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Neutrinoless double beta decay experiment
The Germanium Detector Array (or GERDA) experiment was searching for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) in Ge-76 at the underground Laboratori Nazionali
Germanium_Detector_Array
Theorized type of radioactive decay
decay has not yet been found. The Germanium Detector Array (GERDA) collaboration's result of phase I of the detector was a limit of T β β 0 ν > 2.1 ⋅ 10
Neutrinoless double beta decay
Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay
Cologne, PSI and RIKEN (HiCARI). Miniball is a high-resolution germanium detector array, specifically designed to work with low-intensity radioactive ion
Miniball_experiment
Physics apparatus designed to study neutrinos
medium. Other detectors have consisted of large volumes of chlorine or gallium which are periodically checked for excesses of argon or germanium, respectively
Neutrino_detector
Device measuring ionizing radiation
radiation detection physics, a semiconductor detector is a device that uses a semiconductor (usually silicon or germanium) to measure the effect of incident charged
Semiconductor_detector
Two-terminal electronic component
available In February 1946 Silvania Electric introduced a crystal detector that used Germanium instead of Silicon. The first models used also a ceramic case
Diode
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
most modern electronics. Some examples of semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the so-called "metalloid staircase"
Semiconductor
Chemical element with atomic number 32 (Ge)
Germanium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon
Germanium
Instrument that can measure properties of X-rays
efficiency than CR. Since the 1970s, silicon or germanium doped with lithium (Si(Li) or Ge(Li)) semiconductor detectors have been developed. X-ray photons are
X-ray_detector
Quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources
detected gamma ray. Common detector materials include sodium iodide (NaI) scintillation counters, high-purity germanium detectors such as Bismuth germanate
Gamma_spectroscopy
AGATA gamma-ray detector
AGATA, for Advanced GAmma Tracking Array, is a High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) semiconductor detector array for γ-ray spectroscopy that is based on the novel
AGATA_(gamma-ray_detector)
A clover detector is a gamma-ray detector that consists of 4 coaxial N-type high purity germanium (Ge) crystals each machined to shape and mounted in a
Clover_(detector)
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing Crystal detectors from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. With this
Transistor
British physicist
with bismuth germanate. TESSA 2 had 6 germanium detectors, but TESSA 3 was upgraded to 16 germanium detectors. "Peter John Twin, Wetherill Award". The
Peter_J._Twin
Neutrino detector at the South Pole
kilometer. Similar to its predecessor, the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), IceCube consists of spherical optical sensors called digital
IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory
Sensors of light or other electromagnetic energy
radiation detectors can operate in direct-conversion (or photoconductive) mode at room temperature, unlike some other materials (particularly germanium) which
Photodetector
Observatory
Telescope (BUST), located 300 m (980 ft) below the surface, the gallium–germanium neutrino telescope (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment, SAGE) located
Baksan_Neutrino_Observatory
Physics facility at CERN
a gamma-ray spectroscopy setup consisting of a high-resolution germanium detector array. The experiment is used to analyse the decays of short-lived nuclei
ISOLDE
Converts light into current
their greater bandgap, silicon-based photodiodes generate less noise than germanium-based photodiodes. Binary materials, such as MoS2, and graphene emerged
Photodiode
level. Here is a non-exhaustive list of neutrino experiments and neutrino detectors. ^[a] Accelerator neutrino (AC), Active galactic nuclei neutrino (AGN)
List_of_neutrino_experiments
Solid-state photodetector
Paul and G.S. Buller "High performance planar germanium-on-silicon single-photon avalanche diode detectors" Nature Communications 10, 1086 (2019) - DOI:
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
is a problem that may appear when high-resolution detectors (usually germanium semiconductor detectors) are used in beta decay studies. It can affect the
Pandemonium_effect
Material which glows when excited by ionizing radiation
Luskin et al. (2023). "Large active-area superconducting microwire detector array with single-photon sensitivity in the near-infrared", Appl. Phys. Lett
Scintillator
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
others work on the diffusion of impurities into silicon. Unlike Kilby's germanium-based design, Noyce's version was fabricated from silicon using the planar
Integrated_circuit
Inorganic chemical compound of bismuth, germanium and oxygen
It is the most common oxide-based scintillator. Bismuth germanium oxide is used in detectors in particle physics, aerospace physics, nuclear medicine
Bismuth_germanate
Physics exploration experiment
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (or WIMPs). Using an array of semiconductor detectors at millikelvin temperatures, CDMS has at times set the most
Cryogenic_Dark_Matter_Search
First successful type of transistor, developed in 1947
experiment, carried out on December 16, 1947, consisted of a block of germanium, a semiconductor, with two very closely spaced gold contacts held against
Point-contact_transistor
Dark matter research project
to screen all parts of the detector for radioactivity. The screening was performed using high-purity Germanium detectors. In a few cases mass spectrometry
XENON
Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
electronic properties of a semiconductor material (primarily silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors) for its function
Semiconductor_device
German physicist (1850–1918)
only later that the electron tube replaced the crystal detector, although devices like germanium diodes continued to be used in simpler receivers for some
K._Ferdinand_Braun
Very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting
as a modification of a method developed by William Gardner Pfann for germanium. In the vertical configuration molten silicon has sufficient surface tension
Float-zone_silicon
high-purity germanium (HPGe) clover detectors, which can be retracted and inserted manually and one HPGe Miniball cluster detector. These detectors form a
ISOLDE Decay Station experiment
ISOLDE_Decay_Station_experiment
Early type of semiconductor rectifier
of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide, germanium or selenium. They were used in power applications to convert alternating
Metal_rectifier
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
Images can be generated by combining a microscope with linear or 2-D array detectors. The spatial resolution can approach 5 microns with tens of thousands
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
NASA infrared space telescope (2003–2020)
short-wavelength modules. The 70 μm detector used gallium-doped germanium technology, and the 160 μm detector also used gallium-doped germanium, but with mechanical
Spitzer_Space_Telescope
Chemical element with atomic number 52 (Te)
PMID 20448173. S2CID 29231392. Saha, Gopal B. (2001). "Cadmium zinc telluride detector". Physics and radiobiology of nuclear medicine. New York: Springer. pp
Tellurium
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
However, study of avalanche breakdown, micro-plasma defects in silicon and germanium and the investigation of optical detection using p-n junctions predate
Avalanche_photodiode
Intentional introduction of impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor
amounts of solid elements from the nitrogen column of the periodic table to germanium to produce rectifying devices. The demands of his work on radar prevented
Doping_(semiconductor)
Semiconductor diode
used in high-frequency applications as detectors, mixers and nonlinear elements, and have superseded germanium diodes. They are also suitable for electrostatic
Schottky_diode
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
circuits. The germanium transistor was more common in the 1950s and 1960s but has a greater tendency to exhibit thermal runaway. Since germanium p-n junctions
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Telescope that uses infrared light
the 1950s, scientists used lead-sulfide detectors to detect the infrared radiation from space. These detectors were cooled with liquid nitrogen. Between
Infrared_telescope
Transistor using different semiconductor materials
silicon, gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide, while silicon / silicon-germanium alloys, aluminum gallium arsenide / gallium arsenide, and indium phosphide
Heterojunction bipolar transistor
Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor
Chemical compound
used for photovoltaic arrays for satellite applications. Later, dual- and triple-junction solar cells based on GaAs with germanium and indium gallium phosphide
Gallium_arsenide
Type of bipolar junction transistor
The germanium alloy-junction transistor, or alloy transistor, was an early type of bipolar junction transistor, developed at General Electric and RCA
Alloy-junction_transistor
2006–2011 dark matter experiment in England
scintillation), which is detected by the same array of photomultipliers. These systems are also known as xenon 'emission detectors'. This configuration is that of a
ZEPLIN-III
designators for them. Examples of Pro Electron type designators are: AD162 – Germanium power transistor for audio frequency use BY133 – Silicon rectifier BZY88C5V1
Pro_Electron
Alloy
signal. The physical mating of the HgCdTe detector array to the ROIC is often referred to as a "focal plane array". In contrast, in a bolometer, light heats
Mercury_cadmium_telluride
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components
Rectifier
Space Shuttle experiment package
of bismuth germanate in gamma-ray detectors, the suitability of n-type, high-purity germanium gamma-ray detectors for space, the performance of an advanced
AFP-675
Type of transistor
mainly due to problems with the surface states, the dangling bond, and the germanium and copper compound materials. In the course of trying to understand the
Field-effect_transistor
Diode that works using quantum tunneling
with valence band hole states on the P-side. They are usually made from germanium, but can also be made from gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide (GaSb)
Tunnel_diode
X-ray detectors that are sensitive over a broad range of energies. Established semiconductor detector technology based on silicon and germanium have excellent
High energy X-ray imaging technology
High_energy_X-ray_imaging_technology
pure germanium "crystal" mixer diodes, used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave radar receivers. A parallel project on germanium diodes
History_of_the_transistor
Branch of physics and electrical engineering
online sales in 2017. Karl Ferdinand Braun's development of the crystal detector, the first semiconductor device, in 1874 and the identification of the
Electronics
Research nuclear reactor in Australia
thermal neutrons. One of the main features is the array of 128 collimators and position sensitive detectors for rapid data acquisition. ECHIDNA allows for
Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor
Open-pool_Australian_lightwater_reactor
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm
microwave frequencies. The first modern silicon and germanium diodes were developed as microwave detectors in the 1930s, and the principles of semiconductor
Microwave
British physicist
ProSPECTus includes two cryogenically cooled semiconductor detectors (made of silicon and germanium). Harkness joined the faculty of the University of Liverpool
Laura_Harkness-Brennan
Semiconductor laser
so-called "direct bandgap" semiconductors. The properties of silicon and germanium, which are single-element semiconductors, have bandgaps that do not align
Laser_diode
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
arsenide (GaAs) or indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and germanium (Ge) can be fabricated on germanium wafers. Early cells used straight gallium arsenide in
Multi-junction_solar_cell
Indian public sector defence company
equipment in 1956, BEL started manufacturing receiving valves in 1961, germanium semiconductors in 1962, and radio transmitters for All India Radio in
Bharat_Electronics
Device for generating microwaves
difficult to use in phased array systems. Frequency also drifts from pulse to pulse, a more difficult problem for a wider array of radar systems. Neither
Cavity_magnetron
Scientific facility in Canfranc, Spain
detection experiment LU, Low-level γ spectroscopy with High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors, a radiopurity experimemt CUNA, an underground nuclear astrophysics
Canfranc Underground Laboratory
Canfranc_Underground_Laboratory
Primitive type of bipolar junction transistor
six months after the first bipolar point-contact transistor. The first germanium prototypes were made in 1949. Bell Labs announced Shockley’s grown-junction
Grown-junction_transistor
Laser with a variable wavelength
first infrared laser with a tunability of more than one octave was a germanium crystal laser. The range of applications of tunable lasers is extremely
Tunable_laser
Swedish physicist (born 1931)
securing funds for TESSA I, a 32-crystal germanium detector that was the largest high-resolution γ-ray array in Europe at the time. Its finer energy and
Hans_Ryde
American experimental physicist
"X-Ray Observations of MeV Electron Precipitation with a Balloon-Borne Germanium Spectrometer". Geophysical Research Letters. 29 (24): 47-1 – 47-4. Bibcode:2002GeoRL
Robyn_Millan
triode for amplification, along with two diodes, one typically for use as a detector and the other as a rectifier for automatic gain control, in one envelope
Double_diode_triode
Planned dark matter search experiment
Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array (EURECA) is a planned dark matter search experiment using cryogenic detectors and an absorber mass of up to 1 tonne
European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array
European_Underground_Rare_Event_Calorimeter_Array
Practical physics application
dissipate energy in the form of heat within the crystalline silicon and germanium diodes, but in gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium phosphide
Light-emitting_diode_physics
Chemical compound
CMOS-technology wafers, and the possibility of processing complex detectors, such as the focal plane arrays for imagers. In fact, this has been the most important
Lead_selenide
Telescope carried by a balloon
atmosphere. Multiple cosmic-ray, neutrinos, and particle observatories and detectors were also launched on balloons. Balloon-borne telescopes have been used
Balloon-borne_telescope
American inventor (1873–1961)
amplifier comes now the Bell Laboratories’ transistor, a three-electrode germanium crystal of amazing amplification power, of wheat-grain size and low cost
Lee_de_Forest
Electronic component
constructed by connecting two rectifiers, such as the copper-oxide or germanium-oxide rectifier in antiparallel configuration. At low voltage the varistor
Varistor
Observing low-mass stellar particles
Gallium to Germanium conversion has also been used. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory built in 2010 in the south pole is the biggest neutrino detector, consisting
Neutrino_astronomy
Type of field-effect transistor
layer. In the strained layer, the germanium content increases linearly to around 40-50%. This concentration of germanium allows the formation of a quantum
High-electron-mobility transistor
High-electron-mobility_transistor
Dark matter search experiment in France
experiment uses cryogenic detectors, measuring both the phonon and ionization signals produced by particle interactions in germanium crystals. This technique
EDELWEISS
Telescope to observe Gamma-ray sky
telescope uses an array of twelve germanium detectors with high spectral resolution to detect gamma rays. On its bottom half the detector is surrounded by
Nuclear_Compton_Telescope
Device that prevents a transistor from saturating
now known as Baker clamps. One of those clamp circuits used a single germanium diode to clamp a silicon transistor in a circuit configuration that is
Schottky_transistor
Research center
reconstruction system), GALILEO (Hyper pure Germanium gamma-ray detector system, that can be complemented by scintillator detectors) and EXOTIC (a device for light
Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro
Laboratori_Nazionali_di_Legnaro
Camera and spectrometer on the James Webb Space Telescope
slitless spectroscopy from 5 to 12 μm light wavelength. The LRS uses Ge (germanium) and ZnS (zinc sulfide) prisms to cause spectroscopic dispersion. Commissioning
Mid-Infrared_Instrument
Australian computer scientist and physicist
deep-space missions. There, he discovered that the stability of the silicon–germanium (Si-Ge) thermoelectric alloy was controlled by a soliton-based precipitation
Neil_J._Gunther
European space telescope for observing gamma rays
SPI has a coded mask of hexagonal tungsten tiles, above a detector plane of 19 germanium crystals (also packed hexagonally). The high energy resolution
INTEGRAL
Particle physics laboratory in Canada
spectrometer are the Hyper-pure Germanium detectors used to observe gamma rays emitted from excited states of daughter nuclei. The Detector of Recoils And Gammas
TRIUMF
Electronic oscillator circuit
present in magmatic quartz, less common in hydrothermal quartz), and germanium(IV) (substitution). Sodium and iron ions can cause inclusions of acnite
Crystal_oscillator
Optical diode invented by Jun-Ichi Nishizawa
in the telecom wavelength range (~1500 nm), and are typically made of germanium or InGaAs. They feature fast response times (higher than their p-n counterparts)
PIN_diode
reducing to 0 near the emitter (keeping the dopant concentration constant). Germanium diffused junction transistors were used by IBM in their Saturated Drift
Drift-field_transistor
Part of computer memory
bipolar DRAM, storing 180-bit data on discrete memory cells, consisting of germanium bipolar transistors and capacitors. MOS technology is the basis for modern
Memory_cell_(computing)
Type of field-effect transistor
and Intel—induce strain in the silicon channel by incorporating silicon-germanium (SiGe) in nearby regions or applying stress engineering techniques, thereby
MOSFET
Type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953
strip of N-type germanium base material. This process would etch away and form circular well depressions on each side of the N-type germanium base material
Surface-barrier_transistor
Field-effect transistor device
John Wallmark of RCA filed a patent for a thin film MOSFET in which germanium monoxide was used as a gate dielectric. Paul K. Weimer, also of RCA implemented
Thin-film_transistor
drive is controlled by doping concentration and not by gate capacitance. Germanium has been used instead of silicon nanowires. Kranti, A.; Yan, R.; Lee,
Junctionless nanowire transistor
Junctionless_nanowire_transistor
Deep geological repository for radioactive waste
Project detectors called Segmented Enriched Germanium Assembly (SEGA) and Multiple Element Germanium Array (MEGA); these were prototype detectors used to
Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
crystal absorber such as germanium. Experiments using this technology include SuperCDMS and EDELWEISS. Noble liquid detectors detect scintillation and
Dark_matter
Timing oscillator
MEMS resonator research. Significant effort has been invested in silicon-germanium (SiGe) for its low temperature fabrication and aluminium nitride (AlN)
Microelectromechanical system oscillator
Microelectromechanical_system_oscillator
Nuclear research facility in Mumbai, India
supermirror, Nb-based superconducting RF cavities, high purity Germanium detector, 2-D neutron detectors, cryogen-free superconducting magnets, electromagnetic
Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre
Spectroscopic technique
and appropriate detectors must be used depending on the exciting wavelength. Germanium or Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detectors are commonly used
Raman_spectroscopy
Type of transistor
The unijunction transistor was invented as a byproduct of research on germanium tetrode transistors at General Electric. It was patented in 1953. Commercially
Unijunction_transistor
Electronic circuits that utilize digital signals
working integrated circuit on 12 September 1958. Kilby's chip was made of germanium. The following year, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor invented
Digital_electronics
American physicist and semiconductor pioneer
Hughes Aircraft Company in 1952 and was involved in pioneering research on germanium and silicon bipolar transistors. He filed five patents during this period
Warren_P._Waters
Semiconductor technology
processes have been extended to include high mobility devices using silicon–germanium junctions. Bipolar transistors offer high speed, high gain, and low output
BiCMOS
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Angel; In Each Detection
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
A Director; A Leader; A Guide
Boy/Male
Indian
The guide, Director, Leader
Boy/Male
Muslim
The guide, Director, Leader
Boy/Male
Muslim
The guide, Director, Leader
Girl/Female
Greek
Crane.
Boy/Male
Finnish, French, German, Latin, Swedish
Brotherly
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Guiding to the Right; Director; Guide
Boy/Male
Indian
The guide, Director, Leader
Boy/Male
Celebrity, Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Lord Ayyappa's Related Name; Famous Tamil Actor and Director Name also
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Telugu, Traditional
Moon Detector
Male
Egyptian
, chief, director.
Boy/Male
Muslim
The guide, Director, Leader
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Director; Leader; Guide to Righteousness
Boy/Male
Arabic, French
Director; Leader; Guide to Righteousness
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Director guide
Boy/Male
Indian
The guide, Director, Leader
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Princes; Lords; Chiefs Title of the Prophet Muhammad's Director Descendants
Male
Egyptian
, a royal scribe and director of soldiers.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girichandra | கீரீசஂதà¯à®°Â
Moon detector
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Child; Baby
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Hazard.
Female
English
Scottish pet form of Norman French Alison, ALLIE means "noble sort."
Boy/Male
Muslim
The world
Boy/Male
Indian
Friend of Nation
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of Italian Michelangelo, a compound name MIHANGEL means both "who is like God?" and "angel, messenger."Â
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Australian, Greek
Peace
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ruby, Pearl
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Winning with Piecefull
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
GERMANIUM DETECTOR-ARRAY
n.
One who, or that which, detects; a detecter.
imp. & p. p.
of Detect
n.
A detractor.
n.
A director.
n.
One who, or that which, detects or brings to light; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal; a detector.
n.
A rare element, recently discovered (1885), in a silver ore (argyrodite) at Freiberg. It is a brittle, silver-white metal, chemically intermediate between the metals and nonmetals, resembles tin, and is in general identical with the predicted ekasilicon. Symbol Ge. Atomic weight 72.3.
n.
A characteristic of the Germans; a characteristic German mode, doctrine, etc.; rationalism.
v. t.
To uncover; to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as, to detect a crime or a criminal; to detect a mistake in an account.
v. t.
To make German, or like what is distinctively German; as, to Germanize a province, a language, a society.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Germanize
n.
An idiom of the German language.
n.
An organ in which the ova are developed in certain Turbellaria.
n.
A female detractor.
n.
The act of detecting; the laying open what was concealed or hidden; discovery; as, the detection of a thief; the detection of fraud, forgery, or a plot.
a.
Detected.
n.
Of or pertaining to Germany; as, the Germanic confederacy.
imp. & p. p.
of Germanize
n.
A cultivated pelargonium.
n.
The dove's-foot geranium (Geranium molle).
a.
Pertaining to, or containing, germanium.