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Average temperature of the Earth's surface
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface at a given time. It is a combination of sea surface temperature and the
Global_surface_temperature
Index of articles associated with the same name
surface of the Earth Sea surface temperature, the temperature of water close to the ocean's surface Global surface temperature, the combined global average
Surface_temperature
Water temperature close to the ocean's surface
Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of surface varies in
Sea_surface_temperature
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system
Climate_change
Atmospheric heat retention
at 2023, global warming of about 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, with the global average surface temperature increasing
Greenhouse_effect
Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
The ocean temperature plays a crucial role in the global climate system, ocean currents and for marine habitats. It varies depending on depth, geographical
Ocean_temperature
Difference of a temperature from a reference value
base period. Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures. Using reference values
Temperature_anomaly
Weather record
conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight. Global surface temperatures as a whole
Highest temperature recorded on Earth
Highest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth
Graph in climate science
Hockey stick graphs present global or hemispherical mean global surface temperatures of the distant past, as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions
Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)
Physical quantity that expresses hot and cold in the atmosphere
is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location. The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological
Atmospheric_temperature
Temperature trends in the Common Era
conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 170 years at a global scale. Large-scale reconstructions covering
Temperature record of the last 2,000 years
Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years
This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming. The likely range of human-induced surface-level air warming by 2010–2019 compared
Causes_of_climate_change
Period of little Earth temperature change
change in globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record
Global_warming_hiatus
Long-term weather pattern of a region
data and graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download
Climate
Strait connecting the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans
can be obtained only with an open Drake Passage. Regarding the global surface temperature, an open (and sufficiently deep) Drake Passage cools the Southern
Drake_Passage
Scientific hypothesis about Earth
establish a global control system that regulates Earth's surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity, powered by the global thermodynamic
Gaia_hypothesis
American physicist
major concerns of the climate change skeptics, in particular the global surface temperature record. In 2016, Richard and Elizabeth Muller co-founded Deep
Richard_A._Muller
about 0.18°C per decade". Note that the actual increase in the global surface temperature during the 100 years ending in 2005 was 0.74 ± 0.18 °C. "Patrick
Greening_Earth_Society
American physicist (born 1941)
2010, Hansen published a paper entitled "Global Surface Temperature Change" describing current global temperature analysis. Hansen has also contributed toward
James_Hansen
Climatic and oceanographic cycle affecting Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an irregular oscillation of sea surface temperatures in which the western Indian Ocean becomes alternately warmer (positive
Indian_Ocean_Dipole
Topics referred to by the same term
change. Global warming may also refer to: a long-term rise in: global surface temperature ocean heat content ocean temperature sea surface temperature Earth's
Global warming (disambiguation)
Global_warming_(disambiguation)
Gas layer surrounding Earth
the Earth's surface and outer space. It shields the surface from most meteoroids and ultraviolet solar radiation, reduces diurnal temperature variation
Atmosphere_of_Earth
increase in Earth's energy uptake, contributing to the record global surface temperatures and widespread climate extremes observed in 2023–2024. 25 February:
2026_in_climate_change
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
spectrum. They are global electromagnetic resonances generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere
Schumann_resonances
Climate change scenarios
Marangoni, Giacomo; Krey, Volker (2018). "Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C". Nature Climate Change. 8 (4): 325–332.
Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways
List of debates over global warming
scientific literature, there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused
List of climate change controversies
List_of_climate_change_controversies
Data visualization graphics depicting trends of annual temperature changes
2024-09-26. Data source: "Met Office Climate Dashboard / Global temperature / Global surface temperatures / (scroll down to) Berkeley Earth". Met Office (U.K
Warming_stripes
Gaseous phase of water
greenhouse gases as principal LW control knob that governs the global surface temperature for past and future climate change". Tellus B. 65 19734. Bibcode:2013TellB
Water_vapor
Global warming affects all parts of Earth's climate system. Global surface temperatures have risen by 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). Scientists say they will rise
Effects_of_climate_change
Type of Earth observation from space
Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained
Satellite temperature measurement
Satellite_temperature_measurement
Temperature of a planet when approximated as radiating as a black body
equilibrium temperature differs from the global mean temperature and surface air temperature, which are measured observationally by satellites or surface-based
Planetary equilibrium temperature
Planetary_equilibrium_temperature
Climatological research institute
land temperature data analysis for climate science. Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 (originally called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project)
Berkeley_Earth
Concept for energy flows to and from Earth
or globally 0.90±0.15 W/m2. It takes time for any changes in the energy budget to result in any significant changes in the global surface temperature. This
Earth's_energy_budget
compared to recent warming trends, with record-breaking global surface air and sea surface temperatures. The research attributes these extremes to a combination
2024_in_climate_change
Global climate phenomenon
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
International environmental NGO
was agreed upon during the 2009 Copenhagen Accord as a limit for global temperature rise. In the 2015 Paris Agreement, 1.5 °C of warming was introduced
350.org
Evaluation of climate change by the scientific community
scientific literature, there is a very strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused
Scientific consensus on climate change
Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change
Warm weather period, 250 BC to AD 400
September 2008), "Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia", Proceedings of the National
Roman_Warm_Period
Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the
List_of_weather_records
Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks
due to orbital changes or stellar evolution, to determine the global surface temperature. Additionally, the carbonate-silicate cycle has been considered
Carbonate–silicate_cycle
Climate effect
to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict. Where
Polar_amplification
Data visualization graphics of long-term trends of annual temperature anomalies
as a temperature spiral) is an animated data visualization graphic designed as a "simple and effective demonstration of the progression of global warming"
Climate_spiral
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
longwave radiation, which is asymptotically reached due to higher surface temperatures evaporating water into the atmosphere, increasing its optical depth
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
Slow response of complex feedback systems
The rate of rise in global surface temperature (GST) has especially been resisted by 1) the thermal inertia of the planet's surface, primarily its ocean
Climate_inertia
Proposed cloud-seeding technique
marine cloud brightening due to the emissions of ships and causing a global temperature reduction of as much as 0.25 ˚C lower than they would otherwise have
Marine_cloud_brightening
Calculated property of a star or planet
as electromagnetic radiation. Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's surface temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a
Effective_temperature
as it conveys the scientific consensus on climate change that the global temperature has increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced
Media coverage of climate change
Media_coverage_of_climate_change
Light liquid precipitation
partially masking the effects of greenhouse gas increases on global surface temperature. However, it is not clear that the representation of the chemical
Drizzle
Diplomatic summit resulting in the Paris Agreement
the Convention is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase. Since COP 17 this increase is set at 2 °C (3.6 °F) above
2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
Carbon-oxygen gas
significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared
Carbon_dioxide
Projections used in climate change modeling
values mean higher greenhouse gas emissions and therefore higher global surface temperatures and more pronounced effects of climate change. The lower RCP
Representative Concentration Pathway
Representative_Concentration_Pathway
1038/s41561-019-0400-0. ISSN 1752-0908. PMC 6675609. PMID 31372180. "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Retrieved February 23, 2020. Powell, James
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation
local and global temperature increases associated with global warming. In order to measure the cooling power of a passive radiative cooling surface, both
Solar_irradiance
on the temperature record of the past 2,000 years. The instrumental temperature record only covers the last 150 years at a hemispheric or global scale
List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years
List_of_large-scale_temperature_reconstructions_of_the_last_2,000_years
Short-term state of the atmosphere
received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change. Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher
Weather
Global climate phenomenon
resulting from the average sea surface temperatures in parts of the Pacific Ocean rising by 2° Celsius or more, affecting global weather patterns. Impacts
Super_El_Niño_events
Biogeographical region in Africa
Global Security". Ibadan Journal of Peace & Development. 10 (1): 165–180. Khatim Kherraz & Nabil Ben Khatra 2019, p. 8. "Global Surface Temperature"
Sahel
framework. In general, climate damages increase the more the global surface temperature increases. Many effects of climate change are linked to market
Economic analysis of climate change
Economic_analysis_of_climate_change
2015 international treaty regarding climate change
2026. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial
Paris_Agreement
Physical quantity of hot and cold
Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Current map of global surface temperatures Portal: Energy
Temperature
Proposed economic stimulus program
Edward Barbier authored the United Nations’ Global Green New Deal, which was a strategy for greening the global economic recovery after the Great Recession
Green_New_Deal
Atmospheric phenomenon
very low temperatures, as low as −80 °C, and early spring conditions. In such conditions the ice crystals of the cloud provide a suitable surface for conversion
Ozone_depletion
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
International environmental treaty
2026. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
This affects air temperature and precipitation in coastal regions and further inland. Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients
Ocean
the warmest year since records began in 1850, with an average global surface temperature reaching 1.6 °C above pre-industrial levels, surpassing for the
2025_in_climate_change
Effect of emissions from aircraft engines
concentrations of O 3 than surface NO x emissions and these in turn have a greater global warming effect. The effect of O 3 surface concentrations are regional
Environmental impact of aviation
Environmental_impact_of_aviation
Long-term future of planet Earth
surface reservoir would remain at the surface. Once the solar luminosity is 10% higher than its current value, the average global surface temperature
Future_of_Earth
Component of international climate change agreements
the global targets set out in the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in global surface temperature
Nationally determined contribution
Nationally_determined_contribution
Fuel derived from biological sources
blended into gasoline. Gasification normally relies on temperatures greater than 700 °C. Lower-temperature gasification is desirable when co-producing biochar
Biofuel
Temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth
The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that may be achieved by evaporative cooling of a water-wetted, ventilated surface. By contrast, the
Wet-bulb_temperature
coal can also increase ground temperatures if it is left on the surface. Almost all fires in solid coal are ignited by surface fires caused by people or lightning
Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry
Greenhouse gases emitted from human activities
at 2023, global warming of about 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, with the global average surface temperature increasing
Greenhouse_gas_emissions
Discredited 1970s hypothesis of imminent cooling of the Earth
increase by only a factor of 4 in global aerosol background concentration may be sufficient to reduce the surface temperature by as much as 3.5 ° K. If sustained
Global_cooling
Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
boundary (about 56 million years ago), when surface ocean temperatures rose by 5–6 °C. In that event, surface ecosystems experienced a variety of impacts
Ocean_acidification
Field of study in meteorology and climate science
degree to which such events can be explained by or linked to human-caused global warming, and are not simply due to random climate variability or natural
Extreme_event_attribution
Topics referred to by the same term
sociology General systems theory Generalized structure tensor Global surface temperature Glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme family Goode Solar Telescope
GST
Impact of human life on Earth and environment
Surface air temperatures over land have also increased at about twice the rate they do over the ocean, causing intense heat waves. These temperatures
Human impact on the environment
Human_impact_on_the_environment
Fuel formed naturally from dead plants and animals
1038/s41561-019-0400-0. ISSN 1752-0908. PMC 6675609. PMID 31372180. "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2020. EPA (19 January
Fossil_fuel
Cold temperature anomaly North Atlantic surface waters
(also called the North Atlantic warming hole) is a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Cold_blob
Atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary cooling
the Huronian glaciation during the early Proterozoic eon, until global surface temperature finally re-stabilized to temperate levels during the Boring Billion
Anti-greenhouse_effect
Natural processes of water movement within the water cycle
by the global surface temperature); and thirdly the ability of the atmosphere to take up water (humidity) which can cause the air temperature to vary
Evapotranspiration
Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas
infrared radiation by the atmosphere. This has led to a rise in average global temperature and ocean acidification. Another direct effect is the CO2 fertilization
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth
Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth
New York City-based NASA laboratory
of comprehensive global datasets (derived from surface stations combined with satellite data for sea surface temperatures) with global models of atmospheric
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies
Italian research scientist
model is based primarily on a comparison of periodic changes of global surface temperature and the Sun's periodic movement around barycenter of the Solar
Nicola_Scafetta
Very long term changes in Earth's temperature
state Global warming Global cooling Instrumental temperature record Ocean heat content Satellite temperature measurements Sea surface temperature Thermal
Geologic_temperature_record
Greenhouse gas inventory sector
Agreement to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F). Land-use change alters not just atmospheric CO2 concentration but also land surface biophysics such as
Land use, land-use change, and forestry
Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry
Gradual reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels
Fossil fuel phase-out is the proposed gradual global reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels to zero, to reduce air pollution, limit climate
Fossil_fuel_phase-out
Stand of trees losing health and dying
of greenhouse gases increase the temperature of the atmosphere. Projections for dieback vary, but the threat of global climate change only stands to increase
Forest_dieback
Part of large-scale ocean circulation
by global density gradients formed by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The name thermohaline is derived from thermo-, referring to temperature, and
Thermohaline_circulation
different temperatures. For example, the water is colder towards the bottom of the ocean. This temperature stratification will increase as the ocean surface warms
Climate_change_and_fisheries
the global mean surface temperature record since about 1850 is the result of solar variations: "The observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen
History of climate change science
History_of_climate_change_science
Type of climate model
change. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) model the atmosphere and impose sea surface temperatures as boundary conditions. Coupled atmosphere-ocean GCMs (AOGCMs, e
General_circulation_model
Type of fuel which have no net greenhouse gas emissions
diesel fuel due to its ability to self ignite under high pressure and temperature. It is already being used in some areas for heating and energy generation
Carbon-neutral_fuel
2009 controversy
Earth's mean surface temperature had been rising for decades, with the AAAS concluding: "based on multiple lines of scientific evidence that global climate
Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Climatic_Research_Unit_email_controversy
Quantity in oceanography
The sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin), or ocean skin temperature, is the temperature of the sea surface as determined through its infrared spectrum
Sea_surface_skin_temperature
Environmental policy intended to stop using coal
(IEA) estimates that coal is responsible for over 30% of the global average temperature increase above pre-industrial levels. Some countries in the Powering
Coal_phase-out
American meteorologist (born 1955)
and Nye publicly challenged each other with predictions of mean global surface temperature in the near term. "Joe Bastardi (biography)". AccuWeather.com
Joe_Bastardi
International climate change conference in 2009
pre-industrial global mean temperature level. To having a likely chance of meeting the 2 °C objective, assessed studies generally indicated the need for global emissions
Copenhagen_climate_summit
Lowering of body temperature due to the passing flow of lower-temperature air
against the surface and increasing the temperature difference in the boundary layer. The faster the wind speed, the more readily the surface cools. Contrary
Wind_chill
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lovable
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Powerful
Boy/Male
Scottish
Surname meaning loyal.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Bound, limit.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Vocal Cords
Surname or Lastname
German (usually Göbel)
German (usually Göbel) : see Goebel.French and English : metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of goblets and tankards, from Old French gobel ‘drinking vessel’, ‘cup’ (apparently from Celtic gob ‘mouth’).English : in some cases possibly a variant of Godbold. Compare Goble.
Biblical
path; ear of corn
Boy/Male
English American French
Faithful; unswerving.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Oriya, Parsi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Lord Krishna; Protector of Cows; Cow-herd
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Fair Girl
Boy/Male
Scottish
Surname meaning loyal.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Vocal cords
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Guardians of Mercy Animal League
Boy/Male
Indian
Part of Sun
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria and Durham)
English (Cumbria and Durham) : variant spelling of Furness.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Path, ear of corn.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Pretty
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Mighty; Lord Hanuman
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Beloved
Boy/Male
Hindu
Krishna, Cowherd
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
World
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Latin, Polish, Romanian, Slavic
Hairy; Head of Hair; Long-haired
Biblical
protection of the Lord
Boy/Male
Sikh
Ok type person
Girl/Female
Irish American
Feminine of Carl; joy.
Girl/Female
Muslim American Arabic
Premature daughter. First wife of Prophet Muhammad.
Boy/Male
Hindu
(Son of Subhadra)
Girl/Female
Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
God
Male
French
 French form of Latin Eligius, ÉLOY means "to choose."
Girl/Female
Latin
Sacred limb.
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
GLOBAL SURFACE-TEMPERATURE
n.
An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc.
v. t.
To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.
v. t.
To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.
v. t.
To gather or form into a globe.
n.
A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.
n.
Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape; as, the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp.
imp. & p. p.
of Surface
a.
Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; made of flowers; as, floral games, wreaths.
n.
That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion.
n.
The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.
imp. & p. p.
of Globe
v. t.
To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.
a.
Resembling, or pertaining to, a globe; round; orbicular.
n.
An Indian goat antelope (Nemorhedus goral), resembling the chamois.
n.
To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace.
a.
Shaped like a globe.
n.
A little globe; a small particle of matter, of a spherical form.
n.
A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.
n.
A round model of the world; a spherical representation of the earth or heavens; as, a terrestrial or celestial globe; -- called also artificial globe.
a.
Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters.