AI & ChatGPT searches , social queries for GIRDLE
Search references for GIRDLE. Phrases containing GIRDLE
See searches and references containing GIRDLE!
Search references for GIRDLE. Phrases containing GIRDLE
See searches and references containing GIRDLE!GIRDLE
Belt, esp. as a liturgical vestment
especially if a cord or rope, is called a girdle in various contexts, especially historical ones, where girdles were a very common part of everyday clothing
Girdle
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up girdle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A girdle is a garment that encircles the midsection. Girdle may also refer to: Girdle (undergarment)
Girdle_(disambiguation)
Removal of the bark from around the entire circumference
Girdling, also called ring-barking, is the circumferential removal or injury of the bark (consisting of the periderm, phloem, vascular cambium and sometimes
Girdling
Set of bones which connects the arm to the axial skeleton on each side
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans, it consists
Shoulder_girdle
Form-fitting foundation garment
A girdle is a form-fitting foundation garment that encircles the lower torso, extending below the hips, and worn often to shape or for support. It may
Girdle_(undergarment)
Device to prevent sexual activity
Modesty Sexual abstinence Notes Smith, Lesley. "Chastity belts and birthing girdles". J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2007: 33(4) (33) – via bmj. Helen Sheumaker;
Chastity_belt
Portable book tied to a belt
Girdle books were small portable books worn by medieval European monks, clergymen and aristocratic nobles as a popular accessory to medieval costume, between
Girdle_book
Lower torso of the human body
region of the trunk. It is subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine. The pelvic girdle is composed of the appendicular hip bones (ilium, ischium
Pelvis
Muscular degenerative disorder primarily of the hip and shoulders
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is a genetically heterogeneous group of rare muscular dystrophies that share a set of clinical characteristics. It
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy
Limb–girdle_muscular_dystrophy
Mythological vestment
The magical Girdle of Aphrodite or Venus (Greek: ἱμάς, himás: 'strap, thong'; κεστός, kestós: 'girdle, belt'; Latin: cingulum Veneri, cestus Veneris)
Girdle_of_Aphrodite
14th-century Middle English chivalric romance
but steadfastly refuses, but she pleads that he at least take her sash, a girdle of green and gold silk. The sash, the lady assures him, is charmed, and
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight
Limb girdle syndrome is any of several distinct medical conditions including polymyositis, myopathy associated with endocrine disease, metabolic myopathy
Limb_girdle_syndrome
Relic of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The Holy Girdle, also known as the Girdle of Thomas, Holy Girdle of Mary, Holy Zoonoro, (or) Zunoro, and Holy Belt of Saint Mary the mother of Jesus,
Holy_Girdle
Christian relic in the form of a belt
The Girdle of Thomas, Virgin's Girdle, Holy Belt, or Sacra Cintola in modern Italian, is a Christian relic in the form of a "girdle" or knotted textile
Girdle_of_Thomas
Queen of the Amazons in Greek mythology
Iliad and elsewhere meaning "war belt". Some English translations prefer "girdle". Hippolyta figures prominently in the myths of both Heracles and Theseus
Hippolyta
Topics referred to by the same term
Girdle of Venus may refer to: Girdle of Aphrodite, a magical accessory of Aphrodite/Venus The belt of Venus, an atmospheric phenomenon An alternative name
Girdle_of_Venus
Talisman used during pregnancy and childbirth
A birthing girdle was a talisman used during pregnancy and childbirth in Medieval England. Girdles were especially popular between the 12th and 16th centuries
Birthing_girdle
Surname list
Girdler is a surname of professional origin. Girdlers or belt makers are people who make metal belts worn around the waist and other small metal objects
Girdler
Royal Korean accessories
Several gold girdles of Korea have been excavated. They were symbols of royalty and status, but lesser belts were also worn by governmental officials
Royal_girdle_of_Korea
Tectonic belt of earthquakes and volcanoes
Ring of Fire (also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Rim of Fire, the Girdle of Fire or the Circum-Pacific belt) is a tectonic belt of earthquakes and
Ring_of_Fire
Girdle-measurers were practitioners of a specific type of curative English folk magic. They claimed to be able to tell whether fairies had placed a person
Girdle-measurers
Medical condition
Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain arising from one or more joints of the pelvic girdle, most commonly the
Pelvic_girdle_pain
Carpet
The Girdler's carpet, or Girdler's Mughal carpet), is a Mughal carpet (handwoven floor covering). The carpet was ordered by Robert Bell from the Mughal
Girdler's_carpet
The Girdle is a mountain range in Sonoma County, California. "The Girdle". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United
The_Girdle
Type of cut used when shaping a diamond
the same girdle thickness at all 16 "thick parts". So-called "cheated" girdles have thicker girdles where the main facets touch the girdle than where
Diamond_cut
British missile trials ship
HMS Girdle Ness was a Beachy Head-class repair ship constructed for the Royal Navy that entered service in 1945. Originally named Penlee Point, the vessel
HMS_Girdle_Ness
Baked goods
Scots language and the Northumbrian English dialect, a griddle is called a girdle. The transposition of the sounds is due to linguistic metathesis. What a
Scone
Species of comb jelly
The Venus girdle (Cestum veneris) is a comb jelly in the family Cestidae. It is the only member of its genus, Cestum, and is also the largest of all known
Venus_girdle
Apple cultivar
Slack-ma-Girdle is an old variety of cider apple formerly widely grown in the South-West of England. It is one of a group of similar and closely related
Slack-ma-Girdle
Lighthouse in Aberdeen, Scotland
Girdle Ness Lighthouse (or Girdleness Lighthouse) is situated near Torry Battery on the Girdle Ness peninsula just south of the entrance to Aberdeen's
Girdle_Ness_Lighthouse
Part of the anatomy of a chiton, a class of marine mollusks
A girdle is part of the anatomy of a chiton, one class of marine mollusks, the class Polyplacophora. The shell of a chiton consists of eight valves which
Girdle_(chiton)
Long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum
horizontally. Together with the shoulder blade, it makes up the shoulder girdle. It receives its name from Latin clavicula 'little key' because the bone
Clavicle
Species of beetle
Agrilus angelicus, known generally as the oak twig girdler or Pacific oak twig girdler, is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae
Agrilus_angelicus
Medieval book overcover
long tail allowing the owner to secure the book at their girdle. Most surviving examples are girdle books made of leather. In English terminology, chemise
Chemise_binding
American industrialist (1877–1965)
Tom Mercer Girdler (19 May 1877 – 4 February 1965) was an American businessman who was the first president of Republic Steel. Girdler was born in Silver
Tom_Mercer_Girdler
Thin round cake made of eggs, milk, and flour
are made by the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle (a girdle in Northumberland or in Scots). They can be served with jam and cream or
Pancake
The term "girdle" (in Latin descriptions: cingulum or cingulus) in the context of a snail shell is a standard malacological term that refers to a raised
Girdle_(gastropod)
New Zealand international lawn bowler
Paul Girdler (born 1964 in Edinburgh) is a New Zealand international lawn bowler. In 2000 he won a pairs bronze medal with Russell Meyer at the 2000 World
Paul_Girdler
1952 British film by Montgomery Tully
Girdle of Gold is a 1952 British second feature comedy film directed by Montgomery Tully and starring Esmond Knight, Maudie Edwards and Meredith Edwards
Girdle_of_Gold
Shallow grooves in the abdomen running from the iliac crest to the pubis
The Apollo's belt, also known as Adonis belt, or iliac furrows, is a part of the human anatomy referring to the two shallow grooves of the human abdomen
Apollo's_belt
Egyptian hieroglyph
The tyet (Ancient Egyptian: tjt), sometimes called the knot of Isis or girdle of Isis, is an ancient Egyptian symbol that came to be connected with the
Tyet
Atmospheric phenomenon
The Belt of Venus, also called Venus's Girdle, the antitwilight arch, or antitwilight, is an atmospheric phenomenon visible shortly before dawn or after
Belt_of_Venus
the shoulder girdle. Each shoulder girdle is formed from two bones, the clavicle anteriorly, and the scapula posteriorly. Shoulder girdle (4) Clavicle
List of bones of the human skeleton
List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton
Consists of the arm, forearm, and hand
shoulder girdle, where muscles with similar action can vary considerably in their location and orientation. The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle, composed
Upper_limb
Common name for a lizard without obvious legs
stage of reduction of the shoulder girdle —including complete loss— occurs among limbless squamates, but the pelvic girdle is never completely lost regardless
Legless_lizard
Bone of the pelvis
of the spine) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis – the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity. They are connected to the sacrum, which
Hip_bone
Children's illustrated novel series by Dav Pilkey
Captain Underpants is an American illustrated children's novel series and multimedia franchise created by author and illustrator Dav Pilkey. The series
Captain_Underpants
American film director (1947–1978)
William Girdler (October 22, 1947[citation needed] – January 21, 1978), also known as Billy Girdler, was an American filmmaker. In a span of six years
William_Girdler
Gemstone cut with many facets to increase the brilliance
the same girdle thickness at all 16 "thick parts". So-called "cheated" girdles have thicker girdles where the main facets touch the girdle than where
Brilliant_(gemstone_cut)
Class of marine molluscs
dislodged from rocks. The shell plates are encircled by a skirt known as a girdle. Chitons live worldwide, from cold waters through to the tropics. They live
Chiton
Human settlement in Scotland
Girdle Toll is an area of Irvine, North Ayrshire. Girdle Toll is located east of the Stanecastle Roundabout located next to the Stanecastle Keep. This
Girdle_Toll
Reciprocating internal combustion engine
used a crankshaft girdle, as opposed to individual main bearing caps. In the Nissan Hardbody and Frontier applications a crank girdle was not used. The
Nissan_KA_engine
Hindlimbs primarily used for the anchoring and locomotion of avians
reduced. The legs are attached to a strong assembly consisting of the pelvic girdle extensively fused with the uniform spinal bone (also specific to birds)
Bird_feet_and_legs
Cavity where the thigh bone (femur) articulates with the pelvis
joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa. The acetabulum is also home to the acetabular fossa
Acetabulum
Livery company of the City of London
The Worshipful Company of Girdlers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. Girdlers were granted the right to regulate their trade in the
Worshipful Company of Girdlers
Worshipful_Company_of_Girdlers
Ancient band, girdle or tie
frequently used to refer to: The Girdle of Aphrodite. Boxing gloves used by ancient Greeks and Romans, also written Caestus. A girdle or belt worn by women in
Cestus
Form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy
autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). It preferentially affects the muscles of the hip girdle and shoulder girdle. No disease modifying
Calpainopathy
Folk legend from Maharashtra, India
and a girdle made of munja grass around the waist, typically at the age of seven. He is known as Munjya when he puts on the munja grass girdle. According
Munjya
Object in Dungeons & Dragons that has magical powers
in several differing versions within the franchise. Girdle of femininity/masculinity The girdle of femininity/masculinity first appeared in the original
Magic item (Dungeons & Dragons)
Magic_item_(Dungeons_&_Dragons)
Episode from the Gospel of John
and the Virgin taking off her girdle. In other works Thomas is catching the falling girdle, or has received the girdle and holds it. Saint Francis of
Doubting_Thomas
Species of reptile
The armadillo girdled lizard (Ouroborus cataphractus), also commonly known as the armadillo lizard, the armadillo spiny-tailed lizard, and the golden-armadillo
Armadillo_girdled_lizard
1947 Poirot short story collection by Agatha Christie
away Winnie's "dreadful" painting to expose a second one beneath it: the Girdle of Hippolyta, the missing Rubens masterpiece. The thieves smuggled the painting
The_Labours_of_Hercules
Type of cooking device
A griddle, also called a girdle in the UK, is a cooking device consisting mainly of a broad, usually flat cooking surface. Nowadays it can be either a
Griddle
Extinct genus of tetrapodomorphs
fish-tetrapod evolution the pelvic girdle became a weight bearing structure when the ilium, meso-ventral contact of the sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a sacral
Panderichthys
Diseases in which skeletal and visceral muscles break down over time
facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy, whereas limb–girdle muscular dystrophy and congenital muscular dystrophy are themselves groups
Muscular_dystrophy
Costume of the period 500–1500 in England
back by fastening brooches at the shoulders. The dress could be belted or girdled, with tools and personal items suspended from the belt. Women in this period
English_medieval_clothing
Garment consisting of a strip of cloth between the legs
euphemistic abbreviation of groin, or else that it is short for girdle; the term girdle-string is attested as early as 1846. The G-string first appeared
G-string
Species of theropod dinosaur
changmaensis is the only species in the genus Jian, known from a pectoral girdle and partial forelimb. After the discovery of more than 100 bird fossils
Jian_changmaensis
Cartilaginous joint between the front of the left and right hip bones
prenatal condition. A diastasis of the symphysis pubis is a cause of pelvic girdle pain (PGP). Overall, about 45% of all pregnant women and 25% of all women
Pubic_symphysis
Fictional lasso used by Wonder Woman
and freedom too—through coercion. The lasso was formed from Aphrodite's girdle, which made it indestructible, and its magical properties were granted by
Lasso_of_Truth
Bone that connects the humerus and clavicle
shoulder or the upper arm bone. The scapula forms the back of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a
Scapula
Type of dagger from 14th century England
girdle", and George Russell French (1869) as "a large dagger, or a short sword, [that] appears to have been worn, suspended by a ring from the girdle
Anelace
Girdle worn by Zoroastrians
kushti (/ˈkuːʃtiː/), also known as kosti, kusti and kustig, is the sacred girdle worn by invested Zoroastrians around their waists. Along with the sedreh
Kushti
Most forward-facing of the three main regions making up the os coxa
thought of as a "hip-socket", is an opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the
Pubis
American comedy series
advice of Davis, who had been hoping to act as her mentor. The team wears girdles to the meeting and the deal goes through. Kel's likeness is used in advertising
Not_Suitable_for_Work
Topics referred to by the same term
Senator Girdler may refer to: Chris Girdler (born 1979), Kentucky State Senate Rick Girdler (born 1955), Kentucky State Senate This disambiguation page
Senator_Girdler
experimented with various alternatives, such as splitting the corset into a girdle-like shaping device for the lower torso and transferring the upper part
History_of_bras
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
the shoulder girdle with skull, making the shoulder girdle part of the skull. With the loss of the gill-covering bones, the shoulder girdle is separated
Tetrapod
Species of lizard
The East African armadillo lizard, dwarf sungazer, or tropical girdled lizard (Cordylus tropidosternum) is a species of arboreal or rupicolous (rock-dwelling)
East African spiny-tailed lizard
East_African_spiny-tailed_lizard
Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster
Zoroastrians are encouraged to wear their sedreh (ritual shirt) and kushti (ritual girdle) daily as a spiritual reminder and for mystical protection, though reformist
Zoroastrianism
Coarse garment important to Christianity
belonging to a Christian, with rosary hanging off a belt loop used to hold the girdle that tightens the garment around the waist Type Undergarment Material Coarse
Cilice
Soldier's belt, later a woman's girdle, in Ancient Greece
A zoster (Greek: ζωστήρ, zōstēr) was a form of girdle or belt worn by men and perhaps later by women in ancient Greece, from the Archaic period (c. 750 –
Zoster_(costume)
Australia international rugby league footballer
Ryan Girdler (born 19 September 1972) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. A New South Wales
Ryan_Girdler
Church in Kerala, India
and Mary gave her girdle (soonoro) to Thomas. He showed this girdle to other disciples of Jesus and convinced them. He took the girdle on his journey. Many
St._Mary's_Church,_Meenangadi
Clade of reptiles
similarities include the neck, pubis, wrist (semi-lunate carpal), arm and pectoral girdle, furcula (wishbone), and breast bone. Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons
Dinosaur
Extinct genus of amphibians
sets of forelimbs and hindlimbs Incomplete sets of digits Pectoral girdles Pelvic girdles The skull is broad, rounded, and flat, and was estimated to be approximately
Doleserpeton
Internal framework of the human body
is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The human skeleton
Human_skeleton
Japanese biological and chemical warfare unit (1936–1945)
Body temperature 37°C. Mucous and bloody erosions across the shoulder girdle. Abundant mucous nose secretions. Abdominal pain. Mucous and bloody diarrhea
Unit_731
Medical condition
"waddling" is due to the weakness of the proximal muscles of the pelvic girdle. The patient uses circumduction to compensate for gluteal weakness. Conditions
Myopathic_gait
2021 film by David Lowery
the green girdle, and his head falls from his shoulders. It is revealed that all that was just a vision. The kneeling Gawain removes the girdle, telling
The_Green_Knight_(film)
Species of lizard
The spiny crag lizard or prickly girdled lizard (Pseudocordylus spinosus) is a species of lizard in the family Cordylidae. It is found in the northern
Spiny_crag_lizard
American politician
Chris Girdler (born November 1, 1979, in Somerset, Kentucky) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate who represented
Chris_Girdler
Muscle on the surface of the ribs
possible. Additionally, all three parts can lift the ribs when the shoulder girdle is fixed, and thus assist in respiration. The serratus anterior is occasionally
Serratus_anterior_muscle
Minor goddess in Greek mythology, personification of deceit
heaven he will change his mind by my guileful girdle. This one puts to shame the heart bewitching girdle of the Paphian [Aphrodite]." This said, the wilyminded
Apate
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
covered by eighteen or nineteen pairs of segmented belly ribs. The shoulder girdle was longer than the entire forelimb. The shoulder blade had a narrow shaft
Tyrannosaurus
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685
North Sea and the eastern end of the Channel. The process involved was girdling, the addition of an extra layer of planking below the waterline to provide
Charles_II_of_England
Mental disorder with psychotic symptoms
3389/fpsyt.2024.1399935. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 11186407. PMID 38899043. Girdler SJ, Confino JE, Woesner ME (15 February 2019). "Exercise as a Treatment
Schizophrenia
American politician
Richard A. Girdler (born May 23, 1955) is an American politician who has served in the Kentucky Senate from the 15th district since 2017. Harris, Chris
Rick_Girdler
Industrial process for heavy water purification
The Girdler sulfide (GS) process, also known as the Geib–Spevack (GS) process, is an industrial production method for extracting heavy water (deuterium
Girdler_sulfide_process
American politician
Edward Ray Girdler is an American politician and former mayor of Somerset, Kentucky. He was unseated by the mayor Alan Keck in 2018.[citation needed]
Eddie_Girdler
GIRDLE
GIRDLE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Girdle
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a girdle maker, from an agent derivative of Middle English gurdel ‘girdle’ (Old English gyrdel).Probably also an Americanized spelling of North German Gördeler, a variant of Gürtler (see Gurtler).
Girl/Female
Latin American
A girdle.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name, from Old French saintier ‘bell-founder’.English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of belts and girdles, from Middle English ceinture, ceintere ‘girdle’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wreath, Rope, Girdle, Chaplet
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Telugu
Girdle; Belt
Girl/Female
Tamil
Manimekhala | மநிமேகலா
A girdle of gems
Manimekhala | மநிமேகலா
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire and Lincolnshire)
English (Yorkshire and Lincolnshire) : unexplained; possibly a habitational name from a lost or unidentified place.Probably an Americanized spelling of German Gördeler (see gurtler 2).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Wreath, Rope, Girdle, Chaplet
Girl/Female
Hindu
Girdle
Girl/Female
Greek
Aphrodite's girdle.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girdle, Belt
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
A String of Beads; Girdle of Gems
Female
Greek
(Ζώνα) Greek name ZONA means "belt; girdle." Compare with another form of Zona.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of belts and girdles, from Middle English ceinture, ceintere ‘girdle’.Possibly an Americanized form of German Zehnder, a variant of Zehner.
Girl/Female
Hindu
A girdle of gems
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Girdler.German (Gürtler) : occupational name for a maker of straps and belts, from Middle High German gurtel ‘belt’ (specifically a leather belt with brass fittings, from which a purse would be hung).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the medieval personal name Pascal, which was brought to England from France.German : topographic name from Pass ‘pass’, ‘passage’ (from Middle Low German pas ‘pace’, ‘passage way’, ‘water gauge’).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name or nickname from Yiddish and Polish pas ‘belt’, ‘girdle’.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Girdle of Light; Sun
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Thai
Slope of a Mountain; Belt; Girdle
GIRDLE
GIRDLE
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Praying
Male
Czechoslovakian
, fiery.
Boy/Male
Arthurian Legend
Father of Modron.
Girl/Female
British, English
God is My Strength
Boy/Male
Welsh
White-browed.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Glittering Sword
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, French
Lion
Boy/Male
Spanish
Golden.
Female
Italian
Italian diminutive form of Latin Viola, VIOLETTA means "violet color" or "violet flower."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Rama
GIRDLE
GIRDLE
GIRDLE
GIRDLE
GIRDLE
n.
An American longicorn beetle (Oncideres cingulatus) which lays its eggs in the twigs of the hickory, and then girdles each branch by gnawing a groove around it, thus killing it to provide suitable food for the larvae.
n.
A girdle; a belt.
n.
The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade.
a.
Wearing a zone, or girdle.
n.
An under-garment worn by the ancient Romans of both sexes. It was made with or without sleeves, reached to or below the knees, and was confined at the waist by a girdle.
imp. & p. p.
of Girdle
n.
The joint, or the region of the joint, by which the fore limb is connected with the body or with the shoulder girdle; the projection formed by the bones and muscles about that joint.
v. t.
To loose the girdle or band of; to unbind; to unload.
n.
A maker of girdles.
n.
A girdle; a cincture.
v. t.
To make a ring around by cutting away the bark; to girdle; as, to ring branches or roots.
n.
A little zone, or girdle.
n.
That part of the body where the girdle is worn.
n.
A girdle or belt for the waist.
n.
The part of a cut gem between the girdle, or circumference, and the table, or flat upper surface.
n.
One who girdles.
a.
Not zoned; not bound with a girdle; as, an unzoned bosom.
n.
A belt or girdle which the Christians and Jews of the Levant were obliged to wear to distinguish them from Mohammedans.
v. t.
To girdle; to encircle.
n.
A scarf or band worn about the waist, over the shoulder, or otherwise; a belt; a girdle, -- worn by women and children as an ornament; also worn as a badge of distinction by military officers, members of societies, etc.