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Functional encryption (FE) is a generalization of public-key encryption in which possessing a secret key allows one to learn a function of what the ciphertext
Functional_encryption
American cryptographer (born 1974)
co-invention of indistinguishability obfuscation, attribute-based encryption, and functional encryption. In 2020, Sahai and collaborators resolved a central open
Amit_Sahai
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
Homomorphic encryption is a form of encryption that allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without first having to decrypt it. The result
Homomorphic_encryption
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
include fully homomorphic encryption, indistinguishability obfuscation, cryptographic multilinear maps, and functional encryption. Lattice problems Learning
Lattice-based_cryptography
Type of cryptographic software obfuscation
public-key cryptography and more exotic ones such as deniable encryption and functional encryption (which are types of cryptography that no-one previously knew
Indistinguishability obfuscation
Indistinguishability_obfuscation
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl], RAIN-dahl), is a specification for
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Cryptographer
(UCE) Big-key cryptography Chameleon hash functions Wiretap channel Functional encryption Electronic payment systems Batch verification On September 14, 2022
Mihir_Bellare
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
The Data Encryption Standard (DES /ˌdiːˌiːˈɛs, dɛz/) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of
Data_Encryption_Standard
American computer scientist
2005, Waters first proposed the concepts of attribute-based encryption and functional encryption with Amit Sahai. Brent Waters currently works as the director
Brent_Waters
NSA certification system
registered by NIST and published in a FIPS. NSA encryption systems, for a historically oriented list of NSA encryption products (most of them Type 1). NSA cryptography
NSA_product_types
W3C specification for XML element encryption
ISBN 978-1-4503-0948-6. Hirsch, F., ed. (11 April 2013). "Functional Explanation of Changes in XML Encryption 1.1". W3C. Somorovsky, J.; Schwenk, J. (June 2012)
XML_Encryption
Hypothesis in computational complexity theory
candidate for indistinguishability obfuscation and functional encryption (multilinear jigsaw puzzles) The most fundamental computational
Computational hardness assumption
Computational_hardness_assumption
Wireless radio communication protocol
connection for which they were created and usually serve as the functional encryption/decryption mechanism. A specific header field indicates which of
Wireless_USB
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Cryptosystems (e.g., El-Gamal encryption) are designed to provide particular functionality (e.g., public key encryption) while guaranteeing certain security
Cryptography
Computer scientist at UC Berkeley
Intelligence Laboratory developed CryptDB, a new technology for homomorphic encryption in SQL databases. A 2024 paper described CryptDB as "the first encrypted
Raluca_Ada_Popa
Israeli cryptographer (born 1966)
Waters (2013). "Candidate Indistinguishability Obfuscation and Functional Encryption for all Circuits". 2013 IEEE 54th Annual Symposium on Foundations
Shai_Halevi
End-to-end encrypted email service
Proton Wallet, Proton Meet, and Lumo AI. Proton Mail uses client-side encryption to protect email content and user data before they are sent to company
Proton_Mail
This is a technical feature comparison of different disk encryption software. Hidden containers: Whether hidden containers (an encrypted container (A)
Comparison of disk encryption software
Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software
Package of disk encryption software for Linux
of disk encryption software for Linux. Its implementation is a POSIX-compliant filesystem-level encryption layer, aiming to offer functionality similar
ECryptfs
Computer network protocol
VPNs use various forms of UDP for this same functionality. The PPTP specification does not describe encryption or authentication features and relies on the
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
Point-to-Point_Tunneling_Protocol
Aspect of US National Security Agency
National Security Agency took over responsibility for all US government encryption systems when it was formed in 1952. The technical details of most NSA-approved
NSA_encryption_systems
Discontinued source-available disk encryption utility
a discontinued source-available freeware utility used for on-the-fly encryption (OTFE). It can create a virtual encrypted disk within a file, encrypt
TrueCrypt
Precedent-setting American court case about freedom to publish encryption software
case brought by Peter Junger challenging restrictions on the export of encryption software outside of the United States. The Sixth Circuit court ruled that
Junger_v._Daley
Feature in Microsoft Windows
feature introduced in version 3.0 of NTFS that provides filesystem-level encryption. The technology enables files to be transparently encrypted to protect
Encrypting_File_System
Messaging and VoIP service owned by Meta
criticized for its lack of encryption, sending information as plaintext. Encryption was first added in May 2012. End-to-end encryption was only fully implemented
Swiss technology company
April 2024. Proton Drive is a cloud storage solution with end-to-end encryption, launched in September 2022 after being in beta testing since 2020. On
Proton_AG
United States legal doctrine
the 1990s, when the courts disputed the U.S. government's notion that encryption software constituted munitions, instead recognizing code's expressive
Code_as_speech
Software development tool for security
certificates – plus corresponding private keys, used for instance in TLS encryption. In IBM WebSphere Application Server and Oracle WebLogic Server, a file
Java_KeyStore
Standard for public key encryption and signing of MIME data
(Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard for public-key encryption and signing of MIME data. S/MIME is on an IETF standards track and defined
S/MIME
crypt was a file encryption tool that used an algorithm very close to the World War II Enigma cipher. Mcrypt provides the same functionality but uses several
Mcrypt
Transfer from the United States to another country of technology related to cryptography
period the market for cryptography was almost entirely military, the encryption technology (techniques as well as equipment and, after computers began
Export of cryptography from the United States
Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States
Privacy-focused encrypted messaging app
Android in 2023, the app now secures all communications with end-to-end encryption. The client software includes mechanisms by which users can independently
Signal_(software)
Simple encryption method
ROT26: equivalent to no encryption at all. 2ROT13 was included in a spoof academic paper entitled "On the 2ROT13 Encryption Algorithm". triple-ROT13:
ROT13
Java application programming interface
the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. It includes functionality for data encryption, server authentication, message integrity, and optional
Java_Secure_Socket_Extension
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
connections are achieved by encrypting the user's traffic (by using end-to-end encryption), and sending it through a volunteer-run network of roughly 55,000 computers
I2P
Dulhare, Uma N. (eds.). "Impact of Group Theory in Cryptosystem". Functional Encryption. Springer International Publishing: 19–36. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60890-3_2
Schnorr_group
Internet protocol used for relaying e-mails
submission from authenticated clients), both with or without encryption, and 465 with encryption for submission. Various forms of one-to-one electronic messaging
Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol
protocol for email clients aiming to simplify key exchange and enabling encryption. [citation needed] Version 1.0 of the Autocrypt specification was released
Autocrypt
Group of reports produced in an audit
need to know basis. Applies to various types of sensitive information. Encryption Access controls Firewalls Processing Integrity – system processing is
System and organization controls
System_and_organization_controls
Extension of a private network across a public one
network across a public network, such as the Internet, via the use of encryption and tunneling protocols. In a VPN, a tunneling protocol is used to transfer
Virtual_private_network
Hiding or perplexing genetic information by a computational method
DNA encryption is the process of hiding or perplexing genetic information by a computational method in order to improve genetic privacy in DNA sequencing
DNA_encryption
Computer program used to access and manage a user's email
spam. With no encryption, much like for postcards, email activity is plainly visible by any occasional eavesdropper. Email encryption enables privacy
Email_client
Methods used to protect cloud-based assets
Searchable encryption enables secure search on encrypted data. It has symmetric and public-key variants. While it supports functionality over encrypted
Cloud_computing_security
Mobile communication protocol based on mobile service
Phone Link. Google Messages was the first client to offer end-to-end encryption (E2EE) over RCS. E2EE using Messaging Layer Security (MLS) was added to
Rich_Communication_Services
users and strong encryption algorithms essentially make such functionality redundant. As the encryption keys used in hardware encryption are typically never
USB_flash_drive_security
Cloud computing and storage service from Apple
plans include iCloud+ providing additional features. Optional end-to-end encryption has been available since 2022 for all iCloud data, except Calendar, Contacts
ICloud
Authenticated encryption mode of operation for block ciphers
Offset codebook mode (OCB mode) is an authenticated encryption mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. OCB mode was designed by Phillip Rogaway
OCB_mode
Cross-platform instant messaging service
Linux, Wear OS, watchOS and web browsers. Telegram offers end-to-end encryption in voice and video calls, and optionally in private chats if both participants
Telegram_(software)
American software company
a program that combined PKZIP's data compression with enhanced encryption functionality, was released in 2004. In the following years, PKWARE continued
PKWare
System management software
tablets. As of 2011[update], Novell planned to include Full Disk Encryption (FDE) functionality within ZENworks. ZENworks supports multiple server platforms
ZENworks
Type of subroutine in computer science
Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec. IETF. November 1998. doi:10.17487/RFC2410. RFC 2410. Makes humorous statements about the NULL encryption
Null_function
fully functional. In contrast, the black-box model only provides an oracle access to the analyzed cryptographic primitive (in the form of encryption and/or
White-box_cryptography
image encryption scheme which was based on SCAN language. Later on, with the emergence of chaos-based cryptography hundreds of new image encryption algorithms
Chaotic_cryptology
Instant messaging app by Meta Platforms
standalone apps support using multiple accounts, conversations with end-to-end encryption, and playing games. There are also group chats where you can connect with
Facebook_Messenger
Type of standardized secure cryptoprocessors
from a trusted combination of hardware and software and storing disk encryption keys. A TPM 2.0 implementation is part of the Windows 11 system requirements
Trusted_Platform_Module
Network protocol for business-to-business data
document exchange is governed by aspects of WS-Security, including XML Encryption and XML Digital Signatures. Payload agnosticism refers to the document
AS4
Private Disk is a disk encryption application for the Microsoft Windows operating system, developed by Dekart SRL. It works by creating a virtual drive
Private_Disk
Type of data structure
2024-03-07. Merkle, R. C. (1988). "A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function". Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '87. Lecture Notes in Computer
Merkle_tree
Type of data transmitted by a web browser
and N to specify the encryption strength in the user agent string. Until 1996, when the United States government allowed encryption with keys longer than
User-Agent_header
Practice in cryptography
additional features such as multi-user functionality in such clients, both provide forward secrecy as well as deniable encryption. In Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Forward_secrecy
American cipher machine
ECM Mark II was a cipher machine used by the United States for message encryption from World War II until the 1950s. The machine was also known as the SIGABA
SIGABA
Medium to store keys for signing cryptocurrency transactions
of storing the keys, a cryptocurrency wallet more often offers the functionality of encrypting and/or signing information. Signing can for example result
Cryptocurrency_wallet
(called the host) to behave like another computer system. encryption In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding information. This process converts
Glossary_of_computer_science
Extension for Mozilla Thunderbird and SeaMonkey
cryptographic functionality is handled by GNU Privacy Guard. In their default configuration, Thunderbird and SeaMonkey provide e-mail encryption and signing
Enigmail
Telephone eavesdropping device
Some countries do not have encrypted phone data traffic (or very weak encryption), thus rendering an IMSI-catcher unnecessary.[citation needed] A virtual
IMSI-catcher
Social media platform owned by Meta
end-to-end encryption in Instagram direct messaging in May 2026. Following this change, messages are no longer protected by end-to-end encryption and are
standard for purchasing SFI Coding and Classification System provides a functional subdivision of technical and financial ship or rig information Shipdex
Maritime_data_standards
Management of cryptographic keys
generate the encryption keys can use them to access sensitive, regulated data. If a certificate authority is compromised or an encryption algorithm is
Key_management
Password management software
Password security auditing and breach monitoring On-device zero-knowledge encryption, using SQLCipher with a user-defined master password Enpass vaults are
Enpass
Cryptographic hash function
GMAC HMAC NMAC OMAC/CMAC PMAC Poly1305 SipHash UMAC VMAC Authenticated encryption modes CCM ChaCha20-Poly1305 CWC EAX GCM IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack
Skein_(hash_function)
System for establishing wireless connection
client, where an RC4 tunnel is created. The AP creates four SSIDs and encryption keys for AES, TKIP, WEP128, and WEP64 generated from a random key script
AOSS
key email encryption and signing. It integrates with the default email client Apple Mail under macOS and the actual cryptographic functionality is handled
GPG_Mail
Set of telecommunications standards
to transfer data as well as voice for more natural implementations of encryption and text messaging. P25 radios are commonly implemented by dispatch organizations
Project_25
Network protocol for virtual terminals
Shell (SSH) protocol. SSH provides much of the functionality of telnet, with the addition of strong encryption to prevent sensitive data such as passwords
Telnet
Stream cipher
in software in mind, where fully optimized implementations achieve an encryption cost of up to 3.7 cpb on a Pentium 3, and of 9.7 cpb on an ARM7. However
Rabbit_(cipher)
Software framework of Linux kernel
of the logical volume manager (LVM), software RAIDs and dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots. Device
Device_mapper
Study of the properties of codes and their fitness
Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense
Coding_theory
International standard
which encryption algorithms may be used for encrypting PINs. The approved algorithms are: Triple Data Encryption Algorithm RSA; Advanced Encryption Standard
ISO_9564
Form of computer communication over the internet or locally
group. Privacy can also be enhanced in several ways, such as end-to-end encryption by default. Public and group chat features allow users to communicate
Instant_messaging
Email client for Windows
the first program start, encryption can be activated and the master password can be set. The AES algorithm is used for encryption in the CBC process (Cipher
The_Bat!
FreeBSD software framework
chain of geom layers. For example, on top of the geom_mirror module an encryption module can be added, such as geom_eli to provide a mirrored and encrypted
GEOM
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
secret key. Global deduction – the attacker discovers a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption, but without learning the key. Instance
Cryptanalysis
information from unwanted access. Information rights management solutions use encryption to prevent unauthorized access. A key or password can be used to control
Information_rights_management
World Wide Web Consortium cryptography standard
operations, such as hashing, signature generation and verification and encryption as well as decryption from within a web application. On 26 January 2017
Web_Cryptography_API
Cloud storage and file synchronization service
and enabled encryption for data in transit between its data centers in November. However, Google Drive did not provide client-side encryption until 2021
Google_Drive
Voice over IP software comparison
SIP provider. Some SIP providers do not support certain encryption protocols. Only the encryption related source code is open. Only on the network connection
Comparison_of_VoIP_software
Standard identification for Active Duty United States Defense personnel
The CAC also satisfies the requirements for digital signature and data encryption technologies: authentication, integrity and non-repudiation. The CAC is
Common_Access_Card
Encryption standard
documents augment its functionality, one example being PGP/MIME which defines the use of OpenPGP in email via MIME. OpenPGP's encryption can ensure the secure
OpenPGP
Copy-on-write file system developed by Apple
supports full disk encryption, and file encryption with the following options: no encryption single-key encryption multi-key encryption, where each file
Apple_File_System
UK law to regulate online content
the UK market rather than weaken their encryption. Nevertheless, the provisions pertaining to end-to-end encryption weakening were not removed from the Act
Online_Safety_Act_2023
Data encryption and verification system
pretty Easy privacy (p≡p or pEp) was a pluggable data encryption and verification system that provided automatic cryptographic key management through a
Pretty_Easy_privacy
Set of command-line utilities for Linux
and newer. uswsusp supports image checksumming, data compression, disk encryption, and integration with Splashy and fbsplash. "Details of package uswsusp
Uswsusp
Dynamic intelligent currency encryption (DICE) is a technological concept designed to enhance the security of paper currency. The system tracks and monitors
Dynamic intelligent currency encryption
Dynamic_intelligent_currency_encryption
Secure voice terminal
the same connectors, with similar functional pinouts, as the VINSON for the wideband operational modes. NSA encryption systems FNBDT "NRL and the Advanced
ANDVT
Short-range wireless technology standard
using a single encryption key longer than this time allows simple XOR attacks to retrieve the encryption key. Turning off encryption is required for
Bluetooth
Former telecommunications service (2007–2013)
choose a phone number from three countries (US, UK and France). Voice call encryption PC-Phone (Multiple) Conference calls Yahoo Messenger VoIP Comparison of
Yahoo_Voice
Activist advocating widespread use of strong cryptography
decentralized money. The movement has also contributed to the mainstreaming of encryption in everyday technologies, such as secure messaging apps and privacy-focused
Cypherpunk
Content decryption key
created in 2022, regroup CAM formerly managed by Neotion and SmarDTV. Some encryption systems for which CAMs are available are Logiways, Nagravision, Viaccess
Conditional-access_module
infrastructure security and data encryption to users of Oracle databases. Network encryption (native network encryption and SSL/TLS) and strong authentication
Oracle_Advanced_Security
Group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors
secure data aggregation are confidentiality and integrity of data. While encryption is traditionally used to provide end to end confidentiality in wireless
Wireless_sensor_network
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance