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See searches and references containing FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE!FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
Process by which genes shift in function
Functional divergence is the process by which genes, after gene duplication, shift in function from an ancestral function. Functional divergence can result
Functional_divergence
outcomes for single gene duplicates include: gene loss (non-functionalization), functional divergence, and conservation for increased genetic robustness. Otherwise
Gene_redundancy
Genetic process
Neofunctionalization, one of the possible outcomes of functional divergence, occurs when one gene copy, or paralog, takes on a totally new function after
Neofunctionalization
Evolution of different specialized function in two copies of a duplicated gene
(1999) and Force et al. (1999) as one of the possible outcomes of functional divergence that occurs after a gene duplication event, in which pairs of genes
Subfunctionalization
Theorem in calculus
In vector calculus, the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem or Ostrogradsky's theorem, is a theorem relating the flux of a vector field through
Divergence_theorem
Fleshy fruit with hard inner layer (endocarp or stone) surrounding the seed
(February 2017). "Evolution of dispersal strategies in conifers: Functional divergence and convergence in the morphology of diaspores". Perspectives in
Drupe
Eastern South Asian banana species
(2019). "Musa balbisiana genome reveals subgenome evolution and functional divergence". Nature Plants. 5 (8): 810–821. Bibcode:2019NatPl...5..810W. doi:10
Musa_balbisiana
of functional shift are heterotachous. The covarion hypothesis is a specific form of heterotachy. Some studies have proposed functional divergence models
Heterotachy
Measure of difference between two points
mathematics, specifically statistics and information geometry, a Bregman divergence or Bregman distance is a measure of difference between two points, defined
Bregman_divergence
Function that measures dissimilarity between two probability distributions
simplest divergence is squared Euclidean distance (SED), and divergences can be viewed as generalizations of SED. The other most important divergence is relative
Divergence_(statistics)
Reproduction without a sexual process
Popova, A. V.; Meersman, F.; MacHerel, D.; Hincha, D. K. (2007). "Functional Divergence of Former Alleles in an Ancient Asexual Invertebrate". Science.
Asexual_reproduction
Class of enzymes
S, Marvin KA, Stevens DJ, Paulsen KM, Burstyn JN (April 2015). "Functional divergence of heme-thiolate proteins: a classification based on spectroscopic
Cytochrome_P450
American geneticist and molecular biologist (born 1930)
Meersman, F.; Macherel, D.; Hincha, D. K.; Tunnacliffe, A. (2007). "Functional Divergence of Former Alleles in an Ancient Asexual Invertebrate". Science.
Matthew_Meselson
Concept in calculus of variations
mathematical analysis, the functional derivative (or variational derivative) relates a change in a functional (a functional in this sense is a function
Functional_derivative
Duplication of a gene sequence within a genome
Hox genes, has led to adaptive innovation. Rapid evolution and functional divergence have been observed at the level of the transcription of duplicated
Gene_duplication
Chromatin remodeling complex
combinations of the subunits that make up these modules determine the functional diversity of the complex, leading to the formation of subcomplexes such
Mammalian SWI/SNF (BAF) complex
Mammalian_SWI/SNF_(BAF)_complex
Human protein and coding gene
later evolved into a self-sustaining clock via gene duplication and functional divergence of clock genes. The kaiA/B/C gene clusters remain the oldest of
CLOCK
Medical condition
Brösamle D, Mickael ME (January 2018). "Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of the IgLON Family". Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online. 14 1176934318775081
Anti-IgLON5_disease
Cell surface proteins, part of the adaptive immune system
PMC 7938381. PMID 31700181. Viard M (2024). "Impact of HLA class I functional divergence on HIV control". Science. 383 (6680): 319–325. doi:10.1126/science
Major histocompatibility complex
Major_histocompatibility_complex
Class of enzymes
A phylogenetic analysis studying the structural evolution and functional divergence of the various OPR paralogues found seven conserved sub-families
12-oxophytodienoate_reductase
State of having undergone whole genome duplication in deep evolutionary time
021345. PMC 514152. PMID 15208399. Blanc G, Wolfe KH (July 2004). "Functional divergence of duplicated genes formed by polyploidy during Arabidopsis evolution"
Paleopolyploidy
Protein-coding gene in humans
Seimiya M, Schnupf P, Kurata S, Jaeger J, et al. (August 2004). "Functional divergence between eyeless and twin of eyeless in Drosophila melanogaster"
PAX6
Test for the divergence of an infinite series
In mathematics, the nth-term test for divergence is a simple test for the divergence of an infinite series: If lim n → ∞ a n ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to
Nth-term_test
Glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells
J, Liu Q, Wang Y, et al. (October 2010). "Evolutionary mode and functional divergence of vertebrate NMDA receptor subunit 2 genes". PLOS ONE. 5 (10) e13342
NMDA_receptor
sometimes still be found in genomes and are called pseudogenes. Functional divergence between the duplicate genes is another possible fate. There are
Evolution_by_gene_duplication
Family of transcription factors
gene duplication event. This duplication event may have led to functional divergence and it has been proposed that the TCP-P subfamily are transcriptional
TCP_protein_domain
Class of G protein-coupled receptors
Moriyama H, Hoffmann FG, Moriyama EN (2016). "Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors". PLOS ONE. 11 (3) e0151023
Trace amine-associated receptor
Trace_amine-associated_receptor
Assembly of microorganisms near plants
distinct host microhabitats and even different species. Given the functional divergence of microorganisms across different host species and microhabitats
Plant_microbiome
Species of bacteria
Ellen L. (March 2006). "CatM Regulation of the benABCDE Operon: Functional Divergence of Two LysR-Type Paralogs in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1". Applied
Acinetobacter_baylyi
Flowering hormone in plants
Nan H, Harigai K, Dong L, Zhu J, Lu S, et al. (August 2019). "Functional divergence between soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T orthologues FT2a and FT5a in post-flowering
Florigen
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMID 12081485. Le Du MH, Millan JL (2003). "Structural evidence of functional divergence in human alkaline phosphatases". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (51): 49808–14
Alkaline phosphatase, placental type
Alkaline_phosphatase,_placental_type
Plant surfaces as habitats for microorganisms
distinct host microhabitats and even different species. Given the functional divergence of microorganisms across different host species and microhabitats
Phyllosphere
Pakistani scientific researcher and professor
of Tehran, Iran. Scientific Journal p. 52 (1993). Structural and Functional Divergence of Proteins from Leaf – Nosed Viper (Eristocophis Macmahoni) Venom
Zafar_H._Zaidi
Unscientific healthcare practices
pseudo-medicine, unorthodox medicine, holistic medicine, fringe medicine, functional medicine, and unconventional medicine, with little distinction from quackery
Alternative_medicine
Research Professor, University of Georgia: Unraveling structural and functional divergence of cereal genomes. Doug Peacock, Writer, Green Valley, Arizona,
List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2007
List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_2007
from the historical record. These works typically feature a point of divergence (POD) from recorded history, a change that alters the subsequent course
Alternate_history
Homolog protein
relationship of inhibitory Smads: Structural flexibility contributes to functional divergence". Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics. 71 (4): 1853–1862
SMAD9
Class of enzymes
structural and functional constraints, which led to the evolution of different types of FMO's in order to perform a variety of functions. Divergence between
Flavin-containing monooxygenase
Flavin-containing_monooxygenase
Gene found in cyanobacteria
Variations in the C-terminal region of each of their proteins suggest functional divergence between the Kai clock proteins, however there are critical interdependencies
KaiC
Interactions among inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces
surfaces reverse their usual functionality (e.g., the rolling direction associated with a given aileron moment is reversed). Divergence occurs when a lifting
Aeroelasticity
Species of rotifers
Meersman; David Macherel; Dirk K. Hincha; Alan Tunnacliffe (2007). "Functional Divergence of Former Alleles in an Ancient Asexual Invertebrate". Science.
Adineta_ricciae
In Euclidean space, a measure of that set's "size"
equation with divergence form ∇ ⋅ ( A ∇ u ) = 0 {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (A\nabla u)=0} are minimizers of the associated energy functional I [ u ] = ∫
Capacity_of_a_set
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
structure of human angiogenin reveals the structural basis for its functional divergence from ribonuclease". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (8): 2915–9
Angiogenin
Protein family
2005. PMC 1084296. PMID 15831463. Lamb RS, Irish VF (May 2003). "Functional divergence within the APETALA3/PISTILLATA floral homeotic gene lineages". Proceedings
MADS-box
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
S2CID 2784688. Tian X, Pascal G, Monget P (2009). "Evolution and functional divergence of NLRP genes in mammalian reproductive systems". BMC Evol. Biol
NLRP8
Chemical compound
Chen, Shilin; Huang, Luqi; Peters, Reuben J. (November 2015). "Functional Divergence of Diterpene Syntheses in the Medicinal Plant Salvia miltiorrhiza1[OPEN]"
Sugiol
Protein-coding gene in humans
PMID 12919939. Le Du MH, Millan JL (December 2002). "Structural evidence of functional divergence in human alkaline phosphatases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry
ALPI
Set of several similar genes
similar sequences and functions, though a high degree of divergence (at the sequence and/or functional level) does not lead to the removal of a gene from a
Gene_family
Order of egg-laying mammals
that the divergence of the monotreme lineage from the Metatheria (marsupial) and Eutheria (placental) lineages happened prior to the divergence between
Monotreme
Type of derivative in mathematics
is the same as considering all partial derivatives simultaneously. In functional analysis, particularly in infinite dimensions, the derivative in this
Derivative (multivariable calculus)
Derivative_(multivariable_calculus)
Extrapolation method to detect common ancestors
pathways, adaptive selection, developmental gene expression, and functional divergence of the evolutionary past. For a review of biological and computational
Ancestral_reconstruction
Group of transport proteins
M, Stöhr H, Weber BH, Strauss O (October 2010). "Evolution and functional divergence of the anoctamin family of membrane proteins". BMC Evolutionary
Calcium-dependent chloride channel
Calcium-dependent_chloride_channel
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(1994). "Integrin alpha v beta 8. Interaction with vitronectin and functional divergence of the beta 8 cytoplasmic domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry
Integrin_beta_8
Infinite series that is not convergent
{1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{5}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}.} The divergence of the harmonic series was proven by the medieval mathematician Nicole
Divergent_series
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
NH(2)-terminal variable region of avian fast skeletal muscle troponin T: functional divergence on the basis of tolerance to structural drifting". Journal of Molecular
Troponin T, fast skeletal muscle
Troponin_T,_fast_skeletal_muscle
Plant gene encoding a Dicer-like protein
followed by lineage-specific retention. This duplication led to functional divergence between DCL3 and DCL5, with DCL3 primarily associated with heterochromatic
DCL5
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Vető B, Bernal JA, et al. (June 2016). "Evolutionary origin and functional divergence of totipotent cell homeobox genes in eutherian mammals". BMC Biology
CRX_(gene)
2019). "Musa balbisiana genome reveals subgenome evolution and functional divergence". Nature Plants. 1 (8): 810–821. Bibcode:2019NatPl...5..810W. doi:10
List of sequenced plant genomes
List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
S2CID 2784688. Tian X, Pascal G, Monget P (2009). "Evolution and functional divergence of NLRP genes in mammalian reproductive systems". BMC Evol. Biol
NLRP9
Differential calculus on function spaces
functions and functionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals: mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed
Calculus_of_variations
Method of differentiating single-term polynomials
Dirichlet Abel Vector Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Directional derivative Identities Theorems Gradient Green's Stokes' Divergence Generalized Stokes Helmholtz
Power_rule
Differentiation of similar species in the same region
niche divergence; seen even in broad niche overlaps. The specific periods of diet divergence are seen as the main cause of adaptive divergence in morphology
Character_displacement
Type of discrete calculus
x_{j})}}(F(x_{j},x_{i})-F(x_{i},x_{j}))}.} One can then define the weighted divergence operator on graphs via the adjoint operator as div w := − ∇ w ∗ {\displaystyle
Calculus on finite weighted graphs
Calculus_on_finite_weighted_graphs
Class of enzymes
JN, Sia EA, Culver GM, Rife JP (September 2009). "Structural and functional divergence within the Dim1/KsgA family of rRNA methyltransferases". Journal
18S rRNA (adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase
18S_rRNA_(adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase
2023 American action thriller television series
against Catherine's orders and takes Solomon from the safe house. 18 8 "Divergence" Nina Lopez Corrado Corey Deshon January 23, 2025 (2025-01-23) Tomás and
The_Night_Agent
Form of pseudoscientific alternative medicine
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 20 February 2024. pp. A10. Baer HA (1987). "Divergence and convergence in two systems of manual medicine: osteopathy and chiropractic
Chiropractic
Equations of motion for viscous fluids
\mathbf {u} } is the flow velocity, ∇ ⋅ {\textstyle \nabla \cdot \,} is the divergence, p {\textstyle p} is the pressure, t {\textstyle t} is time, τ {\textstyle
Navier–Stokes_equations
Study of language change over time
the historical changes that have resulted in the documented languages' divergences. Etymology studies the history of words: when they entered a language
Historical_linguistics
Mathematical problem in classical harmonic analysis
torus), or with the norm of the linear functional f → (Snf)(0) on C(T). Hence, this family of linear functionals on C(T) is unbounded, when n → ∞. In applications
Convergence_of_Fourier_series
Open source browser engine
multi-process browser architecture. Over the course of several years, the divergence from Apple's version increased, so Google decided to officially fork its
Blink_(browser_engine)
Study of differences between human genomes
phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence". Hum Genet
Human_evolutionary_genetics
Scientific study of digital information
well-specified asymptotic distribution. The Kullback–Leibler divergence (or information divergence, information gain, or relative entropy) is a way of comparing
Information_theory
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMID 15621049. Kovács M, Wang F, Hu A, Zhang Y, Sellers JR (October 2003). "Functional divergence of human cytoplasmic myosin II: kinetic characterization of the
MYL7
Differential operator in mathematics
Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean space. It is usually
Laplace_operator
Irish geneticist and academic
PMC 299690. PMID 3480529. Blanc, Guillaume; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2004). "Functional Divergence of Duplicated Genes Formed by Polyploidy during Arabidopsis Evolution"
Kenneth_H._Wolfe
phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence". Human Genetics
KRT41P
Software bug in which features stop working
associating the result of a regression test with code changes; setting divergence breakpoints; or using incremental data-flow analysis, which identifies
Software_regression
Statistics named for Richard von Mises
by a particular statistical functional of a probability distribution. Statistics that can be represented as functionals T ( F n ) {\displaystyle T(F_{n})}
V-statistic
Root of a phylogenetic tree
forms (Opluridae) were previously thought to be basal, with an estimated divergence date from the others of ~162 million years, not long before the time of
Basal_(phylogenetics)
Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans
mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both genes and various other types of functional DNA elements. The latter is a diverse category that includes regulatory
Human_genome
Point to which functions converge in analysis
Dirichlet Abel Vector Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Directional derivative Identities Theorems Gradient Green's Stokes' Divergence Generalized Stokes Helmholtz
Limit_of_a_function
Class of inequalities
\left(\int fd\mu \right)d\mu } This is equal to the (unnormalized) KL divergence by Ent μ ( f ) = D K L ( f d μ ‖ ( ∫ f d μ ) d μ ) {\textstyle \operatorname
Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities
Logarithmic_Sobolev_inequalities
physics, the Luttinger–Ward functional, proposed by Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger and John Clive Ward in 1960, is a scalar functional of the bare electron-electron
Luttinger–Ward_functional
neanderthalensis, or if H. sapiens is defined cladistically from the divergence from H. neanderthalensis, 0.3 based on the available fossil evidence.
Timeline_of_human_evolution
Programming language
used his functional abstract machine to develop a faster implementation of ML, and Robin Milner proposed a new definition of ML to avoid divergence between
OCaml
refers to any algorithm used to prove that a function in a non-strict functional programming language is strict in one or more of its arguments. This information
Strictness_analysis
Distance between two statistical objects
pseudometrics on distributions Kullback–Leibler divergence Rényi divergence Jensen–Shannon divergence Ball divergence Bhattacharyya distance (despite its name
Statistical_distance
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
S2CID 40372566. Tian X, Pascal G, Monget P (August 2009). "Evolution and functional divergence of NLRP genes in mammalian reproductive systems". BMC Evolutionary
NLRP11
Probability distribution
=e^{1-\lambda x}\}=e^{1-\lambda x}\end{aligned}}} The directed Kullback–Leibler divergence in nats of e λ {\displaystyle e^{\lambda }} ("approximating" distribution)
Exponential_distribution
Old Stone Age ''Homo sapiens''
authors considered subspecies of either H. sapiens or H. erectus). The divergence of the lineage leading to H. sapiens out of ancestral H. erectus (or an
Early_modern_human
Sociobiological approaches to linguistics
Linguistics (with capitalised initials), and 'functional' (adaptational) linguistics (not to be confused with functional linguistics) to confront both Chomsky
Evolutionary_linguistics
Formulation of classical mechanics
=\gamma (\tau ;t,t_{0},\mathbf {q} ,\mathbf {q} _{0})} into the action functional results in the Hamilton's principal function (HPF) S ( q , t ; q 0 , t
Hamilton–Jacobi_equation
Communities that support innovation
literature on innovation, they termed the first and third macro-processes the divergence (knowledge sharing, search activities, exploratory, and idea generation)
Communities_of_innovation
3D in vitro tissue culture system
generated by fusing different organoid/spheroid/cell-types to produce a functional integrated system. The first assembloid types were neural, but have since
Neural_organoid
Function acting on function spaces
Div (divergence), (with operator symbol ∇ ⋅ {\displaystyle {\nabla \cdot }} ) is a vector operator that measures a vector field's divergence from or
Operator_(mathematics)
Statement about integration on manifolds
\mathbb {R} ^{2}} or R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} , and the divergence theorem is the case of a volume in R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}
Generalized_Stokes_theorem
Operation in calculus
simultaneously generalizes the three theorems of vector calculus: the divergence theorem, Green's theorem, and the Kelvin-Stokes theorem. The discrete
Integral
British linguist
Systemic Functional Grammar: Convergence and Divergence. Equinox Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-78179-686-3. "What is a Systemic Functional Grammar, and
Robin_Fawcett
Species of starfish
of the mtDNA showed that there are two clades within L. guildingi. The divergence between these implies that they separated over a million years ago. This
Linckia_guildingi
Measure of distance to normality
analysis. The negentropy of a distribution is equal to the Kullback–Leibler divergence between Y {\displaystyle Y} and a Gaussian distribution with the same
Negentropy
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FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE
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