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Thickness affecting radiation
A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced
Half-value_layer
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one half (the half-value layer or HVL). For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inch)
Gamma_ray
Light or sound absorption in a substance
constant. The half-value layer (HVL) is the thickness of a layer of material required to reduce the radiant flux of the transmitted radiation to half its incident
Attenuation_coefficient
Range of safety measures
shielding material. The shielding value of a material is typically indicated by a parameter called the "half-value layer", i.e. the thickness required to
Radiation_protection
Treatment of cancer with ionized radiation
applied to the X-ray tube with a measured half-value layer of 3 millimeters of aluminum". The half-value layer for orthovoltage beams is more typically
External_beam_radiotherapy
Low-yield thermonuclear weapon
Management 2006 Conference, Tucson, Arizona, February 26–March 2, 2006. "Half-Value Layer (Shielding)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-09
Neutron_bomb
Average distance travelled by a particle between impacts with other particles
attenuate to 37% (1/e) of photons. This concept is closely related to half-value layer (HVL): a material with a thickness of one HVL will attenuate 50% of
Mean_free_path
By-product of copper extraction
mixes was evaluated in terms of linear attenuation coefficient (μ) and half-value layer (HVL). The use of GGBFS as a partial replacement of cement generally
Copper_slag
American medical physicist
Hyman L. A Technic for Cross-Calibration of X-Ray Units Utilizing Half-Value-Layer Determinations Jacobs, Melville L.; Pape, Leon Dosimetry for a Total-Body
Leon_Pape
Radiosotope of carbon
more quickly. The G-M counting efficiency is estimated to be 3%. The half-value layer in water is 0.05 mm. Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method
Carbon-14
Vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays
John G. Stears; Joel P. Felmlee; Joel E. Gray (September 1986), "cf., Half-Value-Layer Increase Owing to Tungsten Buildup in the X-ray Tube: Fact or Fiction"
X-ray_tube
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance, specifically how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window, or a complete
R-value_(insulation)
Topics referred to by the same term
HVL may refer to: Half-value layer, in radiometry Hardware verification language, in computer science HeavyLift International, a defunct Emirati cargo
HVL
Device that narrows or straightens a beam of particles or waves
rated according to how many half value layers it contains, i.e., how many times it reduces undesirable radiation by half. For instance, the thinnest walls
Collimator
OSI model layer for communication sessions
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the session layer is layer 5. The session layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing
Session_layer
Amount of DNA contained in a haploid nucleus
C-value is the amount, in picograms, of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus (e.g. a gamete) or one half the amount in a diploid somatic cell of a eukaryotic
C-value
Digital audio format
MP3 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is an audio coding format developed largely by the Fraunhofer Society in Germany under
MP3
Low energy X-rays used in dermatology
to produce X-rays with HVL less than 0.035 mm in aluminum. (HVL is half-value layer, and refers to a thickness of a given material that will cut the X-ray
Grenz_rays
this type of boundary layer is that the velocity profile normal to the wall often smoothly asymptotes to a constant velocity value denoted as ue(x). The
Boundary_layer_thickness
Structure in electrochemistry
difference creates an intense electric field within the double layer, and the potential rises in value until the field halts the net charge-pumping reactions
Half-cell
Capacitance present in the interface between a surface and fluid
the same capacitance value, as in symmetrical supercapacitors, the total value is roughly half that of one electrode. Double layer (surface science) Béguin
Double-layer_capacitance
Layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface
In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the thin layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface formed by the fluid flowing
Boundary_layer
MOSFET technology node
N6 was at that time expected to have used EUVL in up to 5 layers, compared to up to 4 layers in their N7+ process. On July 28, 2019, TSMC announced their
7_nm_process
Algorithm for pseudo-random number sampling
normal distribution, by choosing a value from one half of the distribution and then randomly choosing which half the value is considered to have been drawn
Ziggurat_algorithm
50-cent piece depicting John F Kennedy minted after his assassination in 1963
half dollars retained their silvery appearance, due to the outer layer being 80% silver and 20% copper. The coin was also minted with an inner layer of
Kennedy_half_dollar
Concept in game theory
(LIME), DeepLIFT, and layer-wise relevance propagation. Distributional values are an extension of the Shapley value and related value operators designed
Shapley_value
Thermal insulation using several thin layers
insulation value. In space, where the apparent outside temperature could be 3 K (cosmic background radiation), the exact U value is different. The layers of MLI
Multi-layer_insulation
ITU-T recommendation
of enhancement layers on top of a raw G.711 core stream (Layer 0): Layer 1 codes 16-bit audio in the same 4kHz narrowband, and Layer 2 allows 8kHz wideband
G.711
Network protocol
define the communication between layers (like Network, Transport, Session, and the other layers of the seven-layer model), that is to identify which
Subnetwork_Access_Protocol
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
influences radio propagation to distant places on Earth. Travel through this layer also affects GPS signals, deflecting their paths and delaying their arrival
Ionosphere
United States coin
smaller numbers and sold only to collectors at premiums above the face value. In 2021, half dollars were once again shipped to the Federal Reserve and thus released
Kennedy half dollar mintage figures
Kennedy_half_dollar_mintage_figures
Current denomination of United States currency
bullion value of U.S. silver coins would exceed face value. In 1965, the U.S. introduced layered-composition coins made of a pure copper core sandwiched
Half dollar (United States coin)
Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)
2004 video game
Edition. This enabled Half-Life 2 and other Source games to run natively on 64-bit processors, bypassing the 32-bit compatibility layer. Newell said it was
Half-Life_2
Two-dimensional laminar boundary layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate
boundary layer), i.e. flows in which the plate is not parallel to the flow. Using scaling arguments, Ludwig Prandtl argued that about half of the terms
Blasius_boundary_layer
Part of the eye
Latin rete 'net'; pl. retinae or retinas) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional
Retina
Digital optical disc data storage format
except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed
DVD
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, providing
Internet_protocol_suite
Current denomination of United States currency
only that the cent and half cent display their denomination, Draped Bust dimes were minted with no indication of their value. All 1796 dimes have 15
Dime_(United_States_coin)
High-capacity electrochemical capacitor
occurs together with a static double-layer capacitance, and its magnitude may exceed the value of double-layer capacitance for the same surface area
Supercapacitor
Halbach array Halden Boiling Water Reactor Halden Reactor Half-life Half-metal Half-value layer Half time (physics) Hall effect Hall effect sensor Hall effect
Index_of_physics_articles_(H)
Lossy audio compression format
MP2 (formally MPEG-1 Audio Layer II or MPEG-2 Audio Layer II, sometimes incorrectly called Musicam) is a lossy audio compression format. It is standardised
MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II
Outer layer of the cerebrum of the mammalian brain
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.
Cerebral_cortex
Electrical or optical properties between network devices
physical layers. Many Ethernet adapters and switch ports support multiple speeds by using autonegotiation to set the speed and duplex for the best values supported
Ethernet_physical_layer
1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer
Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous
Montreal_Protocol
Type of forest with high rainfall
high humidity, the presence of moisture-dependent vegetation, a moist layer of leaf litter, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of
Rainforest
Network protocol for virtual terminals
Extensions to Telnet provide Transport Layer Security (TLS) security and Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) authentication that address the
Telnet
2005 fantasy novel by J. K. Rowling
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a fantasy novel by British author J. K. Rowling. It is the sixth and penultimate novel in the Harry Potter series
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince
Hardware multiplier design
n+m} . Unlike Wallace multipliers that reduce as much as possible on each layer, Dadda multipliers attempt to minimize the number of gates used, as well
Dadda_multiplier
Type of capacitor
plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid
Electrolytic_capacitor
Type of cyber-attack
application layer analysis, indicating whether incoming bulk traffic is legitimate. These approaches mainly rely on an identified path of value inside the
Denial-of-service_attack
Influential 2012 deep convolutional neural network
eight layers: the first five are convolutional layers, some of them followed by max-pooling layers, and the last three are fully connected layers. The
AlexNet
Optical coating that reduces reflection
Calculating this value for various values of n1, it can be found that at one particular value of optimal refractive index of the layer, the transmittance
Anti-reflective_coating
Structure used in waveguides
waveguides, such as optical fibers. It is a structure formed from multiple layers of alternating materials with different refractive index, or by periodic
Distributed_Bragg_reflector
Computational model used in machine learning
layers. Each layer performs a transformation on its inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer) to the last layer (the output layer)
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Atmospheric phenomenon
and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the
Ozone_depletion
Type of strong coffee
characterized by its small serving size, typically 25–30 ml, and its distinctive layers: a dark body topped with a lighter-colored foam called "crema". Espresso
Espresso
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
unnecessary intermediate values, by computing the gradient of each layer – specifically the gradient of the weighted input of each layer, denoted by δ l {\displaystyle
Backpropagation
Protocol for communicating routing information on the Internet
the Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) carried in the attribute. Values: 1 (unicast); 2 (multicast); 3 (both). Network Layer Reachability
Border_Gateway_Protocol
Efficient hardware implementation of a digital multiplier
of the other. Reduce the number of partial products to two by layers of full and half adders. Group the wires in two numbers, and add them with a conventional
Wallace_tree
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
hundreds of graphene layers build up, they are called graphite. In technical terms, graphene is a carbon allotrope consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged
Graphene
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
the same layer) with possibly closed loops, "back-coupling" (connections from units in a later layer to units in a previous layer), four-layer perceptrons
Perceptron
Net transport of surface water perpendicular to wind direction
\\[5pt]d&={\sqrt {2K_{m}/|f|}}.\end{aligned}}} The value d {\displaystyle d} is called the Ekman layer depth, and gives an indication of the penetration
Ekman_transport
Star at the centre of the Solar System
the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre, releasing gravitational potential energy. According to the virial theorem, half of this released
Sun
Frequency response boundary
half-power bandwidth (or half-power point), a frequency for which the output of the circuit is approximately −3.01 dB of the nominal passband value.
Cutoff_frequency
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
emissive electroluminescent layer is an organic compound film that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two
OLED
Indian Tamil-Telugu bilingual thriller film
While some found the plot predictable in the first half, the movie is praised for its layered second half with twists, compelling suspense, and strong performances
Eleven_(film)
Art and practice of creating images by recording light
components in a multi-layer emulsion. One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the spectrum, another layer recorded only the green
Photography
Modelling the appearance of paint coatings
need to know the value for R 21 {\displaystyle R_{21}} for the next step, that is when the layer x is layer 2, and layer y is layer 1: R y x = R y + T
Kubelka–Munk_theory
A_{d/2}=1-T_{d/2}-R_{d/2},} In the line for half sample [S/2], we see the values which are the same as those for 7 layers in the Table above, as we expect. Note
Representative_layer_theory
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
the top layer of the ocean (the photic zone) is crucial for its marine productivity, any changes to the pH value and temperature of the top layer can have
Ocean
Network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks
that characterizes the relationship of nodes within a network of connected layer-2 bridges, and disables those links that are not part of the spanning tree
Spanning_Tree_Protocol
Visual storage media used by film cameras
sensitive layers, incorporating different combinations of sensitizing dyes. Typically, the blue-sensitive layer is on top, followed by a yellow filter layer to
Photographic_film
Dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement
regular ones are FCC = ABC ABC ABC... (every third layer is the same) HCP = AB AB AB AB... (every other layer is the same). There is an uncountably infinite
Close-packing of equal spheres
Close-packing_of_equal_spheres
System for exchanging messages between computing systems
layers above it are numbered. Each layer provides service to the layer above it using the services of the layer immediately below it. The top layer provides
Communication_protocol
Type of electrolytic capacitor
pellet of porous tantalum metal as an anode, covered by an insulating oxide layer that forms the dielectric, surrounded by liquid or solid electrolyte as
Tantalum_capacitor
Boundary layer that forms on a wedge
near-wall boundary layer region where viscosity can be neglected without significant effects on the solution. This means that about half of the terms in
Falkner–Skan_boundary_layer
Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
connection is established. The option value is derived from the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the data link layer of the networks to which the sender
Transmission_Control_Protocol
Computer system that receives and forwards requests
dynamically generated pages. Security: The proxy server is an additional layer of defense and can protect against some OS and web-server-specific attacks
Proxy_server
Variety of families of Mollusca
with nacre. Over the years, the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl. The many different types, colours and shapes
Oyster
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
known as electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) or ultracapacitors) do not have a conventional dielectric. The capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor
Capacitor_types
Digital circuit that produces sums from inputs
next digit of a multi-digit addition. The value of the sum is 2 C + S {\displaystyle 2C+S} . The simplest half-adder design incorporates an XOR gate for
Adder_(electronics)
Standard for serial communication between devices without host computer
transfer layer. The transfer layer receives messages from the physical layer and transmits those messages to the object layer. The transfer layer is responsible
CAN_bus
Puzzle
where half the cube size is an odd number, have odd overall parity. For even size cubes where half the cube size is an even number, inner layer quarter
Rubik's family cubes of varying sizes
Rubik's_family_cubes_of_varying_sizes
Data structure for approximate set membership
problem the sequence of values is divided into small blocks of equal size that are compressed separately. At query time only half a block will need to be
Bloom_filter
3D combination puzzle
middle layer u (Up two layers): the top side and the corresponding middle layer d (Down two layers): the bottom layer and the corresponding middle layer l
Rubik's_Cube
Video encoding standard
as higher layers reuse technologies implemented by the lower layers. A "full" Layer II decoder can also play Layer I audio, but not Layer III audio,
MPEG-1
Serial bus connecting MAC devices with the Ethernet physical layer
MII connects media access control (MAC) devices with Ethernet physical layer (PHY) circuits. The MAC device controlling the MDIO is called the Station
Management_Data_Input/Output
German main battle tank
Leopard 2s. Finland bought 124 used Leopard 2A4 tanks and six armoured bridge-layer Leopard 2L tanks from Germany in 2002 and 2003. The tanks served as replacements
Leopard_2
Interference pattern
"watered" appearance. Moire, or "watered textile", is made by pressing two layers of the textile when wet. The similar but imperfect spacing of the threads
Moiré_pattern
Method for speeding related binary searches
layers of the remaining points. Within a single layer, the points inside the query half-plane may be found by performing a binary search for the half-plane
Fractional_cascading
Substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact
contact. PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on, for example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Its usable
Lubricant
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
soft layers, a model system that can be applied to understand nacre, the fracture energy and fracture strength are both larger than those values characteristic
Nacre
Crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms
materials science, the term single-layer materials or 2D materials refers to crystalline solids consisting of a single layer of atoms. More broadly, these
Single-layer_materials
Ionizing radiation particle of two protons and two neutrons
after the fourth layer of foil over the uranium, the current didn't drop anymore and remained more or less level for up to twelve layers of foil. This result
Alpha_particle
Half-track armoured personnel carrier
The Sd.Kfz. 251 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 251) was a World War II German half-tracked armoured personnel carrier. Designed by the Hanomag company to transport
Sd.Kfz._251
Country in North Africa
Egyptian specialties include ful medames, mashed fava beans; feteer, flaky, layered pie with various fillings; hawawshi, spiced minced meat baked inside bread;
Egypt
annual ceremony where the cats compete for the chance to enter the Heaviside Layer, where the chosen Jellicle will be granted a new life. Lloyd Webber condemned
List of 21st-century films considered the worst
List_of_21st-century_films_considered_the_worst
Generalized mathematical function
as an ordinary function without discarding any values, one multiplies the domain into a many-layered covering space, a manifold which is the Riemann
Multivalued_function
Simulation of the appearance of being three-dimensional
2.5D (basic pronunciation two-and-a-half-dimensional, two-point-five-d) perspective refers to gameplay or movement in a video game or virtual reality environment
2.5D
Association football club in Saudi Arabia
Greatest Asian Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS. Al-Hilal has a market value of €242.5 million as of 2024, the highest in Saudi Arabia. The idea of establishing
Al_Hilal_SFC
HALF VALUE-LAYER
HALF VALUE-LAYER
Boy/Male
English Swedish Teutonic
Lives in the hall.
Male
German
Pet form of German Adolf, AHLF means "noble wolf."
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Old Norse Ráðúlfr, RALF means "wise wolf." Compare with another form of Ralf.
Girl/Female
African, Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Lebanese, Muslim, Pashtun, Sanskrit, Swahili
Halo Around the Moon; Plough; Girlfriend; Great; Dazzling; Glorious; Lunar Halo; Glory; Golden; Female Friend; Sweetness; Outline of Brightness Surrounding a Full Moon
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Value
Female
Welsh
Welsh name HAF means "summer."
Male
English
 English surname transferred to forename use, derived from Old English heall "hall," hence "lives at the hall." Middle English name HALL means "to cover, conceal."
Male
German
Low German pet form of German Adolf, ALF means "noble wolf." Compare with other forms of Alf.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German, Teutonic
Ingenious; From the Hall; Healthy Hero
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Lebanese, Sanskrit, Swahili
Halo Around the Moon; Plough; Great; Dazzling; Sweetness
Girl/Female
Muslim
Aureole, Halo around the Moon
Boy/Male
Norse
Half son of Asgeir.
Male
English
Short form of English Alfred, ALF means "elf counsel." Compare with other forms of Alf.
Boy/Male
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
From the Hall or Manor
Male
English
Pet form of English Henry, HAL means "home-ruler."
Girl/Female
Muslim
Lunar halo. Glory.
Girl/Female
Indian
Aureole, Halo around the Moon
Boy/Male
Arabic
Value
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Old Norse Alfr, ALF means "elf." Compare with other forms of Alf.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, Irish, German, and Scandinavian
English, Scottish, Irish, German, and Scandinavian : from Middle English hall (Old English heall), Middle High German halle, Old Norse hǫll all meaning ‘hall’ (a spacious residence), hence a topographic name for someone who lived in or near a hall or an occupational name for a servant employed at a hall. In some cases it may be a habitational name from places named with this word, which in some parts of Germany and Austria in the Middle Ages also denoted a salt mine. The English name has been established in Ireland since the Middle Ages, and, according to MacLysaght, has become numerous in Ulster since the 17th century.Hall is one of the commonest and most widely distributed of English surnames, bearing witness to the importance of the hall as a feature of the medieval village.
HALF VALUE-LAYER
HALF VALUE-LAYER
Boy/Male
Muslim
Planner, Designer, Disposer
Boy/Male
Hindu
An ancient king
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Eye Star
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant of Mullins.
Male
Hebrew
(×וּרִי×ֵל) Hebrew name UWRIYEL means "flame of God" or "light of the Lord." In the bible, this is the name of a Levite, and the maternal grandfather of Abijah.Â
Girl/Female
Muslim
Teller of 'Tales of 1,001 Nights'.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Six Footed Insects
Girl/Female
American, Australian
Enthusiastic
Female
African
God owns me.
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Lord Rama
HALF VALUE-LAYER
HALF VALUE-LAYER
HALF VALUE-LAYER
HALF VALUE-LAYER
HALF VALUE-LAYER
n.
One who values; an appraiser.
a.
Consisting of some indefinite portion resembling a half; approximately a half, whether more or less; partial; imperfect; as, a half dream; half knowledge.
v. t.
To raise to estimation; to cause to have value, either real or apparent; to enhance in value.
v. t.
To be worth; to be equal to in value.
v. i.
Unsettled; unfixed; undetermined; indefinite; ambiguous; as, a vague idea; a vague proposition.
n.
Precise signification; import; as, the value of a word; the value of a legal instrument
a.
Half-bred; imperfect.
n.
The relative length or duration of a tone or note, answering to quantity in prosody; thus, a quarter note [/] has the value of two eighth notes [/].
n.
See Half deck, under Deck.
a.
Consisting of a moiety, or half; as, a half bushel; a half hour; a half dollar; a half view.
a.
Half-blooded.
n.
Value.
a.
Half-demented; half-witted.
v. t.
To estimate the value, or worth, of; to rate at a certain price; to appraise; to reckon with respect to number, power, importance, etc.
a.
Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend.
imp. & p. p.
of Value
adv.
In an equal part or degree; in some pa/ appro/mating a half; partially; imperfectly; as, half-colored, half done, half-hearted, half persuaded, half conscious.
a.
Half-blooded.
a.
Half-filled.