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Multi-year debt crisis in multiple EU countries, 2009–2010
euro area crisis, also known as the eurozone crisis, European debt crisis, or European sovereign debt crisis, was a debt crisis and financial crisis in
Euro_area_crisis
countries in the euro area to repay or refinance their government debt without the assistance of third parties. The European sovereign debt crisis resulted from
Causes of the euro area crisis
Causes_of_the_euro_area_crisis
Area in which the euro is the official currency
The euro area (EA), commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 21 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€)
Eurozone
Currency of the European Union
This group of states is officially known as the euro area, more commonly named the eurozone. Each euro is subdivided into 100 cents. The currency is also
Euro
Political response to an economic event
The euro area crisis, often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis, was a multi-year debt crisis that took place
Policy reactions to the euro area crisis
Policy_reactions_to_the_euro_area_crisis
Proposals to resolve the 2009/10 debt crisis
Resolve Euro Crisis". Associated Press. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.[dead link] "EU's Barroso: Will present options on euro bonds". Reuters
Proposed long-term solutions for the euro area crisis
Proposed_long-term_solutions_for_the_euro_area_crisis
for a few years before the 2008 financial crisis, with support falling further due to the euro area crisis in 2011. International finance scholars generally
Denmark_and_the_euro
Currency sign
The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone. The design was presented to the public by the European
Euro_sign
however, the euro has not displaced the U.S. dollar as primary reserve currency due to the Euro area crisis.[citation needed] The euro's stability and
International status and usage of the euro
International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro
Supranational central bank in Europe
internal transformation as it faced the 2008 financial crisis and the Euro area crisis. The Euro area crisis began after Greece's new elected government uncovered
European_Central_Bank
This is a list of acronyms and initialisms associated with the Euro area crisis. ABS (Asset-backed security): financial instrument whose payments are collateralized
List of acronyms associated with the eurozone crisis
List_of_acronyms_associated_with_the_eurozone_crisis
German economist
monetary union's structure along with distinct market failures led to the euro area crisis. He argued that, while the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) limits
Peter_Bofinger
This is a list of people associated with the euro area crisis. José Barroso: Portuguese former President of the European Commission; formerly Prime Minister
List of people associated with the eurozone crisis
List_of_people_associated_with_the_eurozone_crisis
Eurozone crisis. History of the European Union German euro coins Deutsche Mark Enlargement of the eurozone International status and usage of the euro Economic
Adoption of the euro in Germany
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Germany
Banknote of the European Union
2019, the banknote has no longer been issued by central banks in the euro area, but it continues to be legal tender and can be used as a means of payment
500_euro_note
that adopting the euro is currently not justified and that the złoty helped Poland avoid recession during the 2008 financial crisis and to weather other
Poland_and_the_euro
1992 UK financial crisis
Black Wednesday, or the 1992 sterling crisis, was a financial crisis that occurred on 16 September 1992 when the UK Government was forced to withdraw pound
Black_Wednesday
Economic situation in Spain
financial crisis. In 2012, it made Spain a late participant in the Euro area crisis when the country was unable to bail out its financial sector and had
2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
2008–2014_Spanish_financial_crisis
Sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece (2009–2018)
stock market crash Currency crisis Euro area crisis The role of the Institute of International Finance in the Greek debt crisis Japonica Partner's Greek
Greek_government-debt_crisis
Worldwide economic crisis
world. The crisis exacerbated the Great Recession, a global recession that began in mid-2007. It was also followed by the euro area crisis, which began
2008_financial_crisis
The following is a list of banks in the euro area. The euro area is a single jurisdiction in terms of many (though not all) aspects of banking sector policy
List of banks in the euro area
List_of_banks_in_the_euro_area
eurozone crisis, also known as the Euro area crisis, was a financial crisis that made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to repay
Economic reforms and recovery proposals regarding the euro area crisis
Economic_reforms_and_recovery_proposals_regarding_the_euro_area_crisis
The European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund
of the Eurozone, and a dent in confidence in the euro. In the months leading up to the euro area crisis, the IMF already had concerns that countries in
Troika_(European_group)
Retrieved 28 April 2010. "Greece crisis: Euro markets hit again". BBC News. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010. "Greece crisis deepens on global market sell-off"
List of stock market crashes and bear markets
List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets
Phenomenon when shorter term bonds yield higher interest rates than longer term bonds
yield curve in 2011 during the Euro area crisis and Ireland banking crisis And rates went negative after the Euro area crisis 15 year bond 10 year bond
Inverted_yield_curve
Prime Minister of Italy from 2021 to 2022
monetary policies, he is widely considered the "saviour of the euro" during the Euro area crisis. He has been nicknamed Super Mario by some media, a nickname
Mario_Draghi
Designs of Bulgarian currency
joins the euro area". European Central Bank. 1 January 2026. Retrieved 4 January 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "Bulgarian Euro Coins: Design
Bulgarian_euro_coins
The euro banknotes, the common currency of the eurozone, have been in circulation since the first series (also called ES1) was issued in 2002. They are
Euro_banknotes
Spain was one of the first countries to adopt the Euro after its introduction in 1999, phasing out its previous national currency, the Spanish peseta,
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Spain
Central bank of Germany
billion in sovereign debt from crisis-ridden countries. Some of this would have to be written off in the case of a euro collapse, which would entail corresponding
Deutsche_Bundesbank
Coin with value of one-half of a euro
The 50 euro cent coin (€0.50) has a value of half a euro and is composed of an alloy called nordic gold. All euro coins have a common reverse side and
50_euro_cent_coin
Body of criticism of the European Union
Eurosceptic left-wing populists focus more on economic issues, such as the Euro area crisis and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, while Eurosceptic
Euroscepticism
Greece could join the euro area, which it did on 1 January 2001, in time to be among the first wave of countries to launch euro banknotes and coins on
Adoption of the euro in Greece
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Greece
Adoption of the euro by more countries
based on optimum currency area theory, finds that these non-euro area members fit the euro area as well as the core euro area countries. All non-eurozone
Enlargement_of_the_eurozone
Euro banknote
The two-hundred-euro note (€200) is the second highest value euro banknote (and the highest value euro banknote in production) and has been used since
200_euro_note
the two territories (along with Kosovo) that has unilaterally adopted the euro in 2002 as its de facto domestic currency and legal tender. In the early
Montenegro_and_the_euro
Default of three major Icelandic banks
the SBA is that the country has not been seriously affected by the Euro area crisis. Despite a contentious debate with Britain and the Netherlands over
2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
2008–2011_Icelandic_financial_crisis
Regional financial crisis that struck East and Southeast Asia in 1997–1998
1997 Asian financial crisis The 1997 Asian financial crisis gripped much of East and Southeast Asia during the late 1990s. The crisis began in Thailand in
1997_Asian_financial_crisis
The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s. After tough
History_of_the_euro
Reference rate for the euro
The Euro Short-Term Rate (€STR) is a reference rate for the euro. This interest rate can be used as the rate referenced in financial contracts that involve
Euro_short-term_rate
Eight euro coin denominations ranging from one cent to two euro
There are eight denominations of euro coins, ranging from one cent to two euro (the euro is divided into a hundred cents). The coins first came into use
Euro_coins
German politician (born 1979)
economic policy, Weidel argued against the abolition of cash. During the euro area crisis, she called for economically weak states, such as Greece, Spain, and
Alice_Weidel
Ireland was one of the first countries to adopt the Euro after its introduction in 1999, phasing out its previous national currency, the Irish pound, entirely
Adoption of the euro in Ireland
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Ireland
Banknote of the European Union
The fifty-euro note (€50) is one of the middle value euro banknotes and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The
50_euro_note
Type of financial crisis
Aitor; Uy, Timothy (July 2020). "Official sector lending during the euro area crisis". The Review of International Organizations. 15 (3). Figure 3. doi:10
Currency_crisis
Euro banknote
The one-hundred-euro note (€100) is one of the higher value euro banknotes and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in
100_euro_note
Euro banknote
The five-euro note (€5) is the lowest value of euro banknotes. It has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note
5_euro_note
Program of the European Central Bank
Stability Facility bailout funds in order to meet the challenges of the Euro area crisis. From these funds and through OMT, the Eurozone's central bank can
Outright Monetary Transactions
Outright_Monetary_Transactions
2010 film by John Wells
museums Decline of newspapers 2007–2008 world food price crisis Retail apocalypse Euro area crisis 2008 financial crisis List of countries by public debt
The_Company_Men
Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
Erce, Aitor; Uy, Timothy (2020). "Official sector lending during the euro area crisis". The Review of International Organizations. 15 (3): 684. doi:10
Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis
since the mid-2010s. The Slovenian economy was heavily impacted by the Euro area crisis. By 2013, GDP-per-capita began rising again. Slovenia comprised approximately
Economy_of_Slovenia
Cyprus officially adopted the euro on January 1, 2008, becoming the 14th member of the euro area. When Cyprus joined the European Union in 2004 it committed
Adoption of the euro in Cyprus
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Cyprus
European Union financial agency
(ESRB) is a group established on 16 December 2010 in response to the euro area crisis. It is tasked with the macro-prudential oversight of the financial
European_Systemic_Risk_Board
France was one of the first countries to adopt the euro after its introduction in 1999, phasing out its previous national currency, the French franc, entirely
Adoption of the euro in France
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_France
Highest-value euro coin
The 2 euro coin (€2) is the highest-value euro coin and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The coin is made of
2_euro_coin
Use of US dollars around the world
has come to fruition due to the euro area crisis, which affected the PIIGS countries from 2009-2014. Instead the euro's stability and future existence
International use of the U.S. dollar
International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar
Meeting of European member states
The Euro summit (also referred to as the eurozone summit or euro area summit) is the meeting of the heads of state or government of the member states
Euro_summit
European system to reduce exchange rate variability after the Euro
1999 alongside the introduction of a single currency, the euro (replacing ERM 1 and the euro's predecessor, the ECU) as part of the European Monetary System
European Exchange Rate Mechanism
European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism
European Union finance initiative
Committee European Monetary Institute Enlargement Black Wednesday Euro area crisis Withdrawal Past adoption by country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia
Savings_and_Investments_Union
Euro banknote
The twenty-euro note (€20) is the third-lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The
20_euro_note
Coin with value of one-twentieth of a euro
The 5 euro cent coin (€0.05) has a value of one twentieth of a euro and is composed of copper-covered steel. All euro coins have a common reverse and
5_euro_cent_coin
Retrieved 2023-11-27. Italy and the Completion of the Euro Area "What Was the Currency Replaced by the Euro in Italy?". EBC Financial Group. 16 May 2026. Retrieved
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Italy
financial crisis. Some members of the government, notably economy minister Petar Dimitrov, speculated about unilaterally introducing the euro, which was
Adoption of the euro in Bulgaria
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Bulgaria
Topics referred to by the same term
system in stratigraphy Aegean Contagion, an alternate name to the euro area crisis with reference to its point of origin and a general term for an epidemic
Aegean
Financial crisis
The Chinese real estate crisis is an ongoing financial crisis sparked by the 2021 default of Evergrande Group. Evergrande, along with other Chinese property
Chinese real estate crisis (2020–present)
Chinese_real_estate_crisis_(2020–present)
Currency of Greece from 1832 to 2002
the official currency of modern Greece from 1832 until the launch of the euro in 2002. The drachma was reintroduced in May 1832, shortly before the establishment
Modern_drachma
Kosovo adopted the euro as its legal tender in 2002 despite the territory not being a member of the Eurozone or the European Union. This succeeded its
Kosovo_and_the_euro
Combined debt of all people in a household
severe economic crises and was a cause of the U.S. and subsequent euro area crisis. Several economists have argued that lowering this debt is essential
Household_debt
Plans since 2003 to replace the Hungarian forint with the euro
2010 or 2011 and so might adopt the euro in 2013, but more feasibly in 2014, or later, depending on European debt crisis developments. On 8 July 2008, the
Hungary_and_the_euro
2007–2009 international economic decline
this period. Eurostat reported that the debt to GDP ratio for the 17 Euro area countries together was 70.1% in 2008, 79.9% in 2009, 85.3% in 2010, and
Great_Recession
Defunct American investment bank
James Cayne. Bear Stearns was affected by the 2007–2008 global financial crisis due to its subprime mortgage exposure, where it was subject to a liquidity
Bear_Stearns
adopt the euro as its official currency for the duration of its membership of the European Union (EU), and secured an opt-out at the euro's creation via
United_Kingdom_and_the_euro
Latvian financial crisis, which stemmed from the 2008 global financial crisis, was a major economic and political crisis in Latvia. The crisis was generated
2008_Latvian_financial_crisis
Finland was one of the first countries to adopt the Euro after its introduction in 1999, phasing out its previous national currency, the Finnish markka
Adoption of the euro in Finland
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Finland
Republic is economically well positioned to adopt the euro, following the European debt crisis there has been considerable opposition among the public
Czech_Republic_and_the_euro
Belgium was one of the first countries to adopt the Euro after its introduction in 1999, phasing out its previous national currency, the Belgian franc
Adoption of the euro in Belgium
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Belgium
Informal body of ministers of the eurozone member states
first time. This became known as the Euro summit and has held meetings irregularly during the 2008 financial crisis. Since the beginning of the monetary
Eurogroup
Coin with a value of one euro
The 1 euro coin (€1) is a euro coin with a value of one euro. It is made of two alloys: the inner part of cupronickel, the outer part of nickel brass.
1_euro_coin
Coin with value of one-fifth of a euro
20 euro cent coin (€0.20) has a value of one-fifth of a euro and is composed of an alloy called Nordic Gold in the Spanish flower shape. All euro coins
20_euro_cent_coin
U.S. stock market crash lasting 36 minutes in May 6, 2010
occurred in every year they examined and that, apart from the financial crisis, such problems have declined since the introduction of Reg NMS. They also
2010_flash_crash
Currency of Romania
joining the euro area". European Commission. 10 June 2020. "Florin Cîțu: România poate intra în spațiul Schengen în acest an. Adoptarea monedei euro, în 2027
Romanian_leu
Hospital in Coimbra, Portugal
rebranded merged institution created during the Euro area crisis and the Portuguese economic and financial crisis in 2012. In its early days, it used to function
Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra
Hospitais_da_Universidade_de_Coimbra
Euro overnight interest average
Eonia (Euro Overnight Index Average) was computed as a weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market, undertaken
Eonia
the countries from the 2004 enlargement of the European Union to adopt the euro, which had become the official currency of the eurozone in 2007. Slovenia
Adoption of the euro in Slovenia
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Slovenia
Hypothetical Greek withdrawal from the Euro currency
Greece out of the euro, says report". The Guardian. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2026. Rankin, Jennifer (13 July 2015). "Eurozone crisis: which countries
Greek withdrawal from the eurozone
Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone
addressed the benefits for Romania to not being a part of the euro area during the European debt crisis, but said that the country would strive to comply with
Romania_and_the_euro
of the time), delayed Lithuania's adoption of the euro. By the time of the 2010 European debt crisis, the expected switch-over date had been put back further
Adoption of the euro in Lithuania
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Lithuania
Global oil shortage due to geopolitics
The 1970s energy crisis occurred when the Western world, particularly the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, experienced
1970s_energy_crisis
Prototype of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism
historical development of monetary integration, accessed 2010-06-01. "Euro area". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 22 September 2019
Snake_in_the_tunnel
Planned redesign of euro banknotes
the European Central Bank (ECB) has been in the process of redesigning the euro banknotes. The third series is the first complete overhaul of the banknotes
Third_series_euro_redesign
Sovereign countries that are bound by EU laws, rights, and obligations
taxation, which remains a matter of state sovereignty. Due to the Euro area crisis, some eurozone states were given a bailout from their fellow members
Member state of the European Union
Member_state_of_the_European_Union
Balance-of-payments crisis in India
The 1991 Indian economic crisis was a balance-of-payments crisis in which India's foreign-exchange reserves fell to a level barely sufficient to pay three
1991_Indian_economic_crisis
Obsolete unit of account of the European Community
Unit of Account (EUA) at parity in 1979, and it was later replaced by the euro (EUR) at parity on 1 January 1999. As a unit of account, the ECU was not
European_Currency_Unit
Euro interbank offered (interest) rate
The Euro Interbank Offered Rate (trademarked as Euribor) is a daily reference rate, published by the European Money Markets Institute, based on the averaged
Euribor
Euro banknote
The ten-euro note (€10) is the second-lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The
10_euro_note
Euro coin
The 10 euro cent coin (€0.10) has a value of one tenth of a euro and is composed of an alloy called Nordic gold. All euro coins have a common reverse side
10_euro_cent_coin
Member state ceases use of the euro as its currency
Union Euro area crisis Causes of the European debt crisis Proposed long-term solutions for the euro area crisis 2000s European sovereign debt crisis timeline
Withdrawal_from_the_eurozone
The Netherlands was one of the first countries to adopt the Euro after its introduction in 1999, phasing out its previous national currency, the Dutch
Adoption of the euro in the Netherlands
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_the_Netherlands
Economic recession in Portugal
disequilibria were the main cause of the Euro area crisis (and were, to a great extent, more to important to explain the crisis than states' public finances). A
2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis
2010–2014_Portuguese_financial_crisis
Estonia officially adopted the euro on January 1, 2011, becoming the 17th country in the eurozone and the first Baltic state to join. When Estonia joined
Adoption of the euro in Estonia
Adoption_of_the_euro_in_Estonia
travel, tourism, insurance
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EURO AREA-CRISIS
EURO AREA-CRISIS
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EURO AREA-CRISIS
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