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Computer science technique
Human-based computation (HBC), human-assisted computation, ubiquitous human computing or distributed thinking (by analogy to distributed computing) is
Human-based_computation
Method for outsourcing computing tasks to humans
A human-based computation game or game with a purpose (GWAP) is a human-based computation technique of outsourcing steps within a computational process
Human-based_computation_game
Human-based evolutionary computation (HBEC) is a set of evolutionary computation techniques that rely on human innovation. Human-based evolutionary computation
Human-based evolutionary computation
Human-based_evolutionary_computation
Guatemalan-American entrepreneur and software developer
first publication to use the term "human computation" that he had coined, referring to methods that combine human brainpower with computers to solve problems
Luis_von_Ahn
Test to determine whether a user is human
automated, requiring little human maintenance or intervention to administer, producing benefits in cost and reliability. Text-based CAPTCHAs are designed such
CAPTCHA
Citizen science project
examples of human-based computation and human-based genetic algorithm. It uses both human-based selection and three types of human-based innovation (contributing
3form
Search engine using human participation to filter results
defunct human search engines include ApexKB, ChaCha, DMOZ, Mahalo.com, NowNow (from Amazon.com), Sproose, and Webhelp. Human-based computation Human flesh
Human_search_engine
Human-based computation game
game from Sebastian Seung's Lab at Princeton University. It is a human-based computation game that uses players to map retinal neurons. Eyewire launched
Eyewire
Person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic calculators
of humans in the context of human-based computation (HBC). This use of "human computer" is debatable for the following reason: HBC is a computational technique
Computer_(occupation)
In evolutionary computation, a human-based genetic algorithm (HBGA) is a genetic algorithm that allows humans to contribute solution suggestions to the
Human-based_genetic_algorithm
SaaS platform owned by Nebius Group
Toloka is a Dutch multinational data services company based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It delivers human-in-the-loop annotation and evaluation work that supports
Toloka
2008 video game
2025. Citizen science Rosetta@home EteRNA Eyewire Folding@home Human-based computation game Molecular graphics Comparison of software for molecular mechanics
Foldit
American company
focusing on annotating data for artificial intelligence algorithms. It is based in San Francisco, California, with worldwide operations, especially in Africa
Sama_(company)
2010 video game
by humans. A 2017 report on five years of historical Phylo data reaches a similar conclusion. Citizen science Crowdsourcing Human-based computation Computational
Phylo_(video_game)
CAPTCHA implementation owned by Google
that produces CAPTCHA systems, which help websites distinguish between human users and automated bots. It is owned by Google, its parent company. The
ReCAPTCHA
additional goals: not only to provide entertainment but also to harness human computation for some specific research task. The term "games with a purpose" was
Page_Hunt
needed]. Cirquent calculus Computability logic Game semantics Human-based computation Hypercomputation Interactive programming Membrane computing Quasi-empiricism
Interactive_computation
Series of small tasks which together comprise a large unified project
They require human judgement It may also be known as ubiquitous human computing or human-based computation when focused on computational tasks that are
Microwork
Topics referred to by the same term
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Hormonal birth control, a contraceptive Human-based computation, a computer science technique High breaking capacity, a type of
HBC
Form of engineered human computation
engineered human computation that employs technology to enable "shared sensing, collective reasoning, and coordinated action" within human groups toward
Organismic_computing
Type of conditions of computer work
Ghost work is work performed by a human, but believed by a customer to be performed by an automated process. The term was coined by anthropologist Mary
Ghost_work
Human-guided search engine
ChaCha was an American human-guided search engine that provided free, real-time answers to any question, through its website, or by using one of the company's
ChaCha_(search_engine)
Online human computation game
a human-based computation game developed to address the problem of creating difficult metadata. The idea behind the game is to use the computational power
ESP_game
The collaborative human interpreter (CHI) is a proposed software interface for human-based computation (first proposed as a programming language on the
Collaborative human interpreter
Collaborative_human_interpreter
Task crowdsourcing website
Cohen, K.B. (2011). "Amazon Mechanical Turk: Gold mine or coal mine?". Computational Linguistics. 37 (2): 413–420. doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00057. S2CID 1051130
Amazon_Mechanical_Turk
2010 browser-based video game
Eterna—the puzzles take advantage of human problem-solving capabilities to solve puzzles that are computationally laborious for current computer models
EteRNA
Use of computational tools for the study of linguistics
rule-based approaches, David Hays coined the term in order to distinguish the field from AI and co-founded both the Association for Computational Linguistics
Computational_linguistics
Book by Don Tapscott
Free: The Future of a Radical Price, by Chris Anderson FreeBSD Human-based computation Linux Mutualism (economic theory) Open business Open-source economics
Wikinomics
many computers. It uses them only to distribute and present the tasks to humans. This approach is similar to the earlier Clickworkers project to find Martian
Stardust@home
Crowdsourced astronomy project
volunteer computing), Stardust@home involved the active participation of human volunteers to complete the research task. In August 2014, the Stardust team
Galaxy_Zoo
Browser game research project
browser-based game with a purpose developed in 2016 by Omar Wagih at the European Bioinformatics Institute. The game was developed to study human perception
Guess_the_Correlation
Free and open-source gaming platform
encourages players to "name drop" famous faces from the past. Human-based computation game Beja, Marc (25 August 2009). "Labeling Library Archives Is
Metadata_Games
on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2007. Ginosar, Shiry: "Human Computation for HCIR Evaluation", Proceedings, HCIR 2007, pp. 40-42.
Phetch
evolutionary computation (IEC) or aesthetic selection is a general term for methods of evolutionary computation that use human evaluation. Usually human evaluation
Interactive evolutionary computation
Interactive_evolutionary_computation
Design, development and deployment of mixed-initiative human-computer systems
with understanding human beings and with the design of computational artifacts. Human-centered computing is closely related to human-computer interaction
Human-centered_computing
Web-based proofreading project
Stuart Stubblebine (February 28 – March 3, 2005). "Secure Distributed Human Computation". In Andrew S. Patrick; Moti Yung (eds.). Financial cryptography and
Distributed_Proofreaders
Any type of calculation
A computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computation are mathematical equation solving
Computation
Topics referred to by the same term
restaurant at the Walt Disney World Dolphin resort Peekaboom, a human-based computation game introduced by Luis von Ahn See-through clothing, sometimes
Peekaboo_(disambiguation)
Citizen science project to find exoplanets
Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space
Planet_Hunters
Discontinued personal assistant developed and launched by Microsoft
to schedule the meeting. The service relied on automation and human-based computation. In May 2017, Microsoft announced INVOKE, a voice-activated speaker
Cortana_(virtual_assistant)
1961 programming game
portal Tron, a 1982 film based on a similar concept Core War, a similar 1984 programming game Digital organism Human-based computation Ramón Jiménez, Héctor
Darwin_(video_game)
Trial and error problem solvers with a metaheuristic or stochastic optimization character
subfield of computational intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms. In technical terms, they are a family of population-based trial and
Evolutionary_computation
promise of the Semantic Web. Human-based computation and collective intelligence What type of problems are amenable to human swarm computing approaches
Social_information_processing
Knowledge market website
social network. Aardvark was used for asking subjective questions for which human judgment or recommendation was desired. It was also used extensively for
Aardvark_(search_engine)
Set of problem-solving methods
Computational thinking (CT) refers to the thought processes involved in formulating problems so their solutions can be represented as computational steps
Computational_thinking
Study of the computational basis of learning and inference
approach which develops computational models based on experimental results. It seeks to understand the basis behind the human method of processing of
Computational_cognition
Family of views in the philosophy of mind
philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (CTM), also known as computationalism, is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information
Computational_theory_of_mind
Computational human phantoms are models of the human body
Computational human phantoms are models of the human body used in computerized analysis. Since the 1960s, the radiological science community has developed
Computational_human_phantom
Overview of and topical guide to thought
Spatial–temporal reasoning Textual case based reasoning Computer program (recorded machine thought instructions) Human-based computation Organizational thought (thinking
Outline_of_thought
Amateur scientific research
in Participatory Research: Advancing Policy to support Human Computation". Human Computation. 2 (1): 19–44. doi:10.15346/hc.v2i1.3. S. Hoffman (September
Citizen_science
Computer system simulating intelligence
In computer science, computational intelligence (CI) refers to concepts, paradigms, algorithms and implementations of systems that are designed to show
Computational_intelligence
Multidisciplinary endeavour
and the arts (e.g., computational art as part of computational culture). Is the application of computer systems to emulate human-like creative processes
Computational_creativity
Defunct search engine
had developed a knowledge-based, semantic search platform. Based in San Jose, California, Yebol's artificial intelligence human intelligence-infused algorithms
Yebol
Principle in artificial intelligence
run, general approaches that scale with available computational power tend to outperform ones based on domain-specific understanding because they are
Bitter_lesson
Number of digits of a numeral system
Irrational Base". Mathematics Magazine. 31 (2): 98–110. doi:10.2307/3029218. JSTOR 3029218. William J. Gilbert (September 1979). "Negative Based Number Systems"
Radix
Type of AI with wide-ranging abilities
hardware required to equal the human brain and adopted a figure of 1016 computations per second. (For comparison, if a "computation" was equivalent to one "floating-point
Artificial general intelligence
Artificial_general_intelligence
American multi-disciplinary scientist
team working on an online citizen science project, EyeWire. It is human-based computation game about tracing neurons in the retina. The game was developed
Sebastian_Seung
Application of computer science in biology
requiring new computational methods for quickly interpreting relevant information. Perhaps the best-known example of computational biology, the Human Genome
Computational_biology
Area of computer science
is concerned with the intersection of social behavior and computational systems. It is based on creating or fostering existing social conventions and social
Social_computing
Augmented intelligence Crowdsourcing Government by algorithm Human-based computation Internet of things Social computing Social software Social technology
Social_machine
Branch of neuroscience
Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics
Computational_neuroscience
Assistive technology app
were borrowed from The Noun Project, selected using crowdsourced human-based computation to determine the best icons for individual words.[citation needed]
Spoken_(app)
Computing by new or unusual methods
computing or nonstandard computation) is computing by any of a wide range of new or unusual methods. The term unconventional computation was coined by Cristian
Unconventional_computing
Academic sub-disciplines
Computational social science is an interdisciplinary academic sub-field concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences. This means that
Computational_social_science
Machine learning technique
given prompt is good (high reward) or bad (low reward) based on ranking data collected from human annotators. This model then serves as a reward function
Reinforcement learning from human feedback
Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback
Manindra Agrawal – polynomial-time primality testing Luis von Ahn – human-based computation Alfred Aho – compilers book, the 'a' in AWK Frances E. Allen –
List_of_computer_scientists
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
foundations of computation. It is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM's Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory
Theoretical_computer_science
Hypothesis in cognitive science
approaches of understanding human cognition, including logic, rule, concept, analogy, image, and connectionist-based systems based on artificial neural networks
Computational-representational understanding of mind
Computational-representational_understanding_of_mind
Specialist field of computer science
Computational science, also known as scientific computing, technical computing or scientific computation (SC), is a division of science, and more specifically
Computational_science
Solving problems using biological models
algorithms. Brain-inspired computing refers to computational models and methods that are mainly based on the mechanism of the brain, rather than completely
Bio-inspired_computing
Type of large language model
downstream systems that can work with images. The computational and memory requirements of transformer-based models increase significantly as they scale to
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Type of computational models
An agent-based model (ABM) is a computational model for simulating the actions and interactions of an autonomous agent (both individual or collective entities
Agent-based_model
Study of computation
Fundamental areas of computer science Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation, together with their associated phenomena
Computer_science
2017 book by Asi Burak and Laura Parker
in Power Play. Some of these games fall into the categories of human-based computation games and neurogaming and include PeaceMaker, The Cat and the Coup
Power Play: How Video Games Can Save the World
Power_Play:_How_Video_Games_Can_Save_the_World
American machine learning company
characters. Hugging Face, Inc., is an American company based in New York City that develops computation tools for building applications using machine learning
Hugging_Face
Theory of developmental psychology
hierarchy of needs is a conceptualization of the needs (or goals) that motivate human behaviour, which was proposed in 1943 by the American psychologist Abraham
Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs
Computational method in Bayesian statistics
Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) constitutes a class of computational methods rooted in Bayesian statistics that can be used to estimate the posterior
Approximate Bayesian computation
Approximate_Bayesian_computation
Processing of natural language by a computer
areas of the time included research on rule-based parsing (e.g., the development of HPSG as a computational operationalization of generative grammar),
Natural_language_processing
Branch of machine learning
Mühlhoff, Rainer (6 November 2019). "Human-aided artificial intelligence: Or, how to run large computations in human brains? Toward a media sociology of
Deep_learning
Study of circular causal processes
Systems IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems Biological Cybernetics
Cybernetics
Subset of evolutionary computation
metaheuristics and population-based bio-inspired algorithms and evolutionary computation, which itself are part of the field of computational intelligence. The mechanisms
Evolutionary_algorithm
is usually based on numerical computation with approximate floating-point numbers, while symbolic computation emphasizes exact computation with expressions
Glossary_of_computer_science
Subdivisions of science defined by their scope
algorithms, data structures, computational complexity, parallel and distributed computation, probabilistic computation, quantum computation, automata theory, information
Branches_of_science
Totality of psychological phenomena
are views that deny the existence of mentality in most or all non-human animals based on the idea that they lack key mental capacities, like abstract rationality
Mind
Ravi P. Agarwal; Hans Agarwal; Syamal K. Sen (2013). "Birth, growth and computation of pi to ten trillion digits". Advances in Difference Equations. 2013
Chronology of computation of pi
Chronology_of_computation_of_pi
Evolutionary process
history, humans gradually developed traits such as bipedalism, dexterity, and complex language. Modern humans interbred with archaic humans, indicating
Human_evolution
Overview of and topical guide to computer science
science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. One well
Outline_of_computer_science
Generation of trusted authorities or user trust through cryptography
computational trust is the generation of trusted authorities or user trust through cryptography. In centralised systems, security is typically based on
Computational_trust
Intelligence in machines
intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning
Artificial_intelligence
Biological molecules for computations
molecules — such as DNA and/or proteins — to perform digital or real computations. The development of biocomputers has been made possible by the expanding
Biological_computing
Methods that imitate, replicate or use natural processes
works (brain theory or computational neuroscience), and to design efficient algorithms based on the principles of how the human brain processes information
Natural_computing
Scientific area at the interface between computer science and mathematics
is usually based on numerical computation with approximate floating point numbers, while symbolic computation emphasizes exact computation with expressions
Computer_algebra
Type of machine learning model
the emergence of transformer-based models in 2017, some language models were considered large relative to the computational and data constraints of their
Large_language_model
the various taxonomic ranks in the human lineage. The timeline reflects the mainstream views in modern taxonomy, based on the principle of phylogenetic
Timeline_of_human_evolution
Genus of hominins
Homo (from Latin homō 'human') is a genus of great ape (family Hominidae) that emerged from the genus Australopithecus (subtribe Hominina), encompassing
Homo
Technique using a large language model as an evaluator
LLM-as-a-Judge (also LLM-based evaluation or language model-based evaluation) is a technique in natural language processing in which a large language model
LLM-as-a-Judge
Software user interface
having the human in the feedback loop of the computational process Reinforcement learning from human feedback MIM-104 Patriot - Examples of a human-on-the-loop
Human-in-the-loop
Integrated circuit technology
computing approach inspired by the human brain's structure and function. It uses artificial neurons to perform computations, mimicking neural systems for tasks
Neuromorphic_computing
Central organ of the human nervous system
and advancement of databases, and computational and statistical techniques, that can be used in studies of the human brain, particularly in the areas of
Human_brain
Sequence of operations for a task
solution to a given computational problem. Advanced algorithms may utilize loops and involve many conditionals that decide the next step based on the inputs
Algorithm
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HUMAN BASED-COMPUTATION
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