AI & ChatGPT searches , social queries for INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Search references for INTEGRATED CIRCUIT. Phrases containing INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
See searches and references containing INTEGRATED CIRCUIT!
Search references for INTEGRATED CIRCUIT. Phrases containing INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
See searches and references containing INTEGRATED CIRCUIT!INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip or simply chip, is a compact assembly of electronic circuits formed from various electronic components
Integrated_circuit
Microchip manipulating light instead of electricity
photonic integrated circuit (PIC) or integrated optical circuit is a microchip containing two or more photonic components that form a functioning circuit. This
Photonic_integrated_circuit
Set of analog electronic circuits on a single semiconductor
A linear integrated circuit or analog chip is a set of miniature electronic analog circuits formed on a single piece of semiconductor material. The voltage
Linear_integrated_circuit
Unpackaged integrated circuit
the context of integrated circuits, a die (or silicon die) is a block of semiconducting material on which a given functional circuit is fabricated. Typically
Die_(integrated_circuit)
Final stage of semiconductor device fabrication
Integrated circuit packaging is the final stage of semiconductor device fabrication, in which the die is encapsulated in a supporting case that prevents
Integrated_circuit_packaging
Pocket-sized card with authentication circuitry
A smart card (SC), chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC or IC card), is a card used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit
Smart_card
Integrated circuit customized for a specific task
An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC /ˈeɪsɪk/) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than intended for
Application-specific integrated circuit
Application-specific_integrated_circuit
Integrated circuit
A mixed-signal integrated circuit is any integrated circuit that has both analog circuits and digital circuits on a single semiconductor die. Their usage
Mixed-signal integrated circuit
Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit
The first planar monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip was demonstrated in 1960. The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born
Invention of the integrated circuit
Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit
Computer component
A power management integrated circuit (PMIC) is a multi-function integrated circuit that is used to perform power conversion and control power distribution
Power management integrated circuit
Power_management_integrated_circuit
Electronic circuits that utilize digital signals
gates, used to represent more complex ideas, are often packaged into integrated circuits. Complex devices may have simple electronic representations of Boolean
Digital_electronics
Open source analog electronic circuit simulator
with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a general-purpose, open-source analog electronic circuit simulator. It is a program used in integrated circuit and
SPICE
Type of miniature electronic circuit
A hybrid integrated circuit (HIC), hybrid microcircuit, hybrid circuit or simply hybrid is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual
Hybrid_integrated_circuit
Alphanumeric LCD controller
The HD44780 is an integrated circuit which serves as an alphanumeric dot matrix LCD controller and driver. It was developed by Hitachi in the 1980s. The
HD44780_(integrated_circuit)
Engineering process for electronic hardware
Integrated circuit design, semiconductor design, chip design or IC design, is a sub-field of electronics engineering, encompassing the particular logic
Integrated_circuit_design
Integrated circuit composed of several vertically stacked chips
A three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) is a MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) integrated circuit (IC) manufactured by stacking as many as 16 or more
Three-dimensional integrated circuit
Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit
Integrated circuits and certain other electronic components are put into protective packages to allow easy handling and assembly onto printed circuit
List of electronic component packaging types
List_of_electronic_component_packaging_types
The following is a list of CMOS 4000-series digital logic integrated circuits. In 1968, the original 4000-series was introduced by RCA. Although more
List of 4000-series integrated circuits
List_of_4000-series_integrated_circuits
Chinese National Fund
The China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund (ICF; Chinese: 国家集成电路产业投资基金; pinyin: Guójiā Jíchéng Diànlù Chǎnyè Tóuzī Jījīn), also known as the
China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund
Serial communication bus
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit; pronounced as "eye-squared-see" or "eye-two-see"), alternatively known as I2C and IIC, is a synchronous, multi-master/multi-slave
I2C
Representation of an integrated circuit's components as planar shapes
integrated circuit design, integrated circuit (IC) layout, also known IC mask layout or mask design, is the representation of an integrated circuit in
Integrated_circuit_layout
Series of transistor–transistor logic integrated circuits
series is a popular logic family of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits (ICs). In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the SN5400 series of
7400-series integrated circuits
7400-series_integrated_circuits
Device that controls current between electrodes
with the electron emitter formed on a flat silicon substrate, as in integrated circuit technology. This subject is now called vacuum nanoelectronics. The
Vacuum_tube
Structures that connect circuit elements in an integrated circuit
In integrated circuits (ICs), interconnects are structures that connect two or more circuit elements (such as transistors) together electrically. The design
Interconnect (integrated circuits)
Interconnect_(integrated_circuits)
Standardized computer chip nomenclature
The Soviet integrated circuit designation is an industrial specification for encoding the names of integrated circuits manufactured in the Soviet Union
Soviet integrated circuit designation
Soviet_integrated_circuit_designation
Company that designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuit products
An integrated device manufacturer (IDM) is a semiconductor company which designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuit (IC) products. IDM is often
Integrated device manufacturer
Integrated_device_manufacturer
The following is a list of LM-series integrated circuits. Many were among the first analog integrated circuits commercially produced since late 1965;
List of LM-series integrated circuits
List_of_LM-series_integrated_circuits
Advanced packaging technique
A 2.5D integrated circuit (2.5D IC) is an advanced packaging technique that combines multiple integrated circuit dies in a single package without stacking
2.5D_integrated_circuit
Manufacturing process used to create integrated circuits
the process used to manufacture semiconductor devices, typically integrated circuits (ICs) such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and memories (such
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor_device_fabrication
Series of CMOS logic integrated circuits
The 4000 series is a CMOS logic family of integrated circuits (ICs) first introduced in 1968 by RCA. It was slowly migrated into the 4000B buffered series
4000-series integrated circuits
4000-series_integrated_circuits
Programmable machine that processes data
and finally monolithic integrated circuits (1950s+). With each technology advancement resulting in smaller, more efficient circuit designs that lead to
Computer
1980s U.S. government research program
The Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Program was a United States Department of Defense (DOD) research program that ran from 1980 to 1990. Its
Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Program
Very_High_Speed_Integrated_Circuit_Program
Technical standard for piezoelectric sensors
IEPE standard. Other proprietary names for the same principle are Integrated Circuit Piezo-electric (ICP), Constant Current Line Drive (CCLD), IsoTron
Integrated Electronics Piezo-Electric
Integrated_Electronics_Piezo-Electric
Electrical circuit with active components
(a printed circuit board or PCB) and solder the components to these interconnections to create a finished circuit. In an integrated circuit or IC, the
Electronic_circuit
Chinese state-owned DRAM manufacturer
Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit Co. Ltd., or JHICC (Chinese: 晋华集成电路; pinyin: jìnhuá jíchéng diànlù), is a Chinese state-owned DRAM manufacturer based
Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit
Fujian_Jinhua_Integrated_Circuit
list of 7400-series digital logic integrated circuits. In the mid-1960s, the original 7400-series integrated circuits were introduced by Texas Instruments
List of 7400-series integrated circuits
List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits
Design and fabrication of semiconductors
semiconductors and semiconductor devices, such as transistors and integrated circuits. Its roots can be traced to the invention of the transistor by Shockley
Semiconductor_industry
Device performing a Boolean function
completeness Integrated injection logic Karnaugh map Combinational logic List of 4000 series integrated circuits List of 7400 series integrated circuits Logic
Logic_gate
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the rectifier circuit, the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a uniform
Rectifier
Digital logic gate type
interchangeable. This substitution is convenient when a circuit is being implemented using simple integrated circuit chips which contain only one gate type per chip
OR_gate
Hardware description language
VHDL using VITAL: A tutorial". Proceedings of the IEEE 1995 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference. pp. 603–610. doi:10.1109/CICC.1995.518256. ISBN 0-7803-2584-2
VHDL
Type of field-effect transistor
of the device, notably ease of fabrication and its application in integrated circuits. Silicon remains the primary semiconductor in CMOS devices, but to
MOSFET
Serial communication protocol for two-channel digital audio
Inter-Integrated Circuit Sound (I²S, I2S or IIS) is a serial bus for transmitting two-channel, digital audio as pulse-code modulation (PCM) between integrated
I2S
Discrete device in an electronic system
networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick film devices. The
Electronic_component
Semiconductor diode
2012-10-21. Retrieved 2013-01-14. Johns, David A. and Martin, Ken. Analog Integrated Circuit Design (1997), Wiley. Page 351. ISBN 0-471-14448-7 Couto, O. D. D
Schottky_diode
Semiconductor light source
LEDs resemble standard LEDs but they contain an integrated voltage regulator and a multivibrator circuit that causes the LED to flash with a typical period
Light-emitting_diode
Type of resistor, usually with three terminals
example of a non-contact potentiometer can be found with the AS5600 integrated circuit. However, absolute encoders must also use similar principles, although
Potentiometer
Chinese fabless semiconductor manufacturing company
(JVs), Chengdu Haiguang Microelectronics (HM) and Chengdu Haiguang Integrated Circuit Design (HICD). HMC was 51% owned by AMD and 49% by Hygon while HICD
Hygon_Information_Technology
Branch of physics and electrical engineering
engineering which uses active devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to convert
Electronics
Electronic component
conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed specifically to add capacitance to some part of the circuit. The physical form and
Capacitor
System designed to maintain a constant voltage
are available as integrated circuits. These chips come in either fixed or adjustable voltage types. Examples of some integrated circuits are the 723 general
Voltage_regulator
USB Protocol
2010-07-06, assigned to Dpd Patent Trust Ltd. "Specification for Integrated Circuit(s) Cards Interface Devices Revision 1.1". usb.org. USB Implementers
CCID_(protocol)
Specialized electronic circuit that accelerates graphics
graphics memory. IGPs can be integrated onto a motherboard as part of its northbridge chipset, or on the same die (integrated circuit) with the CPU, such as
Graphics_processing_unit
Engineering process
process of circuit design can cover systems ranging from complex electronic systems down to the individual transistors within an integrated circuit. One person
Circuit_design
Surface mount variant of DIP
A small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) is a surface-mounted integrated circuit (IC) package which occupies an area about 30–50% less than an equivalent
Small outline integrated circuit
Small_outline_integrated_circuit
Vacuum tube used to display images
CRT needs two deflection circuits: a horizontal and a vertical circuit, which are similar except that the horizontal circuit runs at a much higher frequency
Cathode_ray_tube
Canadian government agency
activity include patents, trademarks, copyright, industrial designs and integrated circuit topographies. Structurally, CIPO functions as a special operating
Canadian Intellectual Property Office
Canadian_Intellectual_Property_Office
Devices that measure magnetic field strength using the Hall effect
industrial and consumer applications. Hundreds of millions of Hall sensor integrated circuits (ICs) are sold each year by about 50 manufacturers, with the global
Hall_effect_sensor
Pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions
and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may
Electronic_symbol
Type of solid-state switch
power-switching circuits, relay-replacement circuits, inverter circuits, oscillator circuits, level-detector circuits, chopper circuits, light-dimming circuits, low-cost
Thyristor
Type of transistor
the body terminal in circuit designs, but its presence is important when setting up the physical layout of an integrated circuit. The size of the gate
Field-effect_transistor
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
individually, but many more in miniature form are found embedded in integrated circuits. Because transistors are the key active components in practically
Transistor
Board to support and connect electronic components
printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors. This invention also represents a step in the development of integrated circuit technology, as
Printed_circuit_board
Multi-transistor electronics configuration
collector. Integrated Darlington pairs come packaged singly in transistor-like packages or as an array of devices (usually eight) in an integrated circuit. A
Darlington_transistor
American electrical engineer (1923–2005)
Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor, in the realization of the first integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments in 1958. For this invention, Kilby
Jack_Kilby
IP protections for computer hardware
Layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits are a field in the protection of intellectual property. In United States intellectual property law
Integrated circuit layout design protection
Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection
Integrated circuit used for reading detectors of a particular type
A readout integrated circuit (ROIC) is an integrated circuit (IC) specifically used for reading detectors of a particular type. They are compatible with
Readout_integrated_circuit
Four-layer solid-state current-controlling device
light-dimming circuits, phase-control circuits, AC power-switching circuits, AC motor control circuits, etc. Bipolar junction transistor Crowbar (circuit) DIAC
Silicon_controlled_rectifier
Central computer component that executes instructions
operating systems and virtualization. Most modern CPUs are implemented on integrated circuit (IC) microprocessors, with one or more CPUs on a single IC chip. Microprocessor
Central_processing_unit
American semiconductor company
without it cracking. The company had difficulty solving the problem of integrated circuit packaging: adhering the silicon to a motherboard, receiving power
Cerebras_Systems
Number of transistors in a device
single substrate or silicon die). It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors
Transistor_count
Standard identification for Active Duty United States Defense personnel
PDF417 stacked barcode is displayed on the bottom left corner. An integrated circuit chip (ICC) is placed near the bottom-middle of the front of the card
Common_Access_Card
Location identifier for a circuit component
location of a component within an electrical schematic or on a printed circuit board. The reference designator usually consists of one or two letters
Reference_designator
Type of electronic component package
transistor-style packages became a limitation in the use of integrated circuits. Increasingly complex circuits required more signal and power supply leads (as observed
Dual_in-line_package
The following is a list of countries by integrated circuit exports. Data is for 2024, in thousands of United States dollars and tons. Data is for 2023
List of countries by integrated circuit exports
List_of_countries_by_integrated_circuit_exports
Electronic circuit element implementing a filter
MOS (CMOS) process. Common applications of MOS SC circuits include mixed-signal integrated circuits, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) chips, analog-to-digital
Switched_capacitor
Electronics with semiconductor components
equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which
Solid-state_electronics
Transistor using different semiconductor materials
HBTs made of InP/InGaAs are ideal for monolithic optoelectronic integrated circuits. A PIN-type photo detector is formed by the base-collector-subcollector
Heterojunction bipolar transistor
Heterojunction_bipolar_transistor
Converts light into current
Investigation of radiation effects on semiconductor devices and integrated circuits[dead link], DNA-TR-88-221 Iniewski, Krzysztof (ed.) (2010), Radiation
Photodiode
American semiconductor designer and manufacturer
manufactured the first transistor radio. Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at TI's Central Research Labs. TI also invented
Texas_Instruments
Electronic numeric display device
Nixies. LEDs are better suited to the low voltages that semiconductor integrated circuits typically use, which was an advantage for devices such as pocket
Nixie_tube
Two-terminal electronic component
The vast majority of all diodes are the p–n diodes found in CMOS integrated circuits, which include two diodes per pin and many other internal diodes
Diode
Series of Canon digital camera processors
Digital Imaging Integrated Circuit (often styled as "DiG!C") is Canon Inc.'s name for a family of signal processing and control units for digital cameras
DIGIC
Disturbance in an electrical circuit due to external sources of radio waves
(MILSTD). Integrated circuits are often a source of EMI, but they must usually couple their energy to larger objects such as heatsinks, circuit board planes
Electromagnetic_interference
Integrated circuit card for mobile devices
A SIM card or SIM (subscriber identity module) is a type of integrated circuit, often in the form of a smart card. They are intended to securely store
SIM_card
Method for producing electronic circuits
paper/plastic tapes wound on reels or plastic tubes. Some large integrated circuits are delivered in static-free trays. Numerical control pick-and-place
Surface-mount_technology
American integrated circuit manufacturer
It became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor
Fairchild_Semiconductor
Photolithographic tool
Photomasks are commonly used in photolithography for the production of integrated circuits (ICs or "chips") to produce a pattern on a thin wafer of material
Photomask
Family of digital circuits
logic was the dominant semiconductor technology for large-scale integrated circuits before being superseded by NMOS and CMOS devices. Mohamed Atalla
PMOS_logic
Representation of a signal as a rectangular wave with varying duty cycle
periodically (it is connected directly or indirectly to the clock of the circuit) and is reset at the end of every period of the PWM. When the counter value
Pulse-width_modulation
The Chinese semiconductor industry, including integrated circuit design and manufacturing, forms a major part of mainland China's electric technology industry
Semiconductor industry in China
Semiconductor_industry_in_China
Reconfigurable digital circuit element
several PALs linked by programmable interconnections, all in one integrated circuit. CPLDs can replace thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of logic
Programmable_logic_device
Microwave signal amplifier
electron laser allows higher frequencies. A TWT integrated with a regulated power supply and protection circuits is referred to as a traveling-wave-tube amplifier
Traveling-wave_tube
MOS field-effect transistor with more than one gate
Independent-Gate FinFETs for Low Power Logic Circuits". IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems. 30 (3): 337–349. doi:10
Multigate_device
Surface-mount packaging that uses an array of solder balls
(BGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging (a chip carrier) used for integrated circuits. BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as microprocessors
Ball_grid_array
Components licensed as modules in larger integrated circuit designs
core), IP core or IP block is a reusable unit of logic, cell, or integrated circuit layout design that is the intellectual property of one party. IP cores
Semiconductor intellectual property core
Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core
Smart card used to uniquely identify a mobile device on a cellular network
The universal integrated circuit card (UICC) is the physical smart card (integrated circuit card) used in mobile terminals in 2G (GSM), 3G (UMTS), 4G
Universal integrated circuit card
Universal_integrated_circuit_card
Process of starting a computer
minicomputers, was tedious and had to be error-free. The introduction of integrated circuit read-only memory (ROM), with its many variants, including mask-programmed
Booting
Creating an integrated circuit by combining many transistors into a single chip
integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (metal
Very-large-scale_integration
Integrated circuit device that operates at microwave frequencies
Monolithic microwave integrated circuit, or MMIC (sometimes pronounced "mimic"), is a type of integrated circuit (IC) device that operates at microwave
Monolithic microwave integrated circuit
Monolithic_microwave_integrated_circuit
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Biblical
a going about or circuiting; old age
Male
Hebrew
(גָּלִיל) Hebrew name GALIYL means "rolling, turning" or "circuit, region, ring." In the bible, this is the name of a circuit or ring (Galilee) of the Gentiles.Â
Boy/Male
Biblical
A going about or circuiting, old age.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Galiyl, GALILEE means "rolling, turning" or "circuit, region, ring." In the bible, this is the name of a circuit or ring (Galilee) of the Gentiles. Not used as a personal name.
Biblical
cylinder; circuit; district; wheel
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Galiyl, GALIL means "rolling, turning" or "circuit, region, ring."Â
Surname or Lastname
English, Irish (Ulster), Scottish, and Dutch
English, Irish (Ulster), Scottish, and Dutch : name applied either to a Scandinavian or to someone from Normandy in northern France. The Scandinavian adventurers of the Dark Ages called themselves norðmenn ‘men from the North’. Before 1066, Scandinavian settlers in England were already fairly readily absorbed, and Northman and Normann came to be used as bynames and later as personal names, even among the Saxon inhabitants. The term gained a new use from 1066 onwards, when England was settled by invaders from Normandy, who were likewise of Scandinavian origin but by now largely integrated with the native population and speaking a Romance language, retaining only their original Germanic name.French : regional name for someone from Normandy.Dutch : ethnic name for a Norwegian.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Nordman.Jewish : Americanized form of some like-sounding Ashkenazic name.Swedish : from norr ‘north’ + man ‘man’.Albert Andriessen Bradt, a settler in Rensselaerswijck on the upper Hudson River in NY, was originally from Norway and was known as de Norrman (‘the Norwegian’). The waterway south of Albany which powered his mills became known as the Normanskill (‘the Norman’s Waterway’), by which name it is still known today.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Girl/Female
Norse
Half Dane.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord of the Ocean
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : habitational name from either of two places so named in Devon.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Precious like God
Girl/Female
Indian
Shining flower
Boy/Male
Tamil
Blessed, Prosperous
Girl/Female
Muslim
Type of flower
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, German
Born at Christmas; Winter Solstice; Of Christmas Time
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Saraswati
Male
Italian
Italian and Spanish form of Latin Æmilianus, EMILIANO means "rival."
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
imp.
of Intergrave
a.
Alt. of Intemerated
v. t.
To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect.
a.
Capable of being integrated.
v. t.
To subject to the operation of integration; to find the integral of.
imp. & p. p.
of Iterate
n.
That which integrates; esp., an instrument by means of which the area of a figure can be measured directly, or its moment of inertia, or statical moment, etc., be determined.
v. t.
To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Integrate
v. t.
To indicate the whole of; to give the sum or total of; as, an integrating anemometer, one that indicates or registers the entire action of the wind in a given time.
imp. & p. p.
of Integrate
imp. & p. p.
of Intensate
n.
The act or process of intenerating, or the state of being intenerated; softening.
imp. & p. p.
of Intenerate
n.
A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as, a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.
p. p.
of Intergrave
a.
Capable of being iterated or repeated.
n.
A piece of DNA, usually circular, functioning as part of the genetic material of a cell, not integrated with the chromosome and replicating independently of the chromosome, but transferred, like the chromosome, to subsequent generations. In bacteria, plasmids often carry the genes for antibiotic resistance; they are exploited in genetic engineering as the vehicles for introduction of extraneous DNA into cells, to alter the genetic makeup of the cell. The cells thus altered may produce desirable proteins which are extracted and used; in the case of genetically altered plant cells, the altered cells may grow into complete plants with changed properties, as for example, increased resistance to disease.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Short-circuit
a.
Pure; undefiled.