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
Girl/Female
Irish
Golden.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Full of Softness
Girl/Female
Tamil
Amala | அமலா, அமலாÂ
The pure one
Girl/Female
Tamil
Beautiful, Lovable, Assiduous, Successful
Female
Native American
Native American Hopi name LOMAHONGVA means "beautiful clouds arising."
Boy/Male
Indian, Traditional
Kingdom of Candles
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly South Yorkshire)
English (chiefly South Yorkshire) : habitational name from a place called Hawksworth; there is one in West Yorkshire, named from the Old English personal name Hafoc ‘hawk’ + Old English worð ‘enclosure’; another, in Nottinghamshire, is probably named from the Old English personal name Hoc + worð.
Girl/Female
Indian
A slave girl belonging to Haroon al Rashid
Girl/Female
Welsh
Bird. From the word 'aderyn'.
Girl/Female
Indian
Protected
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
SECOND LANGUAGE
a.
Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion.
a.
Of the rank or degree below the best highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage.
v. t.
A writing by which some act or event, or a number of acts or events, is recorded; a register; as, a record of the acts of the Hebrew kings; a record of the variations of temperature during a certain time; a family record.
adv.
Secondly; in the second place.
a.
Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a protype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge.
n.
A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited.
a.
The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place.
n.
The second part in a concerted piece.
imp. & p. p.
of Second
n.
That which is seen at a second view; a meaning beyond the literal sense; the second intention; a hidden signification.
n.
One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion.
v. t.
An official contemporaneous memorandum stating the proceedings of a court of justice; a judicial record.
n.
A unit for the measurement of small intervals of time, such that 1012 (ten trillion) of these units make one second.
n.
A secdond trial, experiment, or test; a second judicial trial, as of an accused person.
a.
To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage.
a.
Cutting; divivding into two parts; as, a secant line.
adv.
In the second place.
prep.
Past, out of the reach or sphere of; further than; greater than; as, the patient was beyond medical aid; beyond one's strength.
n.
The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto.
a.
Having the power of second-sight.