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Drug pricing method
External reference pricing (ERP), also known as international reference pricing, is the practice of regulating the price of a medication in one country
External_reference_pricing
pressure. Reference pricing could encourage lower quality. "Reference price" in this context is distinct from its use in behavioral pricing scholarship
Reference_price
Partnership between the World Health Organization and Health Action International
supplier price may skew the survey results. The purpose of external reference pricing is to allow for a systematic comparison of medicine prices, both nationally
WHO/Health Action International Project on Medicine Prices and Availability
WHO/Health_Action_International_Project_on_Medicine_Prices_and_Availability
In economics, an imposed cost or benefit
consumer behaviors that result in external costs or advantages imposed on others are not taken into account by market pricing and can have both positive and
Externality
Overview of the cost of medicines in the United States
2022 have introduced limited federal drug price negotiation, and other proposals like external reference pricing and patent reform continue to be debated
Prescription drug prices in the United States
Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States
cost over time. External reference pricing is the practice of setting drug prices in one country by comparing to a basket of prices from other countries
International Medical Products Price Guide
International_Medical_Products_Price_Guide
Approach to selling a product or service
identify the company's pricing position, pricing segment, pricing capability and their competitive pricing reaction strategy. Pricing strategies, tactics
Pricing_strategy
Process of determining what a company will receive in exchange for its products
approach to pricing (i.e., the pricing strategy), they turn their attention to pricing tactics. Tactical pricing decisions are shorter term prices, designed
Pricing
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
1108/10610420310476906. Mullikin LJ (2003). "Beyond Reference Pricing: Understanding Consumers' Encounters with Unexpected Prices". Journal of Product & Brand Management
Cognitive_dissonance
Rules and methods for pricing transactions between enterprises under common ownership
Transfer pricing refers to the rules and methods for pricing transactions within and between enterprises under common ownership or control. Because of
Transfer_pricing
Common health care cost
parts of Europe, and Brazil use external reference pricing as a means to compare drug prices and to determine a base price for a particular medication.[citation
Medication_costs
The usage and pricing of gasoline (or petrol) results from factors such as crude oil prices, processing and distribution costs, local demand, the strength
Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing
Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing
Reference price for trading of an oil commodity
Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing Petroleum industry Price of oil International Crude Oil Market Handbook, 2011 "Pricing Differences Among Various Types
Benchmark_(crude_oil)
Money spent to produce or procure goods or services
compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user
Cost
Deliberately undercutting prices to eliminate competition
Predatory pricing, also known as price slashing, is a commercial pricing strategy which involves reducing the retail prices to a level lower than competitors
Predatory_pricing
dynamic pricing for World Cup tickets for the first time, following the practice used in the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup. The use of demand-based pricing drew
List of 2026 FIFA World Cup controversies
List_of_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_controversies
Government- or group-imposed price control
unit pricing and declining health harms." Carbon pricing is being implemented by governments to reduce the use of carbon fuels. Carbon pricing can be
Price_floor
Data storage outside a computer's own hardware
In computing, external storage refers to non-volatile (secondary) data storage outside a computer's own internal hardware, and thus can be readily disconnected
External_storage
expensive. In 2018 the ministry announced that it planned to adopt an external reference price scheme, as used in other European countries, particularly Sweden
Danish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry
Danish_Association_of_the_Pharmaceutical_Industry
Carbon pricing scheme introduced in 2011
emissions from sectors subject to the pricing mechanism were 1.0% lower and nine months after the introduction of the pricing scheme, Australia's carbon dioxide
Carbon_pricing_in_Australia
Composable commerce platform and managed PaaS
transaction history, and payment gateway interactions Pricing — price lists, contract pricing, and sales pricing Rating & Review — customer ratings and reviews
Broadleaf_Commerce
Concept in psychology
control is the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces (beyond their influence), have control over the outcome of events
Locus_of_control
Electro-mechanical data storage device
March 2015[update], available capacities for external hard disk drives ranged from 500 GB to 10 TB. External hard disk drives are usually available as assembled
Hard_disk_drive
Self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input
supposed to continue or grow without external input. Many analytical techniques are often called bootstrap methods in reference to their self-starting or self-supporting
Bootstrapping
is supported by multi-source pricing and IHS Markit's proprietary Evaluated Bond Pricing Service (‘EVB’) to improve pricing accuracy, minimise tracking
IBoxx
Visual programming language
its pricing model, introducing a new metric called "workload units." This change followed an earlier attempt in March 2022 to shift the pricing model
Bubble_(programming_language)
Anticompetitive agreement to control prices
coordinate pricing for mutual benefit of the traders. For example, manufacturers and retailers may conspire to sell at a common "retail" price; set a common
Price_fixing
Buying discount scheme
lower perceived prices. Rebates can offer price protection against pricing controls, retaining full list prices at the maximum allowed price ceiling or minimum
Rebate_(marketing)
Cost added by producing one additional unit of a product or service
Foundation. ISBN 0-87154-121-1. Vickrey W. (2008) "Marginal and Average Cost Pricing". In: Palgrave Macmillan (eds) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
Marginal_cost
Type of sensual vibrator used for stimulation
are typically weaker than larger external vibrators, such as wands, but are still popular due to their lower price and discreet nature. The primary purpose
Love_egg
Setting prices artificially low to discourage competition
predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price below the
Dumping_(pricing_policy)
Upcoming virtual reality headset
release date and pricing for the Steam Frame and Steam Machine had been delayed due to the global memory supply shortage, and that prices would be higher
Steam_Frame
Governmental restrictions on prices
enacted price controls in 2013 for the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO). This order gave the local regulatory body and the Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority
Price_controls
from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. "Box Plans & Pricing From $5 Per User/Month | Start a Free Trial". www.box.com. "Carbonite Support
Comparison of online backup services
Comparison_of_online_backup_services
The following tables compare notable reference management software. The comparison includes older applications that may no longer be supported, as well
Comparison of reference management software
Comparison_of_reference_management_software
Common human medical data ranges for blood test results
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from
Reference ranges for blood tests
Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests
Contents: 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z See also References External links "Oh and ..." See count. The number 1 in baseball refers to
Glossary_of_baseball_terms
Mathematical finance concept
is no change to the economic pricing principle: swap leg values are still identical at initiation (see Rational pricing § Swaps). What differs is that
Multi-curve_framework
2022 studio album by Mike Campbell & The Dirty Knobs
writing, recording, and planning his first tour after the COVID-19 pandemic External Combustion is the second studio album by American rock band Mike Campbell
External_Combustion
English musician (born 1942)
Alan Price (born 19 April 1942) is an English musician who first found prominence as the original keyboardist of the English rock band the Animals. He
Alan_Price
General-knowledge encyclopaedia
Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising. On 20 February
Encyclopædia_Britannica
Islamist movement and militant group based in Lebanon
counterintelligence service is divided into Amn al-Muddad, responsible for "external" or "encounter" security; and Amn al-Hizb, which protects the organisation's
Hezbollah
estimate, and can be reranked by any of the sources. List of countries by external debt List of countries by GDP (nominal) List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita
Methods of generating revenue from road users
negative externalities, including traffic accidents, noise, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The first published reference to 'road pricing' was
Road_pricing
Specialized casing
Factory-assembled external hard disk drives, external DVD-ROM drives, and others consist of a storage device in a disk enclosure. Key benefits to using external disk
Disk_enclosure
Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
investments reduce such external costs. A means to address a part of the external costs of fossil fuel generation is carbon pricing — the method most favoured
Cost_of_electricity_by_source
British financial services company, 2003–2016
financial information and services company that focused on credit derivative pricing founded in 2003. Prior to its merger, it had 4,500 employees in 21 offices
Markit
Type of external power supply
informally wall wart, or, in some configurations, power brick) is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. AC adapters
AC_adapter
Hybrid video game console
can be used as a handheld, as a tablet, or connected via the dock to an external display. The Joy-Con 2 controllers can be used while magnetically attached
Nintendo_Switch_2
Open source ERP, CRM and CMS
inventory management. In October 2022, Odoo S.A. announced changes to its pricing structure, including a single per-user subscription plan for access to
Odoo
internet through Gamepark's online JoyGP store (typically for a much lower price). Although most games were sold in both formats, there were a few exceptions:
List_of_commercial_GP32_games
Market and non-market factors that determine pricing
Retrieved August 1, 2013. The perils of transparent pricing: the time for speculation is over: transparent pricing is becoming a reality for hospitals. | Health
Health care prices in the United States
Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States
American basketball player and coach (born 1964)
Mark Price outplaying Isiah Thomas to the point of a near fight". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved January 16, 2026. "Mark Price Stats". basketball-reference.com
Mark_Price
1980 studio album by Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band
Childers – trumpet Steven Huffsteter – trumpet Larry Ford – trumpet Mike Price – trumpet Rick Culver – trombone Hart Smith – trombone Bruce Fowler – trombone
Farewell (Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band album)
Farewell_(Toshiko_Akiyoshi_–_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band_album)
Modeling financial systems
here deal with asset prices, market movements, portfolio returns and the like. Relatedly, applications include: Option pricing and calculation of their
Financial_modeling
1963 single by Richard Chamberlain
Manfred Mann on the album Mann Made (1965) Alan Price Set, on the album The Price to Play The Alan Price Set (1966) Shelby Flint (1966) Gene Vincent (1967)
Hi-Lili,_Hi-Lo
Strategies for analysis and use of data
to strategic. Basic operating decisions include product positioning or pricing. Strategic business decisions involve priorities, goals, and directions
Business_intelligence
to adapt their pricing strategies accordingly. The data gathered from price monitoring offers insights into consumer responses to price changes. This information
Price_monitoring
American spy action film series by Rich Wilkes
Uproxx. Retrieved January 20, 2017. "XXX Prices GameBoy Advance - Compare Loose, CIB & New Prices". PriceCharting. Film portal United States portal Wikimedia
XXX_(film_series)
Increasing value with increasing participation
two-sided market literature showing how network externalities that cross distinct groups can lead to free pricing for one of those groups. While the diversity
Network_effect
Price based on an agreed calculation
believe that formula pricing brings efficiency and predictability to markets transactions. However, as the use of formula pricing expands, fewer animals
Formula_pricing
Money owed from Haiti to other countries and international institutions to repay loans
The external debt of Haiti (French: Dette Extérieure d'Haïti) is a notable and controversial national debt which mostly stems from an outstanding 1825
External_debt_of_Haiti
Haitian doctor, politician and writer (1876–1969)
Price-Mars was again elected to the Senate. He was secretary of state for external relations in 1946 and, later, ambassador to the Dominican Republic. In
Jean_Price-Mars
Reference frame that undergoes acceleration with respect to an inertial frame
A non-inertial reference frame (also known as an accelerated reference frame) is a frame of reference that undergoes acceleration with respect to an inertial
Non-inertial_reference_frame
Business process improvement technique
can be calculated from the data in a single experiment without reference to external evidence or the plausibility of the underlying mechanism. One of
Six_Sigma
The external examiner plays an important role in degree-level examinations in higher education in the United Kingdom. The external examiner system originated
External_examiner
English chemist & alchemist (1757–1783)
James Price (1757 – 31 July 1783), born James Higginbotham, was an English chemist and alchemist who claimed to be able to turn mercury into silver or
James_Price_(chemist)
Country in West Africa
economy. The overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices caused the country's external debt to increase three-fold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan
Ivory_Coast
Commercial document
quantities, and agreed prices for products or services required. It is used to control the purchasing of products and services from external suppliers. Purchase
Purchase_order
Temporal limit of a model's knowledge
generation, which is a technique that fetches new information from an external database. While simple for training and tuning large language models, knowledge
Knowledge_cutoff
Trading venue based in Germany
venues based on the trading technology of Xetra: Xetra (XETR) is the reference market for German equities and exchange traded funds. Active exchange
Xetra_(trading_system)
Laws mandating a percentage of affordable units in new housing projects
Economists state that IZ functions as a price control on a percentage of units and has similar negative effects as other price controls (rent control) being that
Inclusionary_zoning
Skyscraper in Quebec City, Canada
construction of the Price Building. Each floor is symmetrically divided in two by a hallway, and a projection at the end of the building references the bow of
Édifice_Price
Proposed toll for vehicles in Hong Kong
congestion pricing. (Singapore, which first adopted ERP in 1998, was the first city in the world to implement electronic congestion pricing.) Hong Kong
Electronic road pricing (Hong Kong)
Electronic_road_pricing_(Hong_Kong)
Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References External links Historic recurrence List of former sovereign states List of
List_of_empires
Risk that a borrower or counterparty fails to meet financial obligations
Risk-based pricing – Lenders may charge a higher interest rate to borrowers who are more likely to default, a practice called risk-based pricing. Lenders
Credit_risk
Blue chip stock market index
companies trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. It is a total return index. Prices are taken from the Xetra trading venue. According to Deutsche Börse, the
DAX
1979 studio album by Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band
baritone saxophone Steven Huffsteter – trumpet Bobby Shew – trumpet Mike Price – trumpet Larry Ford – trumpet Bill Reichenbach Jr. – trombone Randy Aldcroft
Sumi-e (Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band album)
Sumi-e_(Toshiko_Akiyoshi_–_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band_album)
1980 novella by Gordon R. Dickson
the machismo permeating the culture of the world they are on, though the price is high. Susan Shwartz reviewed Lost Dorsai in Ares Magazine #4 and commented
Lost_Dorsai
Tax on activity generating negative externalities
Pigouvian taxes as a solution to congestion externalities in the form of entrance fees or tolls (i.e. congestion pricing) can maximize not only profits but also
Pigouvian_tax
American soprano (born 1927)
opportunity to perform and rehearse with the pianist. Some reference works state that Price studied singing with Catherine Van Buren at Wilberforce. However
Leontyne_Price
Financial mathematical measure
An option pricing model, such as Black–Scholes, uses a variety of inputs to derive a theoretical value for an option. Inputs to pricing models vary
Implied_volatility
Type of audit
April 2017). "Technical Inefficiency, Allocative Inefficiency, and Audit Pricing". Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance. 33 (4): 580–600. doi:10
Financial_audit
User pays, or beneficiary pays, is a pricing approach based on the idea that the most efficient allocation (and consumption) of resources occurs when
User_pays
US federal program for maintaining milk prices
the United States, the Dairy Price Support Program is the federal government program that maintains a minimum farm price for milk used in the manufacture
Dairy_Price_Support_Program
Lost economic efficiency
pricing in the case of artificial scarcity, a positive or negative externality, a tax or subsidy (the excess burden of taxation), or a binding price ceiling
Deadweight_loss
1999 cell phone model
was notably the first consumer-grade mobile phone without a protruding external antenna. The 3210 was designed by Alastair Curtis at Nokia's Los Angeles
Nokia_3210
Devaluation of money's purchasing power
weighted price is calculated by multiplying the unit price of an item by the number of that item the average consumer purchases. Weighted pricing is necessary
Inflation
Mathematical combinatorial optimization method
so that the pricing problem is relatively easy to solve. If cutting planes are used to tighten LP relaxations within a branch and price algorithm, the
Branch_and_price
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Notes Works cited References External links 86 1. Soda-counter term meaning an item was no longer available
Glossary of early twentieth century slang in the United States
Glossary_of_early_twentieth_century_slang_in_the_United_States
Academic discipline concerned with the exchange of money
models. Rational pricing is the assumption that asset prices (and hence asset pricing models) will reflect the arbitrage-free price of the asset, as any
Financial_economics
Welsh philosopher (1899–1984)
Perception (1932) Truth and Corrigibility (1936) Hume's Theory of the External World (1940) Thinking and Representation (1946) – the 1946 Hertz Philosophical
H._H._Price
Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
with the former practice of industry-specific pricing specialists and with activities of statutory price-setting authorities in the Soviet Union. Currently
Real_estate_appraisal
Recipient of a good, service, product, or idea from a vender or seller
also encompasses creditors and external regulators. Before the introduction of the notion of an internal customer, external customers were, simply, customers
Customer
Large cap index within the NASDAQ exchange
traded futures at the exchange. An up-to-date list is available in the External links section. As of January 2026, 532 companies have been, or will be
Nasdaq-100
Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996
and External Affairs. In 1991 Indian general election, the Indian National Congress led by him, won 244 seats, and thereafter, he, along with external support
P._V._Narasimha_Rao
Computer Exchange created a weekly price report - called the BoCoEx Index, a report on the High, Low and Closing Price on the Exchange for the most popular
Boston_Computer_Exchange
Type of financial contract
more complex derivatives, pricing involves developing a complex pricing model: understanding the stochastic process of the price of the underlying asset
Derivative_(finance)
Form of price maintenance
they say, the distortion should account for the much larger cultural externalities of meaningful cultural works. More recent work has found positive effects
Fixed_book_price
Motor vehicle
commonly seen on 1969–1970 Boss 351, Boss 302, and Mach 1, with its only external identification being Boss 429 decals on the front fenders and unique enlarged
Boss_429_Mustang
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Indian
Inference
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Tamil
Inference
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Outside external
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External; Outside
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
Boy/Male
Muslim
1st month of islamic year
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Name of Lord Shiva
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Energy of Mind; Born of the Mind; Genius; Power; Strong
Boy/Male
Biblical
Thou art my God.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Sermon.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rising king, Lord of stars
Girl/Female
Indian
Morning; At Dawn
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Fort-wrong; Fort-right
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian, French, Jamaican
Paradise; Home of the Gods and Angels; Sky
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
EXTERNAL REFERENCE-PRICING
a.
Eternal; everlasting.
adv.
In an external manner; outwardly; on the outside; in appearance; visibly.
a.
Of or pertaining to a mother; becoming to a mother; motherly; as, maternal love; maternal tenderness.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
a.
Received or derived from a father; hereditary; as, a paternal estate.
a.
Internal; inward; -- opposed to external.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
a.
Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as, internal trade; internal troubles or war.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
a.
Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign nations; as, external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
a.
Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; -- opposed to external; as, the internal parts of a body, or of the earth.
v. t.
To pay reverence to by external action.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
n.
Something external or without; outward part; that which makes a show, rather than that which is intrinsic; visible form; -- usually in the plural.
a.
External; outward; not inherent.
a.
Outward; exterior; relating to the outside, as of a body; being without; acting from without; -- opposed to internal; as, the external form or surface of a body.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.