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Finnic language spoken by the Izhorians of Ingria, Russia
Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly. The Ingrian language
Ingrian_language
Ethnicity in Finland and Russia
Ingrian Finns are the Finnish population native to Ingria, a historical region corresponding to the central part of today's Leningrad Oblast in Russia
Ingrian_Finns
20th-century genocide in the Soviet Union
The genocide of the Ingrian Finns (Finnish: inkeriläisten kansanmurha, Ingrian: inkeriläisiin kansaamurha) was a series of events triggered by the Russian
Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns
Ingrian Finnish – Ingrian mixed language
Siberian Ingrian Finnish (Russian: Сибирский ингерманландский идиом) is a Lower Luga Ingrian Finnish – Lower Luga Ingrian (Izhorian) mixed language. The ancestors
Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish
Ingrian is a nearly extinct Finnic language of Russia. The spoken language remains unstandardised, and as such statements below are about the four known
Ingrian_phonology
Group of dialects of Finnish
Ingrian Finnish dialects (Finnish: Inkerin suomalaismurteet) are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian
Ingrian_Finnish_dialects
Finnic language
some similarities with and has acquired loanwords from the adjacent Ingrian language, but also has deep-reaching similarities with Estonian to the west
Votic_language
Ethnic group
The Izhorians (Ingrian: ižorat, ižorit, inkeroiset; Russian: ижо́ра; ижо́ры, ижо́рцы; Finnish: inkerikot; Estonian: isurid) are a Finnic indigenous people
Izhorians
Grammar of the Ingrian language
The Ingrian language is a highly endangered language spoken in Ingria, Russia. Ingrian is a Uralic language of the Finnic branch, along with, among others
Ingrian_grammar
Ancestor of modern Karelian
Southern and Livvi), Ludic, the Ingrian language, as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed. It was spoken
Proto-Karelian_language
Language family of Northeastern Europe
of their respective nation states. The other Finnic languages in the Baltic Sea region are Ingrian and Votic, spoken in Ingria by the Gulf of Finland,
Finnic_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
indigenous people of Ingria The Ingrian language (also called Izhorian; spoken by the Izhorians) The Ingrian dialects (spoken by Ingrian Finns) This disambiguation
Ingrian
Historical region in northwestern Russia
extinction, together with their languages. This notwithstanding, many people still recognize and attempt to preserve their Ingrian heritage. Historic Ingria
Ingria
Veps, Ingrian, Ludian, and Udmurt. There are over 100 minority languages spoken in Russia today. Although Russian is the only official language of Russia
Languages_of_Russia
Finnic language
few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in Russia's Republic of Karelia. The closest relative of Finnish is either Ingrian, or depending
Finnish_language
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native
List of endangered languages in Russia
List_of_endangered_languages_in_Russia
Village in Leningrad Oblast, Russia
Sarkyulya (Russian: Саркюля) is a village in the Kuzyomkino Rural Settlement of Kingiseppsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located by the river
Sarkyulya
1919–1920 de facto state in Eastern Europe
Cross of the Ingrian White Wall. The Republic of Kirjasalo had two governments in charge, the Pohjois-Inkerin Hoitokunta [fi] ('North Ingrian Caretaker Committee')
North_Ingria
Administrative division in several countries
romanized: rajon; Georgian: რაიონი, romanized: raioni; German: Rayon; Ingrian: raijona; Latvian: rajons; Lithuanian: rajonas; Polish: rejon; Romanian:
Raion
Dialect of Votic spoken in a part of Russia
dialect has Ingrian-like vocabulary and phonetics, while containing Votic grammar which is a result of an incomplete language switch to Ingrian. However
Kukkuzi_dialect
Linguistic term for jargon of a group
or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a cryptolect, argot, pseudo-language, anti-language
Cant_(language)
Form of Finnish spoken in Siberia
to at least two languages/dialects. The first language is a Lower Luga Ingrian Finnish – Lower Luga Ingrian (Izhorian) mixed language. The ancestors of
Siberian_Finnish
Grammatical case denoting accompaniment
kaa, derived from kanssa and cognate with the Estonian -ga. Compare also Ingrian -nka/-nkä, e.g., talonka 'with a house'. mun 1SG.GEN kaa with mun kaa 1SG
Comitative_case
Group of settlement in Kingiseppsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia
The Soikinsky Peninsula (Russian: Сойкино, Finnish: Soikkola, Ingrian: Soikkola) in Kingiseppsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia projects out into
Soikinsky_Peninsula
required) Icelandic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Ingrian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Ingush at Ethnologue
Languages_of_Europe
Topics referred to by the same term
Plant Izh (river) (Russian: Иж), Udmurt Republic, Russia Ingrian language, a Finnic language spoken by the Izhorians of Ingria Iž This disambiguation
Izh
Ethnographic museum in Leningrad, Russia
culture center working where visitors can learn handicrafts or the Ingrian language. The museum's collection was started in 1990 and in 1993, the museum
Izhorian_Museum
Disputed subdivision of the Uralic languages
Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian
Finno-Ugric_languages
Rural locality in Kingiseppsky District, Russia
28°28′E / 59.767°N 28.467°E / 59.767; 28.467 Vistino (Russian: Вистино, Ingrian: Viistina, Finnish: Viistinä) is a rural locality (a village) in Kingiseppsky
Vistino
Language policy in the Soviet Union
Karelian Ingrian Ludic Karelian Livvi-Karelian Finnish Eastern Dialects Savo Finnish Ingrian Finnish Siberian Finnish Mixed Siberian Ingrian Finnish Southern
Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union
Russian separatist organisation
national movement of ethnic Ingrians, according to whose activists the political Ingrians “shamelessly used the historical word Ingrians for their own political
Free_Ingria
Rebellion of Ingrian Finns in Russia
The Revolt of the Ingrian Finns (Finnish: Inkeriläisten kansannousu, also known as Inkerin vapaustaistelu) was an uprising of Ingrian Finns in Ingria during
Revolt_of_the_Ingrian_Finns
Place in Leningrad Oblast, Russia
Krakolye (Russian: Кракóлье; Votic: Jõgõperä; Finnish: Joenperä; Ingrian: Joenperä) was a rural locality (a village) in Ust-Luzhsky Selsoviet of Kingiseppsky
Krakolye
Akhvakh Ghodoberi Archi Chamalal Judeo-Tat Sami languages Akkala Sami Kildin Sami Skolt Sami Ter Sami Vod Ingrian Hinukh Kurdish Kazakh (563,000) Yakut (456
List_of_languages_of_Russia
Village in Leningrad Oblast, Russia
Russians by their use of the Izhorian language. While part of Estonia, a primary school with an Estonian- and Russian-language branch existed in the village.
Venekyulya
Northern Finnic, is more closely related to Karelian and Ingrian; they share a common proto-language, known in literature as Proto-Karelian (muinaiskarjala)
History of the Finnish language
History_of_the_Finnish_language
Ancestor of the Finnic languages
positions, *δ is lost early on in the other languages of the Eastern Finnic group (Eastern Finnish, Karelian and Ingrian) as well as in Estonian. After long vowels
Proto-Finnic_language
World War II military unit of Finland
The Ingrian Battalion (Finnish: Inkerin Pataljoona),[citation needed] also known as Separate Battalion 6 (Finnish: Erillinen Pataljoona 6/ Er.P6), was
Ingrian_Battalion
Area of northern Europe
The older inhabitants of Ingria, the Ingrians, have their own language which is related to the Karelian language and the south-eastern dialects of Finnish
Karelia
Finnic ethnic group in Ingria, modern Russia
century on, the Votic language no longer passed to following generations. Most Votes were evacuated to Finland along with Finnish Ingrians during World War
Votians
Descendants of deported (mostly Ingrian) Finns
Siberia, mainly descendants of Ingrian Finns, who were deported into Siberia. According to some estimates up to 30,000 Ingrian Finns were deported to Siberia
Siberian_Finns
Munda language of South Asia
सान्ताली) is a Kherwarian Munda language spoken natively by the Santal people of South Asia. It is the most widely-spoken language of the Munda subfamily of
Santali_language
Pair of Uralic languages of Russia
yazyki), are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language, both spoken in Mordovia. Previously
Mordvinic_languages
Sarah (2 April 2015). "How the Manx language came back from the dead". theguardian.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015. Ingrian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription
List of languages by number of speakers in Europe
List_of_languages_by_number_of_speakers_in_Europe
Conflict between Sweden and Russia (1610–17)
The Ingrian War (Swedish: Ingermanländska kriget) was a conflict fought between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia which lasted between 1610
Ingrian_War
Finnish politician (born 1993)
in 2019–2021. He began his duties as Mayor of Helsinki in June 2025. As Ingrian immigrants, Sazonov's parents came to Finland from Saint Petersburg in
Daniel_Sazonov
Erzya Estonian Finnish Hungarian Ingrian Karelian Khanty Komi Livonian Mansi Mari Moksha Nenets Permyak Sámi languages Udmurt Veps Votic Uto-Aztecan Comanche
List of languages by type of grammatical genders
List_of_languages_by_type_of_grammatical_genders
Proper Southeastern dialects Middle dialects of Lemi region Ingrian dialects (in Russia) Ingrian (Ižoran keeli) Hevaha (extinct) Lower Luga Kukkuzi (?) (possibly
List_of_Uralic_languages
Group of dialects of Finnish
where their speech was assimilated into the new environment. Use of the Ingrian dialects is declining. South Karelian dialects have been influenced by
South_Karelian_dialects
Baltic Finnic ethnic group
in Sweden, and the Ingrian Finns in Russia. Finnish, the language spoken by Finns, is closely related to other Balto-Finnic languages such as Estonian and
Finns
Indo-Aryan language
known as Audhi, is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken in the Awadh region
Awadhi_language
Phonetic feature
Slavic languages such as Russian and Bulgarian; Uralic languages such as Estonian, Karelian, Veps, Enets and Mansi; Northwest Caucasian languages such as
Palatalization_(phonetics)
Part of Swedish Empire (1583–95, 1617–1721)
Swedish Ingria (Swedish: Svenska Ingermanland, lit. 'land of Ingrians') was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1583 to 1595 and then again from 1617
Swedish_Ingria
Ethnic group
country. However, many of the Russian-speaking immigrants are ethnically Ingrian Finns and other Finno-Ugric peoples. In addition, a significant minority
Russians_in_Finland
India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh Ingrian – ižoran keeli Spoken in: Ingria , Russia Ingush – ГӀалгӀай мотт Official language in: the Russian autonomous republic
List_of_language_names
Study of sound organization in languages
linguistics that concerns how languages organize the foundational elements that make their words. In spoken languages, these are phonemes like vowel
Phonology
Irredentist and nationalist idea that emphasized territorial expansion of Finland
Russia) wanted their own state, so they created the Republic of Uhtua. Ingrian Finns also created their own state, North Ingria, but with the intention
Greater_Finland
Type of secondary articular language
with the [sʲʷ] = [sᶣ] of Abkhaz or the [nʲʷ] = [nᶣ] of Akan and Siberian Ingrian Finnish. A voiced labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] occurs in Mandarin
Labio-palatalization
mother of the Karelian language Valeri Minkenen, Ingrian football player Matti Poikala, Swedish wrestler Roland Pöntinen, Ingrian-Swedish pianist and composer
List_of_Karelians
1920s–1930s script reform campaign
Dungan (1928) Eskimo (1931) Even (1931) Evenki (Evenki Latin) (1931) Ingrian (Ingrian alphabet) (1932) Ingush (1923) Itelmen (1931) Juhuri (1929) Kabardiano-Cherkess
Latinisation in the Soviet Union
Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union
Mass repressions against Finns in the Soviet Union
and replaced with Russians. In 1937, all Finnish-language schools, publications, broadcasts, and Ingrian Lutheran churches were closed down. The Finnish
Finnish_Operation_of_the_NKVD
Tatarça Czech Turkish Ukrainian Hungarian Armenian Bashkir German Finnish Ingrian, also called Izhorian Kalmyk Karelian Ludic Livvi-Karelian, also called
Regional and minority languages in Europe
Regional_and_minority_languages_in_Europe
Livonians. In Swedish Ingria, Finnish, Ingrian and Votian were spoken along with Swedish. Latin, as the language of the Catholic Church, was introduced
Languages_of_Sweden
Finnish Russian Imperial Guard officer
Ingria came to request Elfvengren to become the commander of the North Ingrian Regiment, to which he agreed. The committee held control of the Kirjasalo
Georg_Elfvengren
Grammar of the English language
English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts
English_grammar
As the language continued to be used as a classical language, lingua franca and liturgical language long after it ceased being a native language, pronunciation
Latin phonology and orthography
Latin_phonology_and_orthography
Phonemes of American Sign Language
American Sign Language (ASL) and other sign languages are characterized by phonological processes analogous to those of spoken languages. Phonemes serve
American Sign Language phonology
American_Sign_Language_phonology
Linguistic description of the structure of ASL
American Sign Language (ASL) has grammar just like any other sign language or spoken language. The study of ASL structure dates back to William Stokoe
American Sign Language grammar
American_Sign_Language_grammar
1708–1927 unit of Russia
Saint Petersburg Governorate was a province (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Saint Petersburg. The governorate was composed of 44
Saint_Petersburg_Governorate
Soviet singer and actor (born 1958)
is a Russian Ingrian actress, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (2002), and pop singer. Kondulainen comes from a family of Ingrian Finns. In 1983
Yelena_Kondulainen
Finnish-Russian entrepreneur (born 1981)
St Petersburg to Helsinki as Ingrian returnees. There, Roman, who had previously studied the English and Finnish language at school no. 204 next to the
Roman_Rotenberg
Obsolete Russian-language term for some Finnic peoples
term for Balto-Finnic peoples; particularly Finns, Estonians, Karelians, Ingrian Finns. It is thought to be a derivative from the ethnonym Chud. The 18th
Chukhna
Russian linguist
to language contact in Western Ingria and written under the academic supervision of Evgeny Golovko. Muslimov teaches the endangered Votic and Ingrian languages
Mehmet_Muslimov
Hostility, prejudice, discrimination or racism against Finland and Finnish culture
for foreign affairs of Russia called for Russians to not use the word. Ingrian Finns were heavily persecuted in Soviet Russia, including being subject
Anti-Finnish_sentiment
Form of the Arabic language
the liturgical language of Islam, "Quranic" referring to the Quran. Classical Arabic is, furthermore, the register of the Arabic language on which Modern
Classical_Arabic
Subgroup of the Finnish people
largely assimilated into the Swedish and Norwegian cultures, and their language, a variety of Savonian Finnish (Värmland Savonian dialect), is today extinct
Forest_Finns
Finnish footballer (born 1989)
professional footballer. Minkenen was born in Leningrad, and he is of Ingrian Finnish descent. He has played in Finland and Estonia for AC Oulu, FC Haka
Valeri_Minkenen
linguistic names. Language portal Constructed language and List of constructed languages Language (for information about language in general) Language observatory
Index_of_language_articles
Group of stop constants involving both ingressive and egressive mechanisms
occasionally occur phonetically in some European languages: For instance, in some northern dialects of Ingrian, intervocalic bilabial stops may be realised
Implosive_consonant
Sound system of Spanish
delimiters. This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Spanish language. Unless otherwise noted, statements refer to Castilian Spanish, the standard
Spanish_phonology
Finnish politician and journalist
Juhani Konkka (September 4, 1904 – June 22, 1970) was an Ingrian Finnish writer, translator, screenwriter and politician. Juhani Konkka was born in the
Juhani_Konkka
Group of dialects of Finnish
dialects or Savo Finnish) (Finnish: Savolaismurteet) are forms of the Finnish language spoken in Savo and other parts of Eastern Finland. Finnish dialects are
Savo_dialects
Swedish boxer
the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics. Vainonen is of Ingrian Finnish descent through his parents who had moved to Sweden from Ingria
Leo_Vainonen
Russian politician
federation of skiing and snowboarding of the Leningrad oblast. Hudilainen is of Ingrian Finnish heritage. He is fluent in Finnish. "Российская федерация горнолыжного
Aleksandr_Hudilainen
Restricted economic zone in Russia
Soviet Union, many nationalities considered unreliable (Poles, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Latvians) were forcibly transferred from the zone by
Border Security Zone of Russia
Border_Security_Zone_of_Russia
Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols
the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. For educators and researchers, reading is
Reading
System of phonetic notation
lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, speech–language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Interwar conflicts in Finnish territory
(I Suomalainen Vapaajoukko) [fi] helped Estonian troops. Revolt of the Ingrian Finns (1918–1920) Aunus expedition (1919) Advance on Petrograd (1919) East
Heimosodat
War between Russia and Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth
withdrew from the military alliance with Russia, instead triggering the Ingrian War of 1610-1617 between Sweden and Russia. Sigismund's son, Prince Władysław
Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)
Polish–Russian_War_(1609–1618)
Finnish cultural studies scholar
with a dissertation, Studies in Ingrian Laments which examined the traditional grieving and mourning rituals of Ingrian women. The topic influenced her
Aili_Nenola
Letter of the Latin alphabet used for historical orthography of Jaꞑalif
alphabets of the Kurdish, Abaza, Sami, Ingrian, Kalmyk, Komi, Tsakhur, Azerbaijani, Bashkir and Suret languages, as well as in the draft reform of the
I_with_bowl
2020 film
Neuvostoliitto) is a 2020 Estonian-Finnish tragicomedy film and the first Ingrian film. It was written and directed by Lauri Randla. Set during the final
Goodbye_Soviet_Union
Finnish poet (1913–1997)
Literature category for "Laurel of Hellas". Tynni was born in Ingria into an Ingrian Finnish family. She married fellow poet Martti Haavio, her second husband
Aale_Tynni
Grammatical rules of the Vedic Sanskrit language
to the oldest attested descendant of the Proto-Indo-Aryan language. Sanskrit is the language that is found in the four Vedas, in particular, the Rigveda
Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar
Realm of the dead in Finnish mythology
realms appear in most Finnic cultural traditions, including among Karelian, Ingrian, and Estonian beliefs. In Estonian mythology, the realm is called Toonela
Tuonela
Ongoing conflict since 2014
parliament adopted a bill to revoke the status of Russian as an official state language. The bill was not enacted, but the proposal caused anger among some Russian
Russo-Ukrainian_war
Inhabitants of regions of Tver, Saint Petersburg, and Moscow
migrations followed the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617 at the conclusion of the Ingrian war where Russia was defeated by Sweden, and Ingria and Kexholm County
Tver_Karelians
Fiend or demon in Finnish mythology
inherited from Proto-Finnic *piru* ‘devil, demon’, with cognates in Karelian, Ingrian and Estonian; its ultimate origin is unknown. In folklore, a piru is often
Piru_(spirit)
Ethnic group in Japan and Russia
using the language daily. The Hokkaido Ainu language is likely extinct today, as there remain no known native speakers. The other Ainu languages, Sakhalin
Ainu_people
Dialect of Estonian language
dialects (the sound õ [ɤ] is absent like in Finnish), the Ingrian (Izhorian) and Votic languages, whereas the latter has also been influenced by the central
Northeastern_coastal_Estonian
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a derivative of an Anglo-Scandinavian personal name, probably Ingimund, composed of elements meaning ‘Ing protection’.German (Ingmann) : unexplained. Perhaps a variant of Engman, a variant of Enge, with the addition of the personal suffix -mann ‘man’.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Deep
Boy/Male
English
Manly; brave. Modern.
Female
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Old Norse Ingrið, INGRID means "Ing-beautiful."
Girl/Female
Finnish Teutonic
Hero's daughter.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Netherlands, Norse, Norwegian, Scandinavian, Swiss, Teutonic
Fair; Meadow; Ing is Beautiful; Hero's Daughter
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Protects.
Girl/Female
Scottish
Daughter.
Male
English
 English surname transferred to forename use, from a contracted form of Norman Germanic Engelram, INGRAM means "Ing's raven." Compare with another form of Ingram.
Girl/Female
Norse
Beauty of Froy.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, Greek
Manly
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a common Norman personal name, Ingram, of Germanic origin, composed of the elements Ing (the name of a Germanic god) + hraban ‘raven’.
Boy/Male
Norse Teutonic German Scandinavian
Ing's raven.
Girl/Female
Scottish
Daughter.
Boy/Male
British, English
Raven of Angila
Girl/Female
Norse
Beauty of Froy.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Sun
Boy/Male
Australian
Free Man
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Lord Indra
Girl/Female
Teutonic American Swedish Norse Scandinavian
Hero's daughter.
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
Male
Italian
Italian form of Latin Ignatius, possibly IGNAZIO means "unknowing."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Son of the Earth
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Shiva, Lord of natas dancers
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil
Born of Gods
Girl/Female
Indian
Delighted, Agreed, Happy
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Beautiful; Lovable
Female
English
 Pet form of English Dorothy, DORA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Dora.
Boy/Male
British, English, Newzealand
A Great Warrior
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Chosen by the Truth (Allah)
Boy/Male
Tamil
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
INGRIAN LANGUAGE
n.
One of the Angles.
a.
Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight.
v. t.
To make great; to enlarge; to magnify.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Ingrain
n.
An ingrain fabric, as a carpet.
a.
Anglian.
imp. & p. p.
of Ingrain
a.
Of or pertaining to the Angles.
a.
Made of maize or Indian corn; as, Indian corn, Indian meal, Indian bread, and the like.
a.
Dyed with grain, or kermes.
v. t.
To incorporate with the grain or texture of anything; to infuse deeply. See Ingrain.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Engrain
v. t.
To dye in the grain, or before manufacture.
a.
Of or pertaining to the aborigines, or Indians, of America; as, Indian wars; the Indian tomahawk.
a.
Of or pertaining to Iberia.
v. t.
To dye with or in grain or kermes.
a.
Dyed before manufacture, -- said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance.
v. t.
To work into the natural texture or into the mental or moral constitution of; to stain; to saturate; to imbue; to infix deeply.
v. t.
To dye in grain, or of a fast color. See Ingrain.
v. t.
To color in imitation of the grain of wood; to grain. See Grain, v. t., 1.