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Average temperature of the Earth's surface
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface at a given time. It is a combination of sea surface temperature and the
Global_surface_temperature
Water temperature close to the ocean's surface
Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface. The exact meaning of surface varies in
Sea_surface_temperature
Index of articles associated with the same name
Surface temperature is the temperature at a surface. Specifically, it may refer to: Near-surface air temperature, the temperature of the air near the
Surface_temperature
Deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude
thunderstorms. Temperature inversion can cause freezing rain in cold climates. Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) the air near the surface of
Inversion_(meteorology)
Third planet from the Sun
graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download as
Earth
Physical quantity of hot and cold
Scale of temperature – Method to measure temperature quantitatively Sea surface temperature – Water temperature close to the ocean's surface Stagnation
Temperature
Physical quantity that expresses hot and cold in the atmosphere
is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location. The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological
Atmospheric_temperature
Calculated property of a star or planet
as electromagnetic radiation. Effective temperature is often used as an estimate of a body's surface temperature when the body's emissivity curve (as a
Effective_temperature
Short-term state of the atmosphere
at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands
Weather
Weather record
lower than the maximum point surface temperature. In the early 21st century, prior recordings for the highest temperature on Earth were investigated as
Highest temperature recorded on Earth
Highest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth
Physical quantity of hot and cold in ocean water
geographical location and season. Not only does the temperature differ in seawater, so does the salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler
Ocean_temperature
Long-term weather pattern of a region
Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the
Climate
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
Scientifically, global warming refers only to increased global average surface temperature, while climate change describes both global warming and its effects
Climate_change
Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the
List_of_weather_records
Property of light sources related to black-body radiation
a hot surface emits thermal radiation but is not an ideal black-body radiator, the color temperature of the light is not the actual temperature of the
Color_temperature
Weather or lab measurements
measurements. On 10 August 2010, satellite observations showed a surface temperature of −92 °C (−134 °F; 181 K) at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth
Global climate phenomenon
climate phenomenon that emerges from variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. Those variations have an irregular
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
Global climate phenomenon
Niño events, are climatic phenomena resulting from the average sea surface temperatures in parts of the Pacific Ocean rising by 2° Celsius or more, affecting
Super_El_Niño_events
Temperature trends in the Common Era
The temperature record of the last 2,000 years is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature
Temperature record of the last 2,000 years
Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Temperature at the outer surface of a living body
Skin temperature is the temperature of the outermost surface of the body. Normal human skin temperature on the trunk of the body varies between 33.5 and
Skin_temperature
Comparison of various temperature scales
of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete. Temperatures on
Conversion of scales of temperature
Conversion_of_scales_of_temperature
Atmospheric heat retention
atmosphere prevent the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Surface heating can happen from an internal heat source (as in the case
Greenhouse_effect
Difference of a temperature from a reference value
datasets of near-surface and upper-air atmospheric temperatures or sea surface temperatures. Temperature anomalies are a measure of temperature compared to
Temperature_anomaly
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
defined as the temperature difference per unit of heat flux needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface and colder surface of a barrier
R-value_(insulation)
Temperature above which magnetic properties change
In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic
Curie_temperature
Extreme heat caused by a stationary high-pressure system
a region. This can be caused by multiple factors, including sea surface temperature anomalies and the influence of a La Niña. The upper air weather patterns
Heat_dome
Cold temperature anomaly North Atlantic surface waters
(also called the North Atlantic warming hole) is a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Cold_blob
Temperature of a planet when approximated as radiating as a black body
equilibrium temperature differs from the global mean temperature and surface air temperature, which are measured observationally by satellites or surface-based
Planetary equilibrium temperature
Planetary_equilibrium_temperature
Recording of temperature
Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained
Temperature_measurement
Planet outside of the Solar System
can estimate the temperature of an exoplanet. For example, the planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb is estimated to have a surface temperature of roughly −220 °C
Exoplanet
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
aphotic zones). Ocean temperatures depend on the amount of solar radiation reaching the ocean surface. In the tropics, surface temperatures can rise to over
Ocean
Period of little Earth temperature change
globally averaged surface temperatures. In the current episode of global warming many such 15-year periods appear in the surface temperature record, along
Global_warming_hiatus
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
proxy for temperature. Time can be attributed to coral geochemistry anomalies by correlating strontium/calcium minimums with sea surface temperature (SST)
Coral
Method for producing electronic circuits
wavelength IR only: Surface temperature depends on the component's albedo: dark surfaces will be heated more than lighter surfaces Convective loss of energy
Surface-mount_technology
Valley in the Mojave Desert, Eastern California
hottest surface temperature recorded on Earth. On the afternoon hours of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau recorded a temperature of 134 °F
Death_Valley
Temperature below which condensation occurs
surfaces that are only a few degrees cooler than the air. A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is close to the current air temperature
Dew_point
Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Titan
was the surface was warmer than expected, due to a greenhouse effect. Some estimates of the surface temperature even approached temperatures in the cooler
Life_on_Titan
Typical temperature range found in humans
Normal human body temperature (normothermia, euthermia) is the typical temperature range found in humans, generally given as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)
Human_body_temperature
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
longwave radiation, which is asymptotically reached due to higher surface temperatures evaporating water into the atmosphere, increasing its optical depth
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
on two major laws which are as follows: 1. Stefan–Boltzmann law: Surface temperature of any objects radiate energy and shows specific properties. These
Thermal_remote_sensing
Long-term future of planet Earth
Earth's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect, creating conditions more extreme than present-day Venus and heating Earth's surface enough
Future_of_Earth
Physical phenomenon
vapor film slowly evaporate as they move about on the hot surface. As the surface temperature is increased, radiation through the vapor film becomes more
Leidenfrost_effect
Large self-illuminated object in space
surface temperatures of 50,000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface
Star
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
= Ry. Surface tension is dependent on temperature. For that reason, when a value is given for the surface tension of an interface, temperature must be
Surface_tension
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
causes the temperature on the surface of the clothing to be less than the temperature on the surface of the skin. This smaller temperature gradient between
Heat_transfer
Very long term changes in Earth's temperature
Global cooling Instrumental temperature record Ocean heat content Satellite temperature measurements Sea surface temperature Thermal history of the Earth
Geologic_temperature_record
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Kepler-22
90°). Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature, assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. In the
Kepler-22b
Ratio of how much light is reflected back from a body
the area of ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice alters the albedo and surface temperature of a planet. Ice is very reflective, therefore it reflects far more
Albedo
Meteorological event
warmer air temperatures in the eastern and central parts of the tropical Pacific. Warmer temperatures lead to warming ocean surface temperatures, leading
2023–2024_El_Niño_event
Stellar core remnant
ones, a star's surface brightness can be estimated from its effective surface temperature, and star's spectrum gives its temperature. If the star's distance
White_dwarf
Scientific hypothesis about Earth
processes establish a global control system that regulates Earth's surface temperature, atmosphere composition and ocean salinity, powered by the global
Gaia_hypothesis
Quantity in oceanography
The sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin), or ocean skin temperature, is the temperature of the sea surface as determined through its infrared spectrum
Sea_surface_skin_temperature
Climatological research institute
land temperature data analysis for climate science. Berkeley Earth was founded in early 2010 (originally called the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project)
Berkeley_Earth
Effects of volcanic eruptions on the marine ecosystems and climate
directly reduce global mean sea surface temperature (SST) by approximately 0.2-0.3 °C, milder than global total surface temperature drop, which is ~0.3 to 0
Volcanic impacts on the oceans
Volcanic_impacts_on_the_oceans
Graph in climate science
Hockey stick graphs present global or hemispherical mean global surface temperatures of the distant past, as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions
Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)
Theorerical model of air flow in the atmosphere
Pacific and Atlantic both have cool surface temperatures in northern summer in the east, while cooler surface temperatures prevail only in the western Indian
Walker_circulation
State of low temperature
only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object, and the process can be enhanced by increasing the surface area, increasing the coolant flow
Cold
Type of boiling
type of boiling that takes place when the surface temperature is hotter than the saturated fluid temperature by a certain amount but where the heat flux
Nucleate_boiling
point surface temperature. Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93
Extremes_on_Earth
Distant flashes of cloud-to-ground lightning from a cumulonimbus
is due to high moisture content in the lower atmosphere and high surface temperature, which produces strong sea breezes along the Florida coast. As a
Heat_lightning
Desert in Iran
Persian. The surface of its sand has been measured at temperatures as high as 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), the highest-known land surface temperature. Iran is climatically
Lut_Desert
This is a partial list of temperature phenomena that have been labeled as heat waves, listed in order of occurrence. 1473 heat and drought in Europe 1540
List_of_heat_waves
Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with "rates similar to those of the surface temperature", leading
History of climate change science
History_of_climate_change_science
Type of Earth observation from space
Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained
Satellite temperature measurement
Satellite_temperature_measurement
American physicist (born 1941)
Venus has a high brightness temperature in the radio frequencies compared to the infrared. He proposed that the hot surface was the result of aerosols
James_Hansen
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
amount of radiation leaving its surface, called the spectral radiance) is determined solely by the equilibrium temperature and does not depend upon the shape
Black-body_radiation
Capacity of an object to radiate electromagnetic energy
radiation from a surface to the radiation from an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. (A comparison with Planck's
Emissivity
Global warming about 55 million years ago
least part of the year saw minimum temperatures of 15 °C. TEXH86 values indicate that the average sea surface temperature (SST) reached over 36 °C (97 °F)
Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Paleocene–Eocene_thermal_maximum
Gas layer surrounding Earth
the Earth's surface and outer space. It shields the surface from most meteoroids and ultraviolet solar radiation, reduces diurnal temperature variation
Atmosphere_of_Earth
similar in many respects to that of Earth, despite having a far lower surface temperature. Its thick atmosphere, methane rain, and possible cryovolcanism create
Climate_of_Titan
Indian lunar mission (2023–Present)
higher temperature is due to penetration of ChaSTE on the Sun-ward (equator-ward) facing surface with a slope of ~6o. Lunar surface temperature measured
Chandrayaan-3
Atmospheric layer temp deduced from oxygen radiance
information and has been used as a tool for research into surface and atmospheric temperature changes. The dataset is published by John Christy et al.
UAH satellite temperature dataset
UAH_satellite_temperature_dataset
Study of changes in ancient climate
surface temperature over the past 500 million years" should have a vertical Celsius axis too. Further, it is unfortunate that quantitive temperature ranges/values
Paleoclimatology
Recurring pattern of climate variability
This climate pattern also affects coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California. During a "warm", or "positive", phase
Pacific_decadal_oscillation
Climate cycle that affects the surface temperature of the North Atlantic
Multidecadal Variability (AMV), is the theorized variability of the sea surface temperature (SST) of the North Atlantic Ocean on the timescale of several decades
Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation
Situation where cities are warmer than surrounding areas
urban air near the surface, keeping surface air warm from the still-warm urban surfaces, resulting in warmer nighttime air temperatures within the UHI. Generally
Urban_heat_island
Facility for atmospheric research and prediction
measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber
Weather_station
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
classification of a star indicated its surface or photospheric temperature (or more precisely, its effective temperature) was not fully understood until after
Stellar_classification
Climate effect
to space (a greenhouse effect), surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple planetary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict. Where
Polar_amplification
Dim, low mass stars on the main sequence
stars in the Milky Way. The coolest red dwarfs near the Sun have a surface temperature of about 2,000 K and the smallest have radii about 9% that of the
Red_dwarf
Form of central heating and cooling
influenced by floor surface temperature and associated elements such as radiant asymmetry, mean radiant temperature, and operative temperature. Research by Nevins
Underfloor_heating
Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period
in 1988, but within scientific journals global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything
Climate variability and change
Climate_variability_and_change
Census-designated place in California, United States
ground temperature of 201 °F (94 °C) was recorded in Furnace Creek on July 15, 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded
Furnace_Creek,_California
more than half their average summer rainfall. In the Central England temperature record, it was the warmest summer in the series only equalled by 2025
1976_British_Isles_heatwave
Gaseous phase of water
condensation of water vapor occurs on surfaces when the temperature of the surface is at or below the dew point temperature of the atmosphere. Deposition is
Water_vapor
Astronomical parameters
surface temperature, the local temperature varies greatly, as is typical for bodies without atmospheres. A rough estimate of the maximum temperature can
Standard asteroid physical characteristics
Standard_asteroid_physical_characteristics
Degree to which a piece of meat is cooked
which causes the meat to turn brown. Searing raises the meat's surface temperature to 150 °C (302 °F), yielding browning via the caramelization of sugars
Doneness
Third and last period of the Mesozoic Era
cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: Sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Cretaceous
Period of climatic warming that reached its peak approximately 90 million years ago
prominent peaks in the global temperature record of the Phanerozoic eon. From 330 to 170 Ma, Pangaea covered the Earth's surface, forming one super continent
Cretaceous_Thermal_Maximum
Equation in stellar astrophysics
T_{I}-T_{E}} on the left side, but the surface temperature TE can be neglected with respect to the internal temperature TI. From this it follows directly that
Mass–luminosity_relation
Temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth
The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that may be achieved by evaporative cooling of a water-wetted, ventilated surface. By contrast, the
Wet-bulb_temperature
Preserved physical characteristics allowing reconstruction of past climatic conditions
they are actual temperatures. However, they record surface temperature not the near-surface temperature (1.5 meter) used for most "surface" weather observations
Proxy_(climate)
Category of HVAC technologies
indoor environments. Moderate temperature radiant heating and cooling is usually composed of relatively large surfaces that are internally heated or cooled
Radiant_heating_and_cooling
Second epoch of the Neogene Period
The differences between the mPWP and today's climate (including surface temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide, ice sheets, vegetation, and topography)
Pliocene
Scatter plot of stars showing the relationship of luminosity to stellar classification
luminosity are toward the top of the diagram, and stars with higher surface temperature are toward the left side of the diagram. The original diagram displayed
Hertzsprung–Russell_diagram
of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Advanced climate models are unable to replicate the
Causes_of_climate_change
Type of temperature
to understanding the influence of surface temperatures on personal comfort and heat stress. Mean radiant temperature has been both qualitatively defined
Mean_radiant_temperature
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Kepler-452
massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757 K, nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated
Kepler-452b
Collapsed core of a massive star
estimated to be 2.35±0.17 M☉. Newly formed neutron stars may have surface temperatures of ten million kelvins or more. However, since neutron stars generate
Neutron_star
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
Surname or Lastname
English (Cumbria and Durham)
English (Cumbria and Durham) : variant spelling of Furness.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Surface of the Earth
Boy/Male
Irish American Biblical Hebrew
Surname.
Boy/Male
Indian
Part of Sun
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American English
Surname.
Surname or Lastname
Probably an Americanized spelling of the Swiss German surname Bunz (see Bunce).English
Probably an Americanized spelling of the Swiss German surname Bunz (see Bunce).English : possibly a variant of Bunt.
Boy/Male
Scottish American English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh Scandinavian Scottish English
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh
Surname.
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Surname.
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
Boy/Male
Sikh
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Diamond; Lord Genius; Lord of the Diamonds
Boy/Male
Irish
Sorrowful.
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Allah-inspired peace of mind
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ornamental name based on Yiddish blum or German Blume ‘flower’.English : variant of Bloomer.German (mostly Blümer) : variant of blume (see Blum).
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Son of Parkin
Boy/Male
Muslim
Charming, Bright
Girl/Female
Latin
Sacred limb.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Protection, Pleasure, Favour, Assistance
Female
French
French diminutive form of Latin Rosa, ROSETTE means "little rose."
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
n.
An inclosed place in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel, as for reducing ores or melting metals, for warming a house, for baking pottery, etc.; as, an iron furnace; a hot-air furnace; a glass furnace; a boiler furnace, etc.
n.
A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.
v. t.
To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.
n.
Hence, outward or external appearance.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Surface
n.
A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.
v. t.
To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.
v. t.
To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.
n.
Surface; superficies; externality.
imp. & p. p.
of Surface
a.
meeting a curve or surface at a point and having at that point the same direction as the curve or surface; -- said of a straight line, curve, or surface; as, a line tangent to a curve; a curve tangent to a surface; tangent surfaces.
n.
That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion.
n.
Alt. of Serfdom
n.
To throw out, or exhale, as from a furnace; also, to put into a furnace.
a.
Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc.
n.
Surface; body; substance.
n.
The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.
n.
An instrument for gauging or testing a plane surface. See Surface gauge, under Surface.