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Abnormally high tissue carbon dioxide levels
Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper, "above" or "too much" and kapnos, "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO2 retention, is a condition of abnormally
Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia in respiratory insufficiency
Permissive hypercapnia is hypercapnia (i.e. high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood) in respiratory insufficient patients in which oxygenation has
Permissive_hypercapnia
Inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system
known as hypoxemia; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia. Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based
Respiratory_failure
Insufficient breathing
By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory
Hypoventilation
State of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood
breathing, known as hyperventilation. Hypocapnia is the opposite of hypercapnia. Short term hypocapnia does not usually have any adverse effects. It
Hypocapnia
South African diver (1974–1994)
had probably lost consciousness either because of oxygen toxicity or hypercapnia induced by the high work-rate of breathing at depth. Two weeks after
Deon_Dreyer
Severely deficient supply of oxygen
asphyxiation – Intentional restriction of oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal Hypercapnia – Abnormally high tissue carbon dioxide levels Respiratory acidosis –
Asphyxia
Decrease in blood pH due to insufficient breathing
hypoventilation thus leads to an increased pCO2 (a condition called hypercapnia). The increase in pCO2 in turn decreases the HCO3–/pCO2 ratio and decreases
Respiratory_acidosis
Extreme manifestation of hypothyroidism
body temperature. Low blood sugar, low blood pressure, hyponatremia, hypercapnia, hypoxia, slowed heart rate, and hypoventilation may also occur. Myxedema
Myxedema_coma
Mild-to-moderate reduction in conscious awareness
blood circulation, impaired oxygenation or carbon dioxide toxicity (hypercapnia); central nervous system (CNS) infections, drug intoxication or withdrawal
Obtundation
Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm
increased effort to breathe with depth, leading to increased risk of hypercapnia – an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. The need to do decompression
Deep_diving
Earth's most severe extinction event
with hypercapnia. This suggests that poisoning from hydrogen sulfide, anoxia, and hypercapnia acted together as a killing mechanism. Hypercapnia best
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Solid form of carbon dioxide
levels in poorly ventilated spaces. The outgassing from it can cause hypercapnia (abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood) due to a buildup
Dry_ice
Disorder involving pauses in breathing during sleep
can build to a higher than normal level (hypercapnia). In turn, these conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia will trigger additional effects on the body
Sleep_apnea
1959 caving death in Derbyshire, England
1959(1959-03-24) (aged 20) Peak Cavern, Derbyshire, England Cause of death Hypercapnia Burial place Moss Chamber, Peak Cavern Education Balliol College, Oxford
Neil_Moss_incident
administration are due to high carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia). Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to decreased
Effect of oxygen on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Effect_of_oxygen_on_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease
Nontoxic or minimally toxic gas which can displace oxygen in breathing air
concentration may not be noticed, except in the case of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia). Toxic gases, by contrast, cause death by other mechanisms, such as
Asphyxiant_gas
Medical condition
in the blood (hypoxemia), elevated carbon dioxide level in the blood (hypercapnia), inadequate oxygen perfusion to tissue (hypoxia), and may be fatal.
Respiratory_arrest
Australian conservationist (1962–2006)
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Steve_Irwin
Extinction event around 260 million years ago
the excessive volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide resulted in marine hypercapnia (excessive dissolved carbon dioxide). This would have acted in conjunction
Capitanian mass extinction event
Capitanian_mass_extinction_event
Pressure exerted by fluids inside the skull and on the brain
result of mild hypoventilation during the sleeping hours leading to hypercapnia and vasodilation. Cerebral edema may worsen during the night due to the
Intracranial_pressure
Rare neurodegenerative disease
blood gas analysis to look for hypoxemia (low oxygen in the blood) and hypercapnia (too much carbon dioxide in the blood). If their daytime blood gas analysis
ALS
Sensory receptor that detects chemicals
environment, such as an increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) or a decrease in blood levels of oxygen (hypoxia), and transmits that
Chemoreceptor
Lung disease involving long-term poor airflow
pressure (CPAP) in treating cases of cardiogenic pulmonary edema with hypercapnia. In those with end-stage disease, palliative care is focused on relieving
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease
Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissues
pressure or unsuitable breathing gas. Both acute and chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia caused by respiratory dysfunction can produce neurological symptoms such
Hypoxia_(medicine)
Tube for breathing face down at the surface of the water
risk of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in hypercapnia. The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume
Snorkel_(swimming)
Sensory receptors that detect changes in chemical concentrations
oxygen (hypoxia), high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), and low glucose (hypoglycemia). Hypoxia and hypercapnia are the most heavily studied and understood
Peripheral_chemoreceptor
Condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough
inadequate removal of carbon dioxide from the circulation and hence hypercapnia; given that carbon dioxide in aqueous solution combines with water to
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
point. For this reason, early tetrapods may have experienced chronic hypercapnia (high levels of blood CO2). This is not uncommon in fish that inhabit
Tetrapod
English broadcaster and natural historian (born 1926)
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David_Attenborough
Physiological disorders resulting from underwater diving
may be a contributing factor in the onset of decompression sickness. Hypercapnia is a condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood
Diving_disorders
Crewed full ocean depth rated submersible
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DSV_Limiting_Factor
Skipped human heartbeat with ventricular origin
medical source?] Hypercapnia (CO2 poisoning) Hypertension (high blood pressure) Hyperthyroidism High blood calcium Hypoxia and/or hypercapnia Lack of sleep/exhaustion
Premature ventricular contraction
Premature_ventricular_contraction
Bruise of the brain tissue
hypotension (low blood pressure), hyponatremia (insufficient sodium), and hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide in the blood). Due to the danger of increased
Cerebral_contusion
Situation that endangers the life or health of a diver
as possible without causing more serious injury through haste. Severe hypercapnia is more likely to be a problem in rebreather diving. Scrubber failure
Underwater_diving_emergency
Drug which widens the lung airways
by deliberate hyperventilation increases respiratory resistance while hypercapnia induced by carbon dioxide inhalation reduces it; however, this bronchodilating
Bronchodilator
Carbon-oxygen gas
exposure to CO2 at concentrations greater than 5% causes the development of hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100
Carbon_dioxide
State of unconsciousness
or hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood) are examples of a metabolic diffuse neuronal dysfunction. Hypoglycemia or hypercapnia initially
Coma
Sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished
oxygen to the breathing muscles themselves. The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body
Central_sleep_apnea
Volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation
apply. VT 6 to 8 ml/kg or as low as 5 ml/kg in severe cases. Permissive hypercapnia can be employed in an attempt to minimize aggressive ventilation leading
Tidal_volume
Opening in the exoskeletons of some arthropods
concentration, ensuring efficient gas exchange and preventing hypoxia or hypercapnia. Other body parts, such as the proboscis, might also extend or contract
Spiracle_(arthropods)
2018 international rescue mission in Thailand
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Tham_Luang_cave_rescue
British science fiction writer (1917–2008)
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Arthur_C._Clarke
Narcotic effects of respiratory nitrogen
Psychotropic state induced by breathing hydrogen at high partial pressures Hypercapnia – Abnormally high tissue carbon dioxide levels Oxygen narcosis – Narcotic
Nitrogen_narcosis
Heart muscle's ability to contract
needed] Parasympathetic activation. If the heart is experiencing anoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2) or acidosis, the heart cells will enter a state of dysfunction
Myocardial_contractility
2006 animal encounter accident
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Death_of_Steve_Irwin
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, often used in reference to blood
5. Medecine Acidosis Alkalosis Arterial blood gas Blood gas tension Hypercapnia Geochemistry Carbon cycle Carbonate compensation depth Chemical equilibrium
PCO2
Subfamily of aquatic mammals
Rosen, David A. S.; Trites, Andrew W. (7 March 2014). "Sensitivity to hypercapnia and elimination of CO2 following diving in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias
Sea_lion
Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
of CO2 may produce CO2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia. Increasing acidity has been observed to reduce metabolic rates in jumbo
Ocean_acidification
American novelist and underwater explorer (1931–2020)
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Clive_Cussler
Hospital corpsman in the US Navy
types of illnesses associated with diving to include oxygen toxicity and hypercapnia, nitrogen narcosis, type I and II decompression sickness and air/gas
Special Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman
Special_Amphibious_Reconnaissance_Corpsman
Irish safety freediver (1977-2017)
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Stephen_Keenan
Swimming while inhaling through a snorkel
risk of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in hypercapnia. The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume
Snorkeling
Group for improving diving safety
consciousness or functional incapacity due to hypocapnia, hypoxia or hypercapnia. Flying After Diving. DAN conducted human trials from 1993 to 1999 to
Divers_Alert_Network
Excess accumulation of fluid in the brain
hypoxia, and increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, hypercapnia, are potent vasodilators in the cerebral vasculature, and should be avoided
Cerebral_edema
Form of breathing
Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus. Gay, PC., & Edmonds, L.C. (1995). Severe hypercapnia after low-flow oxygen therapy in patients with neuromuscular disease
Shallow_breathing
Diving incident in the Maldives
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2026 Dhekunu Kandu cave diving incident
2026_Dhekunu_Kandu_cave_diving_incident
Normal arterial carbon dioxide levels
Homeostasis – State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things Hypercapnia – Abnormally high tissue carbon dioxide levels Hypocapnia – State of
Normocapnia
Chinese military unit
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7th Marine Brigade (PLA Navy Marine Corps)
7th_Marine_Brigade_(PLA_Navy_Marine_Corps)
Personal experiences associated with death or impending death
put forward, including those based upon cerebral hypoxia, anoxia, and hypercapnia; endorphins and other neurotransmitters; and abnormal activity in the
Near-death_experience
Submersible that traveled to the Challenger Deep
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Deepsea_Challenger
Pharmaceutical compound
Zheng JT, Granger M, Lopez T, et al. (20 November 2012). "Transient hypercapnia reveals an underlying cerebrovascular pathology in a murine model for
Gisadenafil
Physiological responses to immersion of air-breathing vertebrates
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Diving_reflex
Sleeping disorder
exacerbate the feeling of suffocation. These include shallow rapid breathing, hypercapnia, and slight blockage of the airway, which is a symptom prevalent in sleep
Sleep_paralysis
Subsea engineering and applied technology company
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Oceaneering_International
Duplication of critical components to increase reliability of a system
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Redundancy_(engineering)
English Tudor warship (1511–1545)
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Mary_Rose
Insufficient oxygen in breathed air
which can prevent acidosis and the strong urge to breathe caused by hypercapnia. When humans breathe in an asphyxiant gas or any other physiologically
Inert_gas_asphyxiation
1979 American science fiction film
hidden tube. Khambatta had to leave the location repeatedly to avoid hypercapnia. One scene required the Ilia probe to slice through a steel door in the
Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture
Female divers of Jeju, South Korea
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Haenyeo
Species of rodent
species by virtue of its incredible longevity performance, hypoxia and hypercapnia endurance, as well as cancer resistance. Looking at the faecal and skin
Lesser_blind_mole-rat
Japanese pearl divers
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Ama_(diving)
Short circular highly elastic rubber loop
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Rubber_band
Abnormally high tissue pH due to metabolic dysfunction
Posthypercapnia – Hypoventilation (decreased respiratory rate) causes hypercapnia (increased levels of CO2), which results in respiratory acidosis. Renal
Metabolic_alkalosis
Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug
infarction, acute respiratory failure (i.e., hypoxemia, with or without hypercapnia), stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and sudden cardiac arrest. Overdose can
Cocaine
Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas
respiratory distress, and rapidly developing into further stages of hypercapnia, or carbon dioxide toxicity. A high ventilation rate is usually necessary
Rebreather
US government scientific agency
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration
Austrian freediver and world record holder
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Herbert_Nitsch
Anglo-Irish scientist (1627–1691)
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Robert_Boyle
Abnormally increased circulatory volume
Beriberi Dysautonomia Erythroderma Exercise Liver failure Hydrocephalus Hypercapnia Paget's disease Portal hypertension Pregnancy Pyrexia Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperdynamic_circulation
Underwater assault rifle
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QBS-06
Death of bone tissue due to interruption of the blood supply
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Avascular_necrosis
American astronaut, circled the Moon in 2026 (born 1975)
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Reid_Wiseman
Emergency first response medical treatment
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First_aid
Military Engineers of the British Army
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Royal_Engineers
American biomedical researcher (born 1967)
program to detect physiological distress, essential in the prevention of hypercapnia, hyperoxia, and decompressive stress Dituri is a certified pilot of the
Joseph_Dituri
Organ system for circulating blood in animals
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Circulatory_system
Sleep breathing disorder
lungs but demonstrates impaired responses to build-up of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and decreases of oxygen in the circulation (hypoxia), the two strongest
Central hypoventilation syndrome
Central_hypoventilation_syndrome
Vietnamese assault rifle
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STV_rifle
Polish special forces unit
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GROM_Military_Unit
Medication, stimulant and decongestant
with inadequate fluid replacement, impaired adrenal function, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes
Ephedrine
American engineer, astronaut, and naval aviator (born 1964)
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Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)
Blood test that measures amounts of dissolved gas
through ventilation. A high PaCO2 (respiratory acidosis, alternatively hypercapnia) indicates underventilation (or, more rarely, a hypermetabolic disorder)
Arterial_blood_gas_test
Directional mass flow of oceanic water
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Ocean_current
Abnormal collection of air in the pleural space
may be observed as cyanosis (blue discoloration of the lips and skin). Hypercapnia (accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood) is sometimes encountered;
Pneumothorax
British explorer and TV presenter
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Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)
Tactical scuba diver
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Frogman
Medical condition
disease, indicated by decreased alveolar ventilation with accompanying hypercapnia. It is characterized as an inhibition to the drive to breathe, or an
Extrapulmonary_restriction
Species of fish
by hypoxia and hypercapnia individually, and depressed by hyperoxia and hypocapnia individually. Combinations of hypoxia and hypercapnia depress gill usage
Gilled_lungfish
Emergency correction of acute critical physiological disorders
Alkalosis Interventional/Supportive Gas exchange (Respiratory failure) Hypercapnia PaCO2 Interventional/Supportive Hypoxia PaO2 Oxygen therapy Altered level
Resuscitation
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