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Variable in a mathematical model
A free parameter is a variable in a mathematical model which cannot be predicted precisely or constrained by the model and must be estimated experimentally
Free_parameter
Variable used for specification
A parameter (from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) 'beside, subsidiary' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining
Parameter
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up parameter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A parameter is a quantity that changes characteristics of a system or a function. Parameter may also
Parameter_(disambiguation)
Convention for attaching reference frames to links of a kinematic chain
mechatronics engineering, the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters (also called DH parameters) are the four parameters associated with the DH convention for attaching
Denavit–Hartenberg_parameters
Variable that represents an argument to a function
programming, a parameter, or formal argument, is a variable that represents an argument to a function call. A function's signature defines its parameters. A call
Parameter (computer programming)
Parameter_(computer_programming)
Values which describe behavior of a linear electric circuit
The S-parameters are members of a family of similar parameters, other examples being: Y-parameters and Z-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters and ABCD-parameters
Scattering_parameters
Presence of greater variability in a data set than would be expected
based on the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has one free parameter and does not allow for the variance to be adjusted independently of
Overdispersion
Approximation in plasma physics
\end{aligned}}} The force-free parameter can be a function of position but must be constant along field lines. When the force-free parameter α {\displaystyle \alpha
Force-free_magnetic_field
Numerical coefficient in loop quantum gravity
The Immirzi parameter (also known as the Barbero–Immirzi parameter) is a numerical coefficient appearing in loop quantum gravity (LQG), a nonperturbative
Immirzi_parameter
Ranking function used by search engines
query term at all. The scoring formula of BM25+ only has one additional free parameter δ {\displaystyle \delta } (the default value is 1.0) as compared with
Okapi_BM25
Mathematics of a particle physics model
129, can be chosen as a free parameter. Instead of the Higgs vacuum expectation value, the μ 2 {\displaystyle \mu ^{2}} parameter directly from the Higgs
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Probability distribution
hospitalized cases is shown to satisfy the log-normal distribution with no free parameters if an entropy is assumed and the standard deviation is determined by
Log-normal_distribution
The plasma parameter is a dimensionless number, denoted by capital Lambda, Λ. The plasma parameter is usually interpreted to be the argument of the Coulomb
Plasma_parameter
Machine learning kernel function
feature vectors. σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is a free parameter. An equivalent definition involves a parameter γ = 1 2 σ 2 {\displaystyle \textstyle \gamma
Radial_basis_function_kernel
coupling parameter of the resonator specifies the part of the energy of the laser field, which is output at each round-trip. The coupling parameter should
Coupling_parameter
Characteristic of a chemical reaction
A free energy relationship, also known as a Gibbs energy relationship, relates the Gibbs free energy change ΔG of one series of chemical reactions to
Free-energy_relationship
2017 multiplayer online battle royale game
Free Fire, formerly known as Garena Free Fire, is a free-to-play battle royale game developed and published by Garena for Android and iOS. Released on
Free_Fire_(video_game)
Model of changes in a sequence over evolutionary time
rate parameters and 4 equilibrium base frequency parameters. Since the 4 frequency parameters must sum to 1, there are only 3 free frequency parameters. The
Substitution_model
Function related to statistics and probability theory
compared are parameterized by a parameter, with the parameter often written as θ, or they are parameterized by multiple parameters given as the components of
Likelihood_function
Dimensionless parameter
number or Iribarren parameter – also known as the surf similarity parameter and breaker parameter – is a dimensionless parameter used to model several
Iribarren_number
Formal power series
sum sn is complicated, and it is not always easy to evaluate. The "Free Parameter" method is another method (called "snake oil" by H. Wilf) to evaluate
Generating_function
Representation of a curve by a function of a parameter
point, as functions of one or more variables called parameters. In the case of a single parameter, parametric equations are commonly used to express the
Parametric_equation
Characteristic values of a plasma
Plasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged and neutral particles of various species
Plasma_parameters
Organization supporting the free software movement
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded by Richard Stallman on October 4, 1985. The organization supports the
Free_Software_Foundation
Measure of change in amplitude and phase of a wave
for this quantity. These include transmission parameter, transmission function, propagation parameter, propagation coefficient and transmission constant
Propagation_constant
Hypothetical form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem
are the simplest class of the ultralight dark matter models; the only free parameter is the particle mass. (In "ultralight dark matter models", the dark
Fuzzy_cold_dark_matter
Thermodynamic extension of Debye–Hückel theory
Kenneth Pitzer. The parameters of the Pitzer equations are linear combinations of parameters, of a virial expansion of the excess Gibbs free energy, which characterise
Pitzer_equations
How often each letter appears in written language
functions, with the two-parameter Cocho/Beta rank function being the best. Another rank function with no adjustable free parameter also fits the letter frequency
Letter_frequency
Several equations of degree 1 to be solved simultaneously
value of the parameter z. An infinite solution of higher order may describe a plane, or higher-dimensional set. Different choices for the free variables
System_of_linear_equations
1940–1944 French government-in-exile
Free France (French: France libre) was a resistance government claiming to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third
Free_France
Concept in chemistry
Hansen solubility parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967 as a way of predicting if one material will dissolve in another
Hansen_solubility_parameter
Mathematical concept
E(x) is interpreted as the energy of the configuration x. The parameter β is a free parameter; in physics, it is the inverse temperature. The normalizing
Gibbs_measure
Number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary
in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary. Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information
Degrees of freedom (statistics)
Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)
Concept in theoretical physics
specifically, it can refer to the idea that all of a physical theory's free parameters are close to unity close to the cutoff point of its effectiveness,
Naturalness_(physics)
Mathematical function having a characteristic S-shaped curve or sigmoid curve
hyperbolic tangent mentioned above. Here, m {\displaystyle m} is a free parameter encoding the slope at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} , which must be greater
Sigmoid_function
Means of entering commands to software
Parameter_one Parameter_two …, LongPath/LongProgramName ParameterOne ParameterTwo …, "Long path/Long program name" "Parameter one" "Parameter two"
Command-line_interface
Family of large language models by Alibaba
developed by Alibaba Cloud. Its latest version, Qwen3.8; the 2.4 trillion parameter model was the second largest and second most powerful open weights LLM
Qwen
Concept from geodesy
In geodesy and astrometry, earth orientation parameters (EOP) describe irregularities in the rotation of planet Earth. They are published by the International
Earth_orientation_parameters
Cosmological theory
Tegmark notes that a constructive mathematics formalized measure of free parameter variations of physical dimensions, constants, and laws over all universes
Mathematical universe hypothesis
Mathematical_universe_hypothesis
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
released July 2026, is the largest open weights model ever, at 2.8 trillion parameters. Moonshot releases the Kimi series of open weights large language models
Kimi_(AI)
Set of electromechanical parameters
Thiele/Small parameters (commonly abbreviated T/S parameters, or TSP) are a set of electromechanical parameters that define the specified low frequency
Thiele/Small_parameters
Filter used to construct a smooth analog signal from a digital input
interpolation, with kernel a cubic spline – this latter has a free parameter, with each value of the parameter yielding a different interpolation filter. These are
Reconstruction_filter
Geographic area where economic activity between and within countries is less regulated
A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone. It is a geographic area where goods may be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured
Free-trade_zone
Statistical theorem
respectively the number of free parameters of models alternative and null. For example: If the null model has 1 parameter and a log-likelihood of −8024
Wilks'_theorem
Ideal AI behavior if humans were maximally rational and knowledgeable
"a number of free parameters that could be specified in various ways, yielding different versions of the proposal." One such parameter is the extrapolation
Coherent extrapolated volition
Coherent_extrapolated_volition
Axisymmetric eigenfunctions
field and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is the force-free parameter, with the assumption of divergence free field, ∇ ⋅ H = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf
Chandrasekhar–Kendall function
Chandrasekhar–Kendall_function
Lattice model of polymer solutions
Huggins. In the most general case the mixing parameter, χ {\displaystyle \chi } , is a free energy parameter, thus including an entropic component. We first
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Place in Free State, South Africa
Bethany Bethany Location within Free State (South African province) Show map of Free State (South African province) Bethany Location within South Africa
Bethany,_Free_State
Theory of continuous phase transitions
order parameter as a descriptor of the essential character of the transition has proven transformative. Landau was motivated to suggest that the free energy
Landau_theory
Absence of government restriction on international trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports through legal barriers. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by
Free_trade
Tree-based ensemble machine learning methods
{f}})^{2}}{B-1}}}.} The number B of samples (equivalently, of trees) is a free parameter. Typically, a few hundred to several thousand trees are used, depending
Random_forest
Trace radiation from the early universe
George Gamow estimates 7 K based on a model that does not rely on a free parameter 1955 – Émile Le Roux of the Nançay Radio Observatory, in a sky survey
Cosmic_microwave_background
Statistical estimation method
typically include many free parameters. Given the limited length of standard macroeconomic datasets relative to the vast number of parameters available, Bayesian
Bayesian vector autoregression
Bayesian_vector_autoregression
Mathematical method for quicker estimation of probable outcomes
the parameter as a free parameter. Conversely, the stronger the evidence for the reduced model, the more confident we can be that the parameter did not
Bayesian_model_reduction
Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist (1844–1906)
observations (such as temperature and pressure) are related to microscopic parameters that fluctuate around an average. It connects thermodynamic quantities
Ludwig_Boltzmann
Machine learning kernel function
vectors of features computed from training or test samples and c ≥ 0 is a free parameter trading off the influence of higher-order versus lower-order terms in
Polynomial_kernel
Generalization of the concept from statistical mechanics
\{X_{1},X_{2},\dots \}} , while β {\displaystyle \beta } is a real-valued free parameter (conventionally, the inverse temperature). The sum over the x i {\displaystyle
Partition function (mathematics)
Partition_function_(mathematics)
Script file for Microsoft computer operating systems
the command-line interface by typing its name, followed by any required parameters and pressing the ↵ Enter key. When DOS loads, the file AUTOEXEC.BAT, when
Batch_file
Statistical technique
are restricted to being simple constants or free parameters, and cannot be functions of free parameters and data. Discontinuous models where the growth
Latent_growth_modeling
Concept in statistics
density for continuous random variables. The bandwidth of the kernel is a free parameter which exhibits a strong influence on the resulting estimate. To illustrate
Kernel_density_estimation
Model aviation involving no external control after launch
duration over multiple competition rounds, within various class parameters. The essence of free-flight is that the aircraft have no need for external control
Free_flight_(model_aircraft)
Quantum physics and chemistry phenomenon
quantum observable and depending on k {\displaystyle k} continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except on a manifold of dimension
Avoided_crossing
Branch of computational complexity theory
respect to multiple parameters of the input or output. The complexity of a problem is then measured as a function of those parameters. Then the theory analyses
Parameterized_complexity
Convolutional neural network structure
He believed that these results proved that minimizing the number of free parameters in the neural network could enhance the generalization ability of the
LeNet
Territory in Central Africa (1885–1908)
The Congo Free State (CFS), also known as the Independent State of the Congo (French: État indépendant du Congo), was a state and absolute monarchy in
Congo_Free_State
Statistical method
is the coefficient vector, and t {\displaystyle t} is a prespecified free parameter that determines the degree of regularization. Letting X {\displaystyle
Lasso_(statistics)
British dominion in Europe from 1922 to 1937
The Irish Free State (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its Irish name Saorstát Éireann, was the Irish state established in December 1922
Irish_Free_State
2015 video game
expansions, and all downloadable content included. A remastered version, which is free of charge for all existing owners, was released in September 2026, for Windows
The_Witcher_3:_Wild_Hunt
problem at hand, and reduce the number of free parameters. Small or large sizes of certain dimensionless parameters indicate the importance of certain terms
Non-dimensionalization and scaling of the Navier–Stokes equations
Non-dimensionalization_and_scaling_of_the_Navier–Stokes_equations
Problem in celestial mechanics
point F 2 {\displaystyle F_{2}} on the other branch of the hyperbola as free parameter the x-coordinate of F 2 {\displaystyle F_{2}} is (note that A {\displaystyle
Lambert's_problem
Type of feedforward neural network
each neuron in the second layer. Convolution reduces the number of free parameters, allowing the network to be deeper. For example, using a 5 × 5 tiling
Convolutional_neural_network
Structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body
parameter. Many of the observables depend only weakly on α {\displaystyle \alpha } , so this theory is predictive even though it has a free parameter
Accretion_disk
Problem in recreational mathematics
By this he meant that the Dyson's simulations relied on too many free parameters, presupposing an overfitting phenomenon. "Stunned" Dyson agreed with
Von_Neumann's_elephant
Conceptual scale
The break frequency (e.g. 700 Hz, 1000 Hz, or 625 Hz) is the only free parameter in the usual form of the formula. Some non-mel auditory-frequency-scale
Mel_scale
Mechanism of function calls in computers
implementation-level (low-level) scheme for how subroutines or functions receive parameters from their caller and how they return a result. When some code calls a
Calling_convention
Grammar model in linguistics
probabilities can be viewed as parameters of the model, and for large problems it is convenient to learn these parameters via machine learning. A probabilistic
Probabilistic context-free grammar
Probabilistic_context-free_grammar
Ferry sunk at Zeebrugge, Belgium in 1987
MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March
MS_Herald_of_Free_Enterprise
Group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors
zebras in Kenya. There are many applications in monitoring environmental parameters, examples of which are given below. They share the extra challenges of
Wireless_sensor_network
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
20197.x. S2CID 119182772. Neyrinck, Mark C. (29 Feb 2008). "ZOBOV: a parameter-free void-finding algorithm". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Void_(astronomy)
Model in particle physics
Standard Model gauge symmetries, B is a free parameter which can in principle take any arbitrary value. The parameter M is forbidden by electroweak gauge
Seesaw_mechanism
The density and potential need not be self-consistently related. A free parameter adjusts the degree of velocity anisotropy, from isotropic to completely
Osipkov–Merritt_model
Non-invasive measurement of a quantum system
{{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) White, Andrew G. (1998). ""Interaction-free" imaging". Physical Review A. 58 (1): 605–613
Interaction-free_measurement
Possible solution to the measurement problem
from standard quantum mechanics, the model can be tested. The only free parameter of the model is the size of the mass density distribution, given by
Diósi–Penrose_model
1854–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
The Orange Free State (Dutch: Oranje Vrijstaat [oːˈrɑɲə ˈvrɛistaːt]; Afrikaans: Oranje-Vrystaat [uˈraɲə ˈfrəistɑːt]) was a landlocked independent Boer
Orange_Free_State
Human research factorization and quantification system
human data and the model's output, free parameters are flexible to incorrectly fit data. -Free Parameter: The parameters of a model whose values are estimated
Human_performance_modeling
Programming language evaluation rules
specific notion of a parameter-passing strategy that defines the kind of value that is passed to the function for each parameter (the binding strategy)
Evaluation_strategy
Family of probability distributions related to the normal distribution
Bernoulli trials, n, is treated as a fixed constant – excluded from the free parameter(s) θ {\displaystyle \theta } – since the allowed number of trials sets
Exponential_family
US-funded international media outlet
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American state-funded media organization broadcasting news and analyses in 27 languages to 23 countries
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
traditional hope of physicists for a theory of everything having no free parameters. As Albert Einstein said: "What really interests me is whether God
Anthropic_principle
Energy level in particle physics
of the gauge group, the Higgs sector, the matter content or further free parameters. Furthermore, at the moment it seems fair to state that there is no
Grand_unification_energy
Indicator for how well data points fit a line or curve
qi are arbitrary values that may or may not depend on i or on other free parameters (the common choice qi = xi is just one special case), and the coefficient
Coefficient_of_determination
French artificial intelligence company
released in December 2025, a mixture of experts model with 675 billion parameters, of which 41 are active. Mistral released Le Chat, its chatbot, in February
Mistral_AI
simpler form of regression with a single free parameter ( f ( x ) = x + b {\displaystyle f(x)=x+b} ). The free parameter is then simply the average difference
Slope_One
Mathematical models of changing DNA
have been proposed. These substitution models differ in terms of the parameters used to describe the rates at which one nucleotide replaces another during
Models_of_DNA_evolution
Russian separatist organisation
Free Ingria (Russian: Свободная Ингрия) is a Saint-Petersburg based informal social movement of regionalists and separatists, also called political Ingrians
Free_Ingria
Concept in physics
formula equivalent to the Lorentz transformation, up to a non-negative free parameter, follows from just the relativity postulate itself, without first postulating
Postulates of special relativity
Postulates_of_special_relativity
Type of thermodynamic potential
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G {\displaystyle G} ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be
Gibbs_free_energy
Type of machine learning model
long chains of thought before returning a final answer. Many LLMs with parameter counts comparable to those of OpenAI's GPT series have been developed
Large_language_model
Parameter estimation method for probabilistic context-free grammars
probabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced by James K. Baker in 1979 as a generalization of the forward–backward algorithm for parameter estimation on
Inside–outside_algorithm
Connection on a vector bundle
x^{3}+y^{3}+z^{3}-\lambda xyz=0\;} . Here, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is a free parameter describing the curve; it is an element of the complex projective line
Gauss–Manin_connection
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FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
FREE PARAMETER
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