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Chemical reaction
Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids
Glucuronidation
Sugar acid
multiple drugs/substances whose metabolism and excretion are dependent on glucuronidation. Although most such substances have secondary metabolic routes which
Glucuronic_acid
Class of enzymes
of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule. This is a glucuronidation reaction. Alternative names: glucuronyltransferase UDP-glucuronyl transferase
Glucuronosyltransferase
Enzyme found in humans
glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UDPGT or UGT), an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic (fat-soluble) molecules, such
UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1
UDP_glucuronosyltransferase_1_family,_polypeptide_A1
Class of chemical compounds
via a glycosidic bond. The glucuronides belong to the glycosides. Glucuronidation, the conversion of chemical compounds to glucuronides, is a method
Glucuronide
Benzodiazepine medication
months after birth. Lorazepam may also inhibit fetal liver bilirubin glucuronidation, leading to neonatal jaundice. Lorazepam is present in breast milk
Lorazepam
Medical condition
body. The bilirubin-UGT enzyme performs a chemical reaction called glucuronidation. Glucuronic acid is transferred to unconjugated bilirubin, which is
Gilbert's_syndrome
Blood pressure medication
CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 via aromatic ring oxidation and glucuronidation, then further conjugated by glucuronidation and sulfation. The three active metabolites exhibit
Carvedilol
Chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system
Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with
Biotransformation
Chemical compound
possible therapeutic applications. Quercetin is rapidly metabolized (via glucuronidation) after the ingestion of quercetin foods or supplements. Five metabolites
Quercetin
Allergy medication
3-hydroxydesloratadine in a three-step sequence in normal metabolizers. First, N-glucuronidation of desloratadine by UGT2B10; then, 3-hydroxylation of desloratadine
Desloratadine
Plant secondary metabolite
epicatechin metabolites (SREM). The main metabolic pathways for SREMs are glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation of the catechol group by catechol-O-methyl
Catechin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A9
Combination pain relief drug
Metabolism/excretion: Paracetamol is metabolized primarily in the liver via glucuronidation and sulfation to mostly non-toxic metabolites and some highly reactive
Hydrocodone/paracetamol
Intravenous medication used in general anaesthesia
Metabolism of ciprofol occurs primarily in the liver through oxidation, glucuronidation, and sulfation, resulting in the formation of the inactive metabolite
Cipepofol
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain
Fenselau C, Dulik DM (1987). "Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen"
Naproxen
Chemical compound
Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 70% Metabolism Hepatic acetylation and glucuronidation Elimination half-life 10 hours Excretion Renal Identifiers IUPAC name
Sulfamethoxazole
Cancer medication
irinotecan, is activated by hydrolysis to SN-38, and is then inactivated by glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1). The inhibition
Irinotecan
Opioid analgesic of benzenoid class
is not metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, but rather through glucuronidation. Due to this, tapentadol has fewer interactions with other medications
Tapentadol
Triazolobenzodiazepine
bromazolam glucuronide, were detected as phase II metabolites. Bromazolam N-glucuronidation was found to be catalysed by UGT1A4 and UGT2B10. The formation of
Bromazolam
Steroid medication
6-hydroxy- and 20-dihydro-triamcinolone; most of it probably undergoes glucuronidation, and a smaller part sulfation. Three-quarters are excreted via the
Triamcinolone
Chemical compound
development and maintenance of sexual characteristics. It is formed by the glucuronidation of 3α-androstanediol, which is the product of reduction of the sex
Androstanediol_glucuronide
Chemical compound
ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs). It is central to the glucuronidation reaction, in which waste molecules in the body, such as heme, are made
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine_diphosphate_glucuronic_acid
Cholesterol-lowering medication
proteins. Both bempedoic acid and the metabolite are inactivated by glucuronidation of their carboxylic acid groups. Bempedoic acid has a biological half-life
Bempedoic_acid
Dopamine agonist medication
Metabolites formed in all species were generally metabolized further by glucuronidation. 7-Hydroxy ropinirole is the only metabolite of ropinirole previously
Ropinirole
Polyphenol with a stilbene skeleton
resveratrol is about 0.5% due to extensive hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation. Glucuronidation occurs in the intestine as well as in the liver, whereas
Resveratrol
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A8
Chemical compound
One of the metabolites that may result can be formed through the glucuronidation of galantamine. Additionally, galantamine may undergo oxidation or
Galantamine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
It is responsible for glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine. Due to common hypomorphic alleles of UGT2B10, glucuronidation contributes relatively
UGT2B10
Chemical compound
needed] NNAL can be detoxified by glucuronidation, producing non-carcinogenic compounds known as NNAL-Glucs. The glucuronidation can take place on the oxygen
NNK
Corticosteroid
with reduced corticosteroid activity. Conjugation reactions, such as glucuronidation and sulfation, also contribute to the formation of metabolites that
Fluticasone_furoate
Enzyme and protein-coding gene in humans
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A4
Topical antibiotic
which can then be systemically absorbed and distributed; it undergoes glucuronidation in the liver and is also excreted unaltered in urine. Only when applied
Silver_sulfadiazine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6 is a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids
UGT1A6
Stimulant designer drug
the O/N-bis-dealkylated metabolite, combinations thereof and further glucuronidation or sulfations. In the United States, 3-fluorophenmetrazine is not explicitly
3-Fluorophenmetrazine
Class of synthetic chemicals used as insecticides
D. J. (2000). "Molecular genetic basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation by cats: UGT1A6 is a pseudogene, and evidence for reduced diversity
Allethrins
Medication for pain and fever
nizatidine and cisapride. The effect is explained by these drugs inhibiting glucuronidation of paracetamol. Paracetamol raises plasma concentrations of ethinylestradiol
Paracetamol
Stimulant
combination of these three. The main phase II reactions are N-acetylation, glucuronidation and a combination of both. Different cytochrome P450 isozymes are involved
Dimethocaine
Dark greenish-brown fluid aiding in the digestion of fats
cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation. Bile tends to be alkaline on average. The pH of common duct bile (7
Bile
Chemical compound
grapefruit juice). The primary metabolism pathway of pitavastatin is glucuronidation. It is minimally metabolized by the CYP450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C8
Pitavastatin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
mediates binding of the UDP-glucuronic acid cofactor required for glucuronidation. Consistent with this role, the C-terminus of UGT enzymes is highly
UGT2B7
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
some conditions, other substances may be formed such as myosmine. Glucuronidation and oxidative metabolism of nicotine to cotinine are both inhibited
Nicotine
Chemical compound
further subjected to additional chemical transformations (including glucuronidation, methylation, sulfation, or a combination of them) within the enterocytes
Urolithin_A
Chemical compound
hydrolysis of irinotecan by carboxylesterases and metabolized via glucuronidation by UGT1A1. The variant of UGT1A1 in ~10% of Caucasians which leads
SN-38
Benzodiazepine medication
require hepatic oxidation, but rather, it is simply metabolized by glucuronidation, so oxazepam is less likely to accumulate and cause adverse reactions
Oxazepam
Chemical compound
abacavir through induction of glucuronidation. Abacavir is metabolized by both alcohol dehydrogenase and glucuronidation. Ethanol may result in increased
Abacavir
Beta blocker drug
(mainly 4-hydroxylation), N-dealkylation, side-chain oxidation, and glucuronidation. The metabolism of propranolol involves cytochrome P450 enzymes including
Propranolol
SSRI antidepressant
increase the blood level of lamotrigine, possibly by inhibition of glucuronidation. CYP2C19 inhibitor esomeprazole increased sertraline concentrations
Sertraline
Anticoagulant medication
hydrolysis, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine moiety of edoxaban is removed. Glucuronidation occurs to a lesser extent via glucuronosyltransferases. In terms of
Edoxaban
Thyroid hormone medication
excreted through the kidneys and metabolized through conjugation and glucuronidation and excreted directly into the bile and the gut, where they undergo
Levothyroxine
Antiandrogen medication
(R)-bicalutamide, (S)-bicalutamide is metabolized rapidly and mainly by glucuronidation (without hydroxylation). None of the metabolites of bicalutamide are
Bicalutamide
Medication used to treat epilepsy and migraine
remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes
Topiramate
Benzodiazepine sedative
(CYP2C9, 2C19, 2B6, 3A4, and 3A5), hydroxylation (CYP3A4 and 2C19) and glucuronidation in the liver as part of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. It has several
Diazepam
Opioid medication
glucuronidated as well). Oxymorphone is also further metabolized, as follows: 3-Glucuronidation to oxymorphone-3-glucuronide predominantly via UGT2B7 6-Ketoreduction
Oxycodone
Medical condition
isoform 1A1 (UGT1A1) enzyme, which performs a reaction called "glucuronidation". This reaction adds a large sugar to the bilirubin, which makes the
Bilirubin_encephalopathy
Veterinary medication
undergoes heavy first-pass metabolism in the liver, which includes the glucuronidation at nitrogen during. Metabolites are mostly excreted in the urine. The
Atipamezole
Medication used for epilepsy, bipolar disorder and migraine
these enzymes and uncharacterized enzymes include (see image): via glucuronidation (30–50%): valproic acid β-O-glucuronide via beta oxidation (>40%):
Valproate
Class of CNS depressant drugs
drugs. The other group comprises those that are metabolized through glucuronidation, such as lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam, and, in general, have
Benzodiazepine
Vertebrate organ involved in metabolism
of insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver is responsible for
Liver
Blood pressure medication
among ARBs (500 liters). Less than 3% of telmisartan is inactivated by glucuronidation in the liver, and over 97% is eliminated in unchanged form via bile
Telmisartan
Medication for the treatment of atrial fibrillation
enzyme. In 2D6 poor metabolizers, vernakalant is mainly inactivated by glucuronidation and excreted by the kidney. Elimination half-life is three hours in
Vernakalant
Chemical compound
carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin, as well as St John's wort. Glucuronidation of elvitegravir is facilitated by the enzymes UGT1A1 and 3, resulting
Elvitegravir
Opioid analgesic compound
interactions. During phase II metabolism, phase I metabolites undergo glucuronidation and sulfation to form multiple glucuronide and sulfate conjugates,
Mitragynine
Antifungal medication used for dermatophytoses
Bioavailability Highly variable (25 to 70%) Metabolism Liver (demethylation and glucuronidation) Elimination half-life 9–21 hours Identifiers IUPAC name (2S,6'R)-
Griseofulvin
Drug used to reduce frequency of headaches
Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 78% Protein binding >90% Metabolism N-Glucuronidation Onset of action 5 hours (TmaxTooltip Time to peak) Elimination half-life
Pizotifen
Anticonvulsant drug
plasma proteins, mostly to albumin. Cenobamate is inactivated mainly by glucuronidation via the enzyme UGT2B7 and to a lesser extent UGT2B4. The enzymes CYP2E1
Cenobamate
Addition of a sulfate group to a compound
of the terrestrial ancestors of seagrasses to a new marine habitat. Glucuronidation Methylation Hydrogenation Rosemary Waring Acetylation Anthony, E.J
Sulfation
Opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain
analgesia. CYP2D6 converts codeine into morphine, which then undergoes glucuronidation. Life-threatening intoxication, including respiratory depression requiring
Codeine
Pain medication of the opiate family
morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 (UGT2B7)
Morphine
Synthetic opioid pain medication
(IM) Protein binding 20% Metabolism Liver-mediated demethylation and glucuronidation via CYP2D6 & CYP3A4 Metabolites O-desmethyltramadol N-desmethyltramadol
Tramadol
Wakefulness-promoting medication
via aromatic ring hydroxylation and by subsequent conjugation via glucuronidation. The two major circulating metabolites of modafinil are modafinil acid
Modafinil
Endogenous steroid hormone
be an inactive metabolite of testosterone, which when conjugated by glucuronidation and sulfation allows testosterone to be removed from the body, but
Androsterone
Chemical used in plastics, xenoestrogen
the body first converts BPA into more water-soluble compounds via glucuronidation or sulfation, which are then removed from the body through urine. This
Bisphenol_A
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
N-didesmethyltamoxifen. Tamoxifen and its metabolites undergo conjugation, including glucuronidation and sulfation. Tamoxifen may inhibit its own metabolism. Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen
Chemical compound found in some species of mushrooms
inducers may not be expected. Psilocin's major metabolic pathway is glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes including UGT1A10 and UGT1A9
Psilocybin
Drug of the fibrate class, mainly used to reduce cholesterol levels
℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 99% Metabolism glucuronidation Elimination half-life 20 h Excretion urine (60%), feces (25%) Identifiers
Fenofibrate
Intravenous medication used in anesthesia
only) Pharmacokinetic data Protein binding 95–99% Metabolism Liver glucuronidation Onset of action Intravenous: 15–30 seconds Elimination half-life 1
Propofol
Toxic byproduct of acetaminophen
overdose. In adults, the primary metabolic pathway for paracetamol is glucuronidation. This yields a relatively non-toxic metabolite, which is excreted into
NAPQI
Chemical compound
when compared to tetracyclines. Tigecycline is metabolized through glucuronidation into glucuronide conjugates and a N-acetyl-9-aminominocycline metabolite
Tigecycline
Pharmaceutical compound
Metabolites formed in all species were generally metabolized further by glucuronidation. 7-Hydroxy ropinirole is the only metabolite of ropinirole previously
7-Hydroxyropinirole
Chemical compound
found excreted. Hyodeoxycholic acid undergoes glucuronidation in human liver and kidneys. Glucuronidation of hyodeoxycholic and hyocholic acids was observed
Hyodeoxycholic_acid
Sedating antihistamine
25% absolute bioavailability Protein binding 93% Metabolism Liver glucuronidation and sulfoxidation Metabolites Promethazine Sulphoxide, Desmethylpromethazine
Promethazine
Medication used to treat hyperthyroidism
the remaining fraction undergoing extensive hepatic metabolism via glucuronidation. Propylthiouracil can be prepared from ethyl 3-oxohexanoate and thiourea
Propylthiouracil
Chemical compound
conjugated with glucuronic acid, creating the 2 glucuronides. This glucuronidation pathway is unique to epirubicin metabolism in humans as epirubicin
Epirubicin
Chemical compound
LD50 in mice is 2.1 g/kg. In rats, TAA is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation, as well as by oxidation to 2-methyl-2,3-butanediol. It is likely that
Tert-Amyl_alcohol
Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally
data Metabolism Oxidative hydroxylation in liver by CYP450 enzymes, glucuronidation Metabolites PCHP, PPC, PCAA Onset of action 2–60 min Elimination half-life
Phencyclidine
Pharmaceutical compound
system. Bicalutamide is metabolized in the liver by hydroxylation and glucuronidation. The metabolites of bicalutamide are not known to be active. The medication
Pharmacology_of_bicalutamide
Species of plant
further phase II biotransformation processes such as sulfonation, glucuronidation, and glutathione (GSH) conjugation. In rats administered a 100 mg/kg
Kava
Sedating antidepressant
Metabolic enzymes Major: CYP2D6, CYP2C19 Minor: CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 Metabolic pathways N-Demethylation, N-oxidation, hydroxylation, glucuronidation
Doxepin
Anticonvulsant medication
plasma concentrations of eslicarbazepine, probably because it induces glucuronidation. This drug combination also increased the risk for diplopia, impaired
Eslicarbazepine_acetate
Medication of the barbiturate type
Phenobarbital is metabolized by the liver, mainly through hydroxylation and glucuronidation and induces many isozymes of the cytochrome P450 system. Cytochrome
Phenobarbital
Chemical compound
glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite of ethanol which is formed in the body by glucuronidation following exposure to ethanol, usually from drinking alcoholic beverages
Ethyl_glucuronide
Typical antipsychotic medication
the urine. The greatest proportion of the hepatic clearance is by glucuronidation, followed by reduction and CYP-mediated oxidation, primarily by CYP3A4
Haloperidol
Inactive metabolite of the neurotransmitter serotonin
deamination by MAO into 5-HIAL, serotonin can also be conjugated by glucuronidation via glucuronyltransferases, conjugated by sulfation via sulfotransferases
5-Hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde
Medication to treat high blood pressure and alopecia
about 90%, is metabolized in the liver via glucuronidation, hydroxylation, and sulfation, with glucuronidation being the primary metabolic pathway and minoxidil
Minoxidil
Red pigment of the bile
measurement of indirect bilirubin, as unconjugated bilirubin (without/yet glucuronidation) reacts with diazosulfanilic acid to create azobilirubin which is measured
Bilirubin
Chemical compound
minimal (5-12%). Additionally, trimebutine might be metabolised through glucuronidation. According to European Medicines Agency, formulations of trimebutine
Trimebutine
Anticonvulsant medication
epilepsy and in healthy volunteers. Lamotrigine is inactivated by glucuronidation in the liver. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic
Lamotrigine
Substance applied to items to slow burning or delay ignition
(EPA) demonstrated that deiodination, active transport, sulfation, and glucuronidation may be involved in disruption of thyroid homeostasis after perinatal
Flame_retardant
Chemical compound
role, most of apomorphine's metabolism happens via auto-oxidation, O-glucuronidation, O-methylation, N-demethylation, and sulfation. Only 3–4% of the apomorphine
Apomorphine
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Exalted Way of Life
Boy/Male
Tamil
Air, Belonging to the wind, God of the wind, Another name for Vishnu
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Very Precious
Girl/Female
Tamil
Who shows way
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Latin, Spanish
Faithful
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Beauty of Lord
Boy/Male
African American American
God.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sample, Specimen
Boy/Male
Greek English
Defender of men. Alexander the Great was a 4th century Macedonian king for whom the Egyptian city...
Boy/Male
Australian, Vietnamese
Tamed; Conforming
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION
GLUCURONIDATION