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Largest structures in the universe, made of galaxies
In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like
Galaxy_filament
Galaxy found in a cosmological void
A void galaxy is a galaxy located in a cosmological void. Few galaxies exist in voids; most are located in sheets, walls and filaments that surround voids
Void_galaxy
Local supercluster home to the Milky Way
It is part of the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a very large galaxy filament. A 2014 study indicated that the Virgo Supercluster is only a part
Virgo_Supercluster
Concept in cosmology
Stars are organized into galaxies, which in turn form galaxy groups, galaxy clusters, superclusters, sheets, walls and filaments, which are separated by
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
between filaments (the largest-scale structures in the universe), which contain very few or no galaxies. In spite of their size, most galaxies are not
Void_(astronomy)
Cosmic structure formed by a galaxy filament
Great Wall (SGW) is a cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies (a galaxy filament). Its discovery was announced from Princeton University on October
Sloan_Great_Wall
of galaxy formation and evolution. 2020 – The South Pole Wall is a massive cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies (a galaxy filament) that
Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure
Timeline_of_knowledge_about_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large-scale_structure
Large-scale structure in the observable universe seen in 2021
discovered by Lopez, may be part of the same large-scale structure, with a galaxy filament potentially connecting the two structures. In February 2025, a team
Giant_Arc
Anglo-Australian Telescope survey, 1997–2002
In astronomy, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (Two-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Survey), 2dF or 2dFGRS is a redshift survey conducted by the Australian
2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey
Galaxy filament in the constellations Pavo, Indus and Telescopium
galaxy filament in the constellations of Pavo, Indus, and Telescopium. It was first defined by astronomer Brent Tully in his book The Nearby Galaxies
Telescopium−Grus_Cloud
approximately 9.46 trillion kilometres). This list includes superclusters, galaxy filaments and large quasar groups (LQGs). The structures are listed based on
List of largest cosmic structures
List_of_largest_cosmic_structures
Topics referred to by the same term
thread-like structures, including: Galaxy filament, the largest known cosmic structures in the universe Solar filament, a solar prominence seen against
Filament
Galaxy filament
The Coma Filament is a galaxy filament. The filament contains the Coma Supercluster of galaxies and forms a part of the CfA2 Great Wall. Abell catalogue
Coma_Filament
Electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang
isotropic. A slight detectable anisotropy is present which correlates to galaxy filaments and voids. In 1965, while investigating an unexplained excess noise
Cosmic_background_radiation
Region of gravitational attraction in the local universe
component of a complex network of filaments, clusters, voids, and gravitational basins. Evidence that nearby galaxies were not following a perfectly uniform
Great_Attractor
Galaxy filament containing the Perseus-Pisces Supercluster
The Perseus–Pegasus Filament is a galaxy filament containing the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster and stretching for over a billion light-years (or over 300/h
Perseus–Pegasus_Filament
Immense galaxy filament
sometimes specifically referred to as the CfA2 Great Wall, is an immense galaxy filament. It is one of the largest known superstructures in the observable universe
CfA2_Great_Wall
Cosmological model
fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, is progressively torn apart by the gravitational
Big_Rip
Large group of smaller galaxy clusters or galaxy groups
objects List of largest cosmic structures Galaxy Galaxy groups and clusters Galaxy cluster Galaxy filament Galaxy group Illustris project Large-scale structure
Supercluster
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
invisible. A galaxy at a given comoving distance is defined to lie within the "observable universe" if we can receive signals emitted by the galaxy at any age
Observable_universe
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
hole. During gravitational collapse of most massive stars and centers of galaxies, a black hole forms. The matter in a black hole continues to contract.
Black_hole_cosmology
Series of galaxy clusters and a major component of the Virgo Supercluster
The Crater Cloud is a galaxy filament consisting of at least 11 galaxy groups. It is located approximately 23.31 Mpc (76 Mly) from the Solar System. The
Crater_Cloud
Cosmological time duration
thus determining that they were galaxies, similar to, but external to, the Milky Way Galaxy. In addition, these galaxies were very large and very far away
Age_of_the_universe
Galaxy filament
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament (LUM Filament) is a galaxy filament. The filament is connected to and separate from the Lynx–Ursa Major Supercluster. Abell, G
Lynx–Ursa_Major_Filament
Galaxy filament
The Southern Supercluster Strand is a galaxy filament that encompasses the Southern Supercluster and the Telescopium−Grus Cloud. In 2014, it was announced
Southern_Supercluster_Strand
Italian physicist and astronomer (1564–1642)
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Galileo_Galilei
Series of galaxy clusters
Groups, Leo II Cloud, or simply the Leo Cloud is a galaxy filament consisting of at least 18 galaxy groups. It is located approximately 86 Mly (26 Mpc)
Leo_Cloud
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
clumped into blobs along narrow filaments with superclusters of galaxies forming a cosmic web at scales on which entire galaxies appear like tiny particles
Dark_matter
Theories about the end of the universe
Observations made by astronomer Edwin Hubble during the 1930s–1950s found that galaxies appeared to be moving away from each other, leading to the currently accepted
Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
chauvinism. Any form of life or any form of heavy atom, stone, star, or galaxy would do; nothing specifically human or anthropic is involved. The anthropic
Anthropic_principle
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
much lower than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, it dominates the universe's mass–energy content because it is
Dark_energy
Subfield of cosmology
first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies. Galaxy formation
Galaxy formation and evolution
Galaxy_formation_and_evolution
Massive cosmic structure
Wall) is a massive cosmic structure formed by a giant wall of galaxies (a galaxy filament) that extends across at least 1.37 billion light-years of space
South_Pole_Wall
Galaxy supercluster complex containing the Virgo Supercluster
Supercluster Complex (Pisces–Cetus SCC) or the local superstructure is a galaxy supercluster complex (SCC) that includes the Virgo Supercluster as its outlying
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
Pisces–Cetus_Supercluster_Complex
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
consequence of incoming light from distant galaxies, or even from clouds of dust surrounding our own galaxy. Modern proponents of one or more of the multiverse
Multiverse
§ Stellar streams Superclusters Galaxy filament Void galaxy Galaxies named after people Largest galaxies Nearest galaxies Galactic year – duration of time
Outline_of_galaxies
Fluctuations in the density of the normal matter of the universe
ripples in matter density that would form galaxies. Therefore, one would expect to see a greater number of galaxy pairs separated by the sound horizon distance
Baryon_acoustic_oscillations
Galaxy filament
Ursa Major Filament is a galaxy filament. The filament is connected to the CfA Homunculus, a portion of the filament forms a portion of the "leg" of the
Ursa_Major_Filament
Aspect of physical cosmology
space—accelerates the expansion of the universe, then the space between clusters of galaxies will grow at an increasing rate. Redshift will stretch ancient ambient
Future of an expanding universe
Future_of_an_expanding_universe
Physical theory of the cosmos
elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, the redshift of galaxies and the large-scale structure of the universe. The observed uniformity
Big_Bang
English theoretical physicist (1942–2018)
Faccio, Daniele (2010). "Hawking radiation from ultrashort laser pulse filaments". Physical Review Letters. 105 (20) 203901. arXiv:1009.4634. Bibcode:2010PhRvL
Stephen_Hawking
Barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group
The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy and is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way. It was originally named the Andromeda Nebula and is cataloged
Andromeda_Galaxy
Possible fate of the universe
in the universe are thought to have been concentrated in stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, and are presumed to continue to do so well into the future
Heat_death_of_the_universe
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
To any observer in the universe, it appears that all but the nearest galaxies (which are bound to each other by gravity) move away at speeds that are
Expansion_of_the_universe
Possible large cosmic structure
simply the Great Wall or the Great Gamma-Ray Burst Wall is a putative galaxy filament that, if confirmed, would be one of the largest known structures in
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall
Hercules–Corona_Borealis_Great_Wall
Measurement of distance
not change in time except due to local factors, such as the motion of a galaxy within a cluster. Proper distance roughly corresponds to where a distant
Comoving_and_proper_distances
System of stars and interstellar matter
Andromeda Galaxy. The group is part of the Virgo Supercluster. At the largest scale, these associations are generally arranged into sheets and filaments surrounded
Galaxy
Theories in particle physics and cosmology
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Brane_cosmology
American astronomer (1889–1953)
to be clouds of dust and gas and classified as "nebulae" were actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way. He used the strong direct relationship between a
Edwin_Hubble
Everything in space and time
all directions. At smaller scales, galaxies are distributed in clusters and superclusters, which form immense filaments and voids in space, creating a vast
Universe
Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Nicolaus_Copernicus
Model for the origin of the universe
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Big_Bounce
Nearby small galaxy filement
is a nearby galaxy filament and an extragalactic region of space where the Milky Way, the members of the Local Group, and other galaxies share a similar
Local_Sheet
Study of the universe
resolved when Edwin Hubble detected Cepheid Variables in the Andromeda Galaxy in 1923 and 1924. Their distance established spiral nebulae well beyond
Cosmology
superstructure known as a galaxy filament or galaxy wall. It is a long filament of galaxies with a major axis longer than its minor one. The filament contains not
Fornax_Wall
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
microwave background; the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies; the observed abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and
Lambda-CDM_model
Scientific theory of the origin of chemical elements
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Alpher–Bethe–Gamow_paper
Theory that the universe is the same in all directions
observation is that the farthest galaxies (earlier time) are often more fragmentary, interacting and unusually shaped than local galaxies (recent time), suggesting
Cosmological_principle
Cosmological models involving indefinite, self-sustaining cycles
a consistent cyclic cosmology. In 2011, a five-year survey of 200,000 galaxies and spanning 7 billion years of cosmic time confirmed that "dark energy
Cyclic_model
History and future of the universe
past. Light from distant galaxies is emitted in the past then travels at the speed of light: knowledge about a distant galaxy is limited to one point in
Chronology_of_the_universe
Large quasar group consisting of 34 quasars
connected by hidden intergalactic filament; however, no such evidence has been found. CfA2 Great Wall Galaxy filament Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall
Clowes–Campusano_LQG
Hypothesized early universe process
D; Turner, Michael S (11 June 1981). "Baryosynthesis and the origin of galaxies". Nature Physics. 291 (5815): 469–472. Bibcode:1981Natur.291..469B. doi:10
Baryogenesis
Local and global geometry of the universe
sphere. It is plausible that the galaxies within the observable universe represent only a minuscule fraction of the galaxies in the universe. According to
Shape_of_the_universe
Galaxy with an annular appearance
structure. Polar-ring galaxies may form through cold accretion, as gas from the galaxy filament flows into the disk and halo regions of a galaxy early in evolution
Ring_galaxy
Principle that humans are not privileged observers of the universe
or non-uniform structures up to the scale of galactic superclusters, filaments and great voids. In the current Lambda-CDM model, the predominant model
Copernican_principle
American theoretical physicist and cosmologist
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Alan_Guth
Cosmological model in which the universe does not expand
chronometric cosmology. Similar to Zwicky, he ascribed the red shift of distant galaxies to curvature in the cosmos. Though he claimed vindication in astronomic
Static_universe
Hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe
distances of galaxies and paired them with Vesto Slipher and Milton Humason's measurements of red shifts associated with those galaxies. He discovered
Big_Crunch
Change in wavelength of light
with observations in 1912, Vesto Slipher discovered that the Andromeda Galaxy had a blue shift, indicating that it was moving towards the Earth. Slipher
Redshift
American astronomer (1928–2016)
pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates. She uncovered the discrepancy between the predicted and observed angular motion of galaxies by studying galactic
Vera_Rubin
Series of galaxy clusters
Groups, Virgo III Cloud, or the Virgo-Libra Cloud is a galaxy filament consisting of at least 13 galaxy groups. It is located approximately 87 Mly (27 Mpc)
Virgo_III_Cloud
Hypothetical vacuum, less stable than true vacuum
inflationary universe model Void – Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies Quantum cosmology – Attempts to develop a quantum mechanical
False_vacuum
Largest known gravitationally bound object in universe; aggregation of galaxies
gas. Fossil galaxy group Galactic orientation Galaxy filament Illustris project Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale
Galaxy_groups_and_clusters
Supercluster of galaxies in the Pisces constellation
light years). It consists of at least 43 galaxy clusters, and has the mass of 2 × 1016 M☉, forming a galaxy filament. The supercluster was named after the
Saraswati_Supercluster
Basin of attraction home to the Milky Way
Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament. Dipole repeller – Center of effective repulsion in the large-scale flow of galaxies near the Milky Way Illustris
Laniakea_Supercluster
Cosmic superstructure; galaxy hypercluster
Quipu is a cosmic superstructure, a wall of galaxies or galaxy hypercluster composed of knots of galaxy clusters. As of 2025, it is the largest known
Quipu_(cosmic_structure)
American physicist (1881–1948)
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Richard_C._Tolman
Large astronomical structure
universe. LQGs are thought to be precursors to the sheets, walls and filaments of galaxies found in the relatively nearby universe. On January 11, 2013, the
Large_quasar_group
Process during the early universe
doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00031-4. ISSN 0370-1573. Longair, M.S. (2008). Galaxy formation (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-73477-2. Mangano,
Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
American astronomer (born 1936)
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Robert_Woodrow_Wilson
Unit of length in astronomy
Milky Way's, is about 200 Mpc (650 million ly) from the Earth. The galaxy filament Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, which is since November 2013 the
Parsec
Aspect of the history of modern physical cosmology
35 centimetres (4,080 MHz) did not come from the Earth, the Sun, or our galaxy. After thoroughly checking their equipment, removing some pigeons nesting
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation
Equation describing the universe's density contrast
autocorrelation function describes the probability of a galaxy at a distance r {\displaystyle r} from another galaxy, the matter power spectrum decomposes this probability
Matter_power_spectrum
American theoretical physicist (1904–1968)
in which he developed equations for the mass and radius of a primordial galaxy (which typically contains about one hundred billion stars, each with a mass
George_Gamow
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall in the deep sky, a giant galaxy filament that is the largest known structure in the observable universe, covering
Cygnus_(constellation)
Ring-shaped large-scale structure near the constellation Boötes
current understanding of the universe." BOSS Great Wall CfA2 Great Wall Galaxy filament Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall Huge-LQG List of largest cosmic
Big_Ring
Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician (1888–1925)
Hubble published the redshift vs distance relationship showing that all the galaxies in the neighborhood recede at a rate proportional to their distance, formalizing
Alexander_Friedmann
American physicist (1933–2024)
PMID 17729659. Penzias, Arno A. (1980). "Nuclear Processing and Isotopes in the Galaxy". Science. 208 (4445): 663–669. Bibcode:1980Sci...208..663P. doi:10.1126/science
Arno_Allan_Penzias
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond the Milky Way; then, work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that
Physical_cosmology
Multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey
4 million objects. The main galaxy sample has a median redshift of z = 0.1; there are redshifts for luminous red galaxies as far as z = 0.7, and for quasars
Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey
American astrophysicist (1945–2025)
contradicted observations of the universe, with various structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters indicating that the universe was relatively heterogeneous
George_Smoot
Model of the universe – alternative to the Big Bang model
objects would be found throughout the universe, including close to our own galaxy. By 1961, statistical tests based on radio-source surveys provided strong
Steady-state_model
Cosmological epoch c. 370,000 years after the Big Bang
on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Longair, Malcolm (2008). Galaxy Formation. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-73477-2. Maoz, Dan (2016). Astrophysics
Recombination_(cosmology)
Cosmological phenomenon
the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time. The accelerated
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
Large Quasar Group
polarization vectors on scales larger than 500 Mpc. CfA2 Great Wall Galaxy filament The Giant Arc Large-scale structure of the cosmos Pisces–Cetus Supercluster
Huge-LQG
Spectral distortion of cosmic microwave background in galaxy clusters
background (CMB) through inverse Compton scattering by high-energy electrons in galaxy clusters, in which the low-energy CMB photons receive an average energy
Sunyaev–Zeldovich_effect
German astronomer and mathematician (1571–1630)
energy Dark matter Photons Baryons Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large-scale structure Reionization
Johannes_Kepler
Constellation straddling the celestial equator
to be the most distant cluster of galaxies yet discovered. The Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex is a galaxy filament that is one of the largest known
Cetus_(constellation)
One of the largest superstructures in the observable universe
several smaller superclusters as well. The elongated superclusters form galaxy walls, with the larger of the two having a diameter of 186/h Mpc (supercluster
BOSS_Great_Wall
Galaxy that orbits a larger galaxy due to gravitational attraction
satellite galaxy is a smaller companion galaxy that travels on bound orbits within the gravitational potential of a more massive and luminous host galaxy (also
Satellite_galaxy
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GALAXY FILAMENT
GALAXY FILAMENT
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GALAXY FILAMENT
GALAXY FILAMENT
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GALAXY FILAMENT
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