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Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles
Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nanometers, are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of
Exosome_(vesicle)
Protein complex that degrades RNA
The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of
Exosome_complex
Topics referred to by the same term
Exosome may refer to: Exosome complex, an intracellular macromolecular protein complex involved in RNA degradation Exosome (vesicle), an extracellular
Exosome
Vesicles engineered for medical purposes
Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by cells that play a crucial role in intercellular communication. They contain a variety of biomolecules, including
Synthetic_exosome
Protein found in humans
Exosome component 10, also known as EXOSC10, is a human gene, the protein product of which (sometimes called PM/Scl-100) is part of the exosome complex
Exosome_component_10
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 2, also known as EXOSC2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the EXOSC2 gene. Mammalian mRNAs contain AU-rich elements (AREs)
Exosome_component_2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 9, also known as EXOSC9, is a human gene, the protein product of which (sometimes called RRP45 or PM/Scl-75) is part of the exosome
Exosome_component_9
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 7, also known as EXOSC7, is a human gene, the protein product of which is part of the exosome complex. Exosome component 7 has been shown
Exosome_component_7
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome complex exonuclease MTR3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EXOSC6 gene. This gene product constitutes one of the subunits of the multisubunit
Exosome_component_6
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
EXOSC1 gene. This gene encodes a core component of the exosome complex. The mammalian exosome is required for rapid degradation of AU rich element-containing
Exosome_component_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 4, also known as EXOSC4, is a human gene, which is part of the exosome complex. Exosome component 4 has been shown to interact with
Exosome_component_4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 3, also known as EXOSC3, is a human gene, which is part of the exosome complex. Mutations in EXOSC3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia
Exosome_component_3
Multiprotein and heterotrimeric complex
the core exosome down to 4-5 adenosines assisting in transcript recognition and exosome complex activation. The substrate specificity of exosomes is improved
TRAMP_complex
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 5, also known as EXOSC5, is a human gene, which is part of the exosome complex. Biallelic pathogenic variation in EXOSC5 causes autosomal
Exosome_component_5
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome component 8, also known as EXOSC8, is a human gene, the protein product of which is part of the exosome complex. Exosome component 8 has been shown
Exosome_component_8
Addition of adenylic acids to 3' end of mature mRNA
mitochondria, plastids and as a constituent of the archaeal exosome (in those archaea that have an exosome). It can synthesise a 3′ extension where the vast majority
Polyadenylation
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome RNA helicase MTR4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MTREX gene (previously SKIV2L2). As an RNA helicase, the protein MTR4 participates
Exosome_RNA_helicase_MTR4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Exosome complex exonuclease RRP44 or Dis3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DIS3 gene. Its protein product is an RNase enzyme homologous to
DIS3
ExoCarta is a manually curated database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids. Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles that are present in many and perhaps all biological
ExoCarta
Vesicles found outside cells
200 nm. EVs can be divided according to size and synthesis route into exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. The composition of EVs varies depending
Extracellular_vesicle
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
RNase enzyme homologous to the yeast protein Rrp44, and can be part of the exosome complex in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89:
DIS3L
Spreading of a disease inside a body
experiments suggests that the co-option of intercellular cross-talk mediated by exosome vesicles is a critical factor involved in all steps of the invasion-metastasis
Metastasis
American life sciences company
agreed to acquire Quad Technologies. In August 2018, the company acquired Exosome Diagnostics for $250 million plus up to an additional $325 million in milestone
Bio-Techne
Canadian biochemist
July 2009) was a Canadian biochemist who is known for her discovery of exosomes, the cellular structures that transport proteins, lipids and RNA. She was
Rose_Johnstone
Officer of Aethlon Medical's wholly owned subsidiary, Exosome Sciences. Taylor first described exosomes in the 1980s, originally believing them to be cell
Douglas_D._Taylor
Protein found in humans
which is involved in extracting mRNA from ribosomes and sending it to the exosome complex to be broken down. Unlike the other Ski complex members, Ski2 and
Superkiller_complex_protein_8
Topics referred to by the same term
Complex Protein–ligand complex, a complex of a protein bound with a ligand Exosome complex, a multi-protein intracellular complex Protein complex, a group
Complex
Type of extracellular vesicle
to be larger, on average, than intracellularly-generated EVs known as exosomes. Microvesicles play a role in intercellular communication and can transport
Microvesicle
Indian hospital chain
projects in liquid biopsy, molecular diagnostics, pharmacogenomics and exosome technologies at its wet lab run by the Cell and Molecular Biology Research
Apollo_Hospitals
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
similar in sequence to 3'/5' exonucleolytic subunits of the RNA exosome. The exosome is a large multimeric ribonucleotide complex responsible for degrading
DIS3L2
Medical intervention
specific exosomes in the blood or urine. The same process can also be used to more accurately monitor a patient's treatment progress. Exosomes, secreted
Cancer_treatment
degradation due to the combined activity of poly-adenylating polymerases and exosome complexes. CUT transcription occurs through RNA Polymerase II and initiates
Cryptic_unstable_transcript
Research institute
traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in former NFL players in partnership with Exosome Sciences. "Administrative leadership". Tgen. Retrieved April 8, 2024. Alltucker
Translational Genomics Research Institute
Translational_Genomics_Research_Institute
that have reached the far 3' end of an mRNA and guides the mRNA to the exosome complex, or to RNase R in bacteria for selective degradation. In contrast
Non-stop_decay
Autoimmune disease
Autoantibodies often found in these patients are the anti-PM/Scl (anti-exosome) antibodies. The symptoms that are seen most often are typical symptoms
Scleromyositis
by the enzyme TACE or through exocytosis of the full-length receptor in exosome-like vesicles. Elevated levels of sTNFR are seen in inflammatory processes
STNFR
Enzyme found in humans
damaged material. The RNA exosome multiprotein complex performs this function and is dependent on cofactors. The exosome was initially discovered in
Superkiller_complex_protein_2
Class of enzymes; type of nuclease
of the main routes of RNA degradation is performed by the multi-protein exosome complex, which consists largely of 3′ to 5′ exoribonucleases. RNA polymerase
Exonuclease
Study of molecular structures in biology
The RNA exosome is a biomolecular cage that has nuclease activity which catalyzes the breakdown of RNA molecules. Shown is the whole RNA exosome with a
Structural_biology
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
binding complex. The message is then subject to degradation by either the exosome complex or the decapping complex. In this way, translationally inactive
Messenger_RNA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
reticulum anchored component of membrane neuron projection extracellular exosome cell surface anchored component of external side of plasma membrane dendritic
Reticulon_4_receptor
Protein complex found in humans and yeast
Ski2 insertion domain. In yeast, the complex guides RNA molecules to the exosome complex for degradation via a fourth protein, called Ski7, which contains
Ski_complex
Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
is also strongly supported by two CSIs found in the proteins predicted exosome complex RRP44 and serine palmitoyltransferase, that are exclusively shared
Chordate
Neurodegenerative disease caused by head injury
gait problems (problems with walking) seem to be early signs of CTEM. Exosome vesicles created by the brain are potential biomarkers of TBI, including
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy
Swedish clinical allergist and scientist
Sweden AB Lötvall's laboratory proposed extracellular vesicles such as exosomes and microvesicles as shuttles of RNA molecules between cells along with
Jan_Lötvall
Academic journal
vesicles (EVs). EVs are released from cells and include endosome-origin exosomes and plasma membrane-derived ectosomes/microvesicles. The journal was established
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
Journal_of_Extracellular_Vesicles
speculated that due to the morphological similarity of paramural bodies to the exosomes produced by mammalian cells, they may perform similar functions such as
Paramural_body
Protein found in humans
component of membrane integral component of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane vacuole vacuolar membrane plasma membrane cytoplasmic vesicle
ABCC11
Anti-vaccination myth
suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 164 113008. doi:10.1016/j
Turbo_cancer
All Latin and Greek roots beginning with G
extrude exo- outside Greek ἔξω (éxō) exogamy, exoplanet, exoskeleton, exosome, exosphere, exoteric, exothermic, exotic, exoticism, exotropia extra- outer
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/A–G
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/A–G
Hypertension occurring during pregnancy
CB, Sadovsky Y (February 2014). "Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes - good things come in nano-packages". Placenta. 3 (Suppl): S69–S73. doi:10
Pre-eclampsia
attempted to and did steal scientific trade secrets related to exosomes and exosome isolation from Nationwide Children's Hospital's Research Institute
List of Chinese spy cases in the United States
List_of_Chinese_spy_cases_in_the_United_States
Human protein-encoding gene
role in many cellular processes including exosome biogenesis. CD9 is commonly used as a marker for exosomes as it is contained on their surface. However
CD9
Enzyme found in humans
ligase activity tRNA binding RNA binding Cellular component extracellular exosome actin cytoskeleton cytoplasm cytosol Biological process tRNA aminoacylation
Threonine–tRNA ligase 1, cytoplasmic
Threonine–tRNA_ligase_1,_cytoplasmic
Protein kinase found in humans
binding Cellular component cytoplasmic vesicle endosome extracellular exosome Wnt signalosome soma trans-Golgi network mitochondrial membranes synapse
LRRK2
Protein found in humans
domain 37). SKIC3 is a component of the Ski complex which is involved in exosome mediated RNA decay. It is localized in the cytoplasmatic space and the
Superkiller_complex_protein_3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Rando OJ, Boyer LA, Peterson CL (2015). "Chromatin Dynamics and the RNA Exosome Function in Concert to Regulate Transcriptional Homeostasis". Cell Reports
Histone_H2A.Z
Protein-coding gene in humans
cell junction basolateral plasma membrane neuron projection extracellular exosome presynapse synapse MPP7-DLG1-LIN7 complex intracellular anatomical structure
LIN7A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
activity Cellular component melanosome cytosol lysosome extracellular exosome nucleus extracellular region extracellular space azurophil granule lumen
Gamma-glutamyl_hydrolase
American businessman and philanthropist (1940–2019)
Non-Invasive Prostate Cancer Test Published in JAMA Oncology" (Press release). Exosome Diagnostics. April 12, 2016. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018
David_Koch
Enzyme found in humans
activity Cellular component membrane nucleoplasm mitochondrion extracellular exosome nucleus cytoplasm aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex cytosol
Arginine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Arginine–tRNA_ligase,_cytoplasmic
Enzyme found in humans, implicated in neuropathy
regulator activity Cellular component membrane mitochondrion extracellular exosome cytoplasm cytosol Biological process negative regulation of neuron apoptotic
Alanine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Alanine–tRNA_ligase,_cytoplasmic
Intracellular mechanisms
recognition by the cytosolic exosome. The Ski7-exosome complex rapidly deadenylates the mRNA molecule which allows the exosome to decay the transcript in
MRNA_surveillance
Subphylum of chordates
supported by two molecular markers, the proteins Rrp44 (associated with the exosome complex) and serine C-palmitoyltransferase. These are exclusively shared
Vertebrate
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
integral component of plasma membrane basal plasma membrane extracellular exosome nucleus extracellular space bicellular tight junction Biological process
TACSTD2
Sovereign wealth fund of Qatar
2025. Taylor, Nick Paul (29 November 2017). "Codiak raises $77M to trial exosome-enabled therapies | Fierce Biotech". www.fiercebiotech.com. Retrieved 21
Qatar_Investment_Authority
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
nucleoplasm chromosome extracellular region nuclear chromosome extracellular exosome nucleosome nucleus protein-containing complex Biological process telomere
HIST1H3I
Enzyme found in humans
region sequence-specific DNA binding Cellular component extracellular exosome cytosol cytoplasm nucleus Biological process tRNA processing tRNA aminoacylation
Serine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Serine–tRNA_ligase,_cytoplasmic
other therapeutic methods such as drug-loaded microbubbles, nanoparticles, exosomes, liposomes, and genes for improved efficacy. Currently, SDT does not have
Sonodynamic_therapy
Group of antimicrobial peptides in vertebrates
Cellular component extracellular region specific granule extracellular exosome extracellular space intracellular anatomical structure specific granule
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
Cathelicidin_antimicrobial_peptide
Method to detect an antigen using an antibody and enzyme
spatially decoding framework for tumor extracellular vesicles | Exosome RNA". Exosome RNA. Cheng, Chi-An (13 June 2024). "Voices in Molecular Pharmaceutics:
ELISA
French cell biologist
extracellular vesicles that are released by immune and tumor cells, including exosomes that originate in the multivesicular body. After earning a PhD in France
Clotilde_Théry
British biologist (born 1936)
Denis; et al., eds. (2019). "Exomes, gemmuls, pangenesis and Darwin". Exosomes: a Clinical Compendium. San Diego: Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN 978-0-12-816054-1
Denis_Noble
Protein found in humans
extracellular matrix extracellular region elastic fiber extracellular exosome extracellular space collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological
MFAP4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Nuclear exosome regulator NRDE2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene NRDE2 (previously C14orf102). The protein NRDE2 functions as an RNA
NRDE2
Chemical compound
radiolabelling, and this continues to be useful, for example for radiolabelling exosomes and hydrogels, and for positron emission tomography. Hexadecyl platelet-activating
Hexadecane
Protein used as a biomarker of kidney function
protease binding Cellular component extracellular region extracellular exosome tertiary granule lumen ficolin-1-rich granule lumen basement membrane extracellular
Cystatin_C
Amnion and chorion which surround and protect a developing fetus
Mesiano S, Taylor RN (2017-08-17). "Programmed Fetal Membrane Senescence and Exosome-Mediated Signaling: A Mechanism Associated With Timing of Human Parturition"
Fetal_membranes
Mammalian protein found in humans
reticulum lumen COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle extracellular exosome endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane platelet
Alpha-1_antitrypsin
Use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition
eye. Stem cells are being studied for several reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications
Stem-cell_therapy
Protein in humans
binding lipopeptide binding Cellular component membrane extracellular exosome extracellular region cell surface extracellular space Biological process
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
Lipopolysaccharide_binding_protein
Cellular process
ribosomes. Pre-ribosomes that build up in the nucleus are destroyed by the exosome, which is a multisubunit complex with exonuclease activity. If defective
Ribosome_biogenesis
Removal of the 5' cap structure on mRNA
recognizes premature stop codons and promotes decapping as well as decay by the exosome. Certain classes of miRNA have also been shown to stimulate decapping.
Messenger_RNA_decapping
Mammalian protein found in humans
activity serine-type endopeptidase activity Cellular component extracellular exosome nucleus extracellular region extracellular space secretory granule protein-containing
Prostate-specific_antigen
Mammalian protein found in humans
component of membrane integral component of plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane immunological synapse Biological process cell surface receptor
CD37
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
extrinsic component of plasma membrane extracellular region extracellular exosome extracellular matrix extracellular vesicle membrane extracellular space
MFGE8
RNA family
Katakowski M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Shang X, Zhang ZG, Chopp M (July 2012). "Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-133b from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells
Mir-67 microRNA precursor family
Mir-67_microRNA_precursor_family
Protein complex
of compartments. These include stress granules, processing bodies, and exosomes in somatic cells. Many RNP granules are cell type and/or species specific
Ribonucleoprotein_particle
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
microfibril binding Cellular component extracellular matrix extracellular exosome intracellular anatomical structure extracellular space extracellular region
LTBP2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
complex nucleus nucleoplasm telomere Cajal body nuclear matrix extracellular exosome ribonucleoprotein complex Biological process mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
HNRNPA2B1
Enzyme found in humans
activity protein binding hydrolase activity Cellular component extracellular exosome plasma membrane extracellular region extracellular space Biological process
Plasma_kallikrein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
neuron projection cytoskeleton cytoplasmic vesicle membrane extracellular exosome cytoplasmic vesicle nucleus cytosol nuclear membrane intracellular membrane-bounded
Torsin-1A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
intracellular anatomical structure fibrillar collagen trimer extracellular exosome extracellular space extracellular region collagen-containing extracellular
Tenascin_X
Protein-coding gene in Humans
reticulum perinuclear region of cytoplasm membrane raft lysosome extracellular exosome lysosomal membrane integral component of lysosomal membrane Biological
NPC1
Small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule
biomarkers in a number of diseases. Some researches show that mRNA cargo of exosomes may have a role in implantation, they can savage an adhesion between trophoblast
MicroRNA
Enzyme in humans
peroxidase activity Cellular component extracellular region extracellular exosome extracellular space Biological process protein homotetramerization response
Glutathione_peroxidase_3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
high-density lipoprotein particle high-density lipoprotein particle extracellular exosome extracellular region extracellular space Biological process response to
PON1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cytoplasm cytosol membrane extracellular matrix plasma membrane extracellular exosome extracellular region extracellular space collagen-containing extracellular
Serine_protease_HTRA1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
extracellular region myelin sheath cytoskeleton melanosome membrane extracellular exosome cytoplasm cytosol actomyosin bicellular tight junction cell junction Flemming
PDCD6IP
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
component of plasma membrane membrane extracellular region extracellular exosome integral component of membrane plasma membrane Biological process proteolysis
TMPRSS11B
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