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Scale for measuring the brightness of the night sky
account the interference caused by light pollution. Amateur astronomer John E. Bortle created the scale and published it in the February 2001 edition of Sky
Bortle_scale
American amateur astronomer
John E. Bortle is an American amateur astronomer. He is best known for creating the Bortle scale to quantify the darkness of the night sky. Bortle has
John_E._Bortle
American football player (born 1992)
Robby Blake Bortles (born April 28, 1992) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for
Blake_Bortles
Halley-type comet
James B. Gibson, Richard E. McCrosky and others in December 1983, reporting a weak condensation and a short tail. John E. Bortle reported that the comet
161P/Hartley–IRAS
SEDS. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
List_of_galaxies
Human vision, unaided by optical instruments
original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2013. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Naked_eye
Brightness of a celestial object observed from the Earth
original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2018. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Apparent_magnitude
Exceptionally bright comets
27, 2025. Retrieved January 27, 2025. The bright-comet chronicles. John E. Bortle (W. R. Brooks Observatory) Memorable Comets of the Past Gary W. Kronk
Great_comet
Hobby of watching the sky and stars
one of the most successful visual discoverers of comets and novae. John E. Bortle, authored "Comet Digest" in Sky and Telescope magazine and the monthly
Amateur_astronomy
Astronomical term for luminosity per area
Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2600C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu992. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Surface_brightness
Organization of amateur and professional astronomers
(JAAVSO). AAVSO Circular was published from 1970 until 2000 and edited by John E. Bortle. List of astronomical societies Saladyga, M. (1999). "The "Pre-Embryonic"
American Association of Variable Star Observers
American_Association_of_Variable_Star_Observers
Puffy exoplanet in constellation Hydra
from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2024-08-02. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
WASP-193b
American football coach (born 1958)
Lock, as well as third and fourth quarterbacks Brett Rypien and Blake Bortles, had been in physical contact with Driskel without wearing protective masks
Vic_Fangio
Borrmann–Campbell effect) – Gerhard Borrman (and Herbert N. Campbell) Bortle scale – John E. Bortle Bose–Einstein condensate, effect, statistics – Satyendra Nath
Scientific phenomena named after people
Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
Great Comet of 1874
Orbit parameters · Physical parameters THE BRIGHT-COMET CHRONICLES by John E. Bortle, 1998 Coggia's Comet, State Historical Society, Official Nebraska Government
C/1874_H1_(Coggia)
K-type subgiant star in the constellation Pisces
(PDF). NameExoWorlds. IAU. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-07-30. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
HD_30856
Super-Earth exoplanet in constellation Lyra
from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2013-08-12. John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Kepler-93b
Astronomical research observatory in New Zealand
of only four such reserves around the world at that time. The area has a Bortle Scale of 2. There are 5 large telescopes on the mountain that are in regular
Mount John University Observatory
Mount_John_University_Observatory
American football player (born 1981)
with players such as Tom Brady, Matt Ryan, Drew Brees, Andy Dalton, Blake Bortles, Jared Goff, Matthew Stafford, Carson Wentz, Marcus Mariota, Trey Lance
John_Beck_(gridiron_football)
American football player (born 1996)
Myles (December 1, 2020). "Broncos activate Drew Lock, Brett Rypien, Blake Bortles from COVID list". NBCSports.com. Retrieved January 9, 2021. "Denver Broncos
Drew_Lock
Hills and rock formations in California, U.S.
The Alabama Hills feature exceptional skies for Central California. It is Bortle class 2 or "average dark sky" site; this low level of light pollution meets
Alabama_Hills
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, VA: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. pp. 305–07. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. Bortle, John E. (February
Lupus_(constellation)
American football player (born 1990)
the fourth quarter. However, the Jaguars regained the lead with a Blake Bortles touchdown pass to wide receiver Allen Hurns, sealing the 34–31 victory
EJ_Manuel
Great Comet of 2025
now resulting in a "headless" comet similar to Comet Lovejoy in 2011. John Bortle considers the comet due to its brightness and night time appearance as
C/2024_G3_(ATLAS)
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, VA: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. pp. 305–07. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. Bortle, John E. (February
Crux
Zodiac constellation in the northern hemisphere
469–71. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R. Wagman 2003, p. 60. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Cancer_(constellation)
American professional soccer club based in Jacksonville
investor group includes former professional athletes such as John Elway, Blake Bortles, and Sporting JAX co-owner Tim Tebow, as well as business figures
Sporting_Club_Jacksonville
Diffuse luminance of the night sky
236.20. Bibcode:2017AAS...22923620P. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "Observer's Log – Introducing the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope.{{cite
Skyglow
Non-periodic comet
in History". (Accessed 5/6/08) The Great Daylight Comet of 1910, by John W. Bortle, Sky and Telescope C/1910 A1 at the JPL Small-Body Database Close approach ·
Great_January_Comet_of_1910
Zodiac constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Libra_(constellation)
31st season in franchise history
with 38 total touchdowns, breaking the previous mark of 37 set by Blake Bortles in 2015. Additionally, the Jaguars recorded 22 interceptions during the
2025 Jacksonville Jaguars season
2025_Jacksonville_Jaguars_season
Spiral galaxy in the constellation Triangulum
of AOP: M101: Pinwheel Galaxy". Retrieved 2007-04-07. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky and Telescope. Retrieved 2010-01-07
Triangulum_Galaxy
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
"Ursa Minor – The 88 Constellations". NSF NOIRLab. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Ursa_Minor
Constellation on the celestial equator
Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, VA: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. Bortle, John E. (February
Sextans
State park in California, United States
low light pollution enhance nighttime viewing conditions. The park is a Bortle class 2-3 site, ranging from an "average dark sky" in northern regions to
Red Rock Canyon State Park (California)
Red_Rock_Canyon_State_Park_(California)
American football coach (born 1979)
confirmed on that position in January 2017. Working with quarterback Blake Bortles and running back Leonard Fournette, Hackett coordinated the league's best
Nathaniel_Hackett
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Bibcode:1960MNRAS.121..123B. doi:10.1093/mnras/121.2.123. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Sculptor_(constellation)
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. Bortle, John E
Cassiopeia_(constellation)
Bibcode:2015ApJ...805L..22R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/805/2/L22. S2CID 117871083. Bortle, Anna; et al. (2021). "A Gaussian Process Regression Reveals No Evidence
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets
Takuboku 1988 HB Takuboku Ishikawa, Japanese poet MPC · 4672 4673 Bortle 1988 LF John E. Bortle, American amateur astronomer MPC · 4673 4674 Pauling 1989 JC
Meanings of minor-planet names: 4001–5000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_4001–5000
NFL team in Jacksonville, Florida
Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 10, 2024. Reid, John (November 26, 2018). "Bortles benched as Kessler gets starting nod". Florida Times-Union
Jacksonville_Jaguars
American football player (born 1997)
2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018. Long, Mark (September 30, 2018). "Bortles tosses 2 TD passes Jags handle Darnold, Jets 31–12". AP News. Archived
Sam_Darnold
Protected area in Florida
darkest portions of the state, the night sky above the park measures in at a Bortle 3, allowing for viewing of the Milky Way and several Messier objects. The
Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park
Kissimmee_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park
American football player (born 1981)
McCown (2011) Blaine Gabbert (2011–2013) Chad Henne (2012–2014) Blake Bortles (2014–2018) Cody Kessler (2018) Nick Foles (2019) Gardner Minshew (2019–2020)
Luke_McCown
American college football season
Blake Bortles threw for 314 yards and three touchdown passes as UCF rolled past Akron by the score of 38–7. On the second play of the game, Bortles connected
2013 UCF Knights football team
2013_UCF_Knights_football_team
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
doi:10.1086/337968. S2CID 120493760. Online sources Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Pictor
American football and baseball player (born 2004)
Bowen's stellar HS career ends with loss in 2A final". The Indianapolis Star. Bortle, Noah (May 22, 2026). "Notre Dame recruit Drayk Bowen wins Butkus Award
Drayk_Bowen
American football player (born 1999)
total touchdowns in a single season with 38, previously held by Blake Bortles. He was also voted to be the FedEx Air and Ground player of the week for
Trevor_Lawrence
American singer and musician
a Spike Magazine review of The Consumer And Other Stories, Jordon Leigh Bortle writes, "the squeamish may wish to armour themselves before entering these
Michael_Gira
Possible existence of liquid water beyond Earth
Retrieved 17 August 2018. Bortle, Anna; Fausey, Hallie; Ji, Jinbiao; Dodson-Robinson, Sarah; Ramirez Delgado, Victor; Gizis, John (2021), "A Gaussian Process
List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water
List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water
American football player and television analyst (born 1989)
Week 17, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had three sacks on Blake Bortles, one of which was his first career safety which also gave him 20.5 sacks
J._J._Watt
Mexico Mustangs Billy Hickman 2023 10 23 .303 10 23 .303 AC Patterson Austin Bortle Deion Melvin Western Oregon Wolves Arne Ferguson 2005 117 99 .542 117 99
List of current NCAA Division II football coaches
List_of_current_NCAA_Division_II_football_coaches
Periodic comet
famous prediction that his life would end with the comet's return. Bortle, John E. (13 January 2010). "The Great Daylight Comet of 1910". Sky & Telescope
Halley's_Comet
Star in the constellation Capricornus
needed to be viewed from the Earth with the unaided eye. (According to the Bortle scale, it can be viewed from dark suburban skies.) HD 192310 is suspected
HD_192310
Star system in the constellation Cassiopeia
Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 15 February 2014. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
AO_Cassiopeiae
American football player (born 1989)
also being the third quarterback to catch a pass in a Super Bowl, after John Elway in Super Bowl XXII and Jim Kelly in Super Bowl XXVI. However, unlike
Nick_Foles
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
302–07. ISBN 978-0-596-52685-6. Wagman 2003, pp. 433–34. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Lynx_(constellation)
Galaxy containing the Solar System
conditions: Eyes adapted to the dark sky (30 minutes) Low light pollution (Bortle 4 or lower) Low or no moonlight (during a 5-day window of a new moon) Low
Milky_Way
American football player (born 1992)
was the Jaguars' third-string quarterback his rookie season behind Blake Bortles and Chad Henne. Allen was waived by the Jaguars on September 3, 2017, following
Brandon Allen (American football)
Brandon_Allen_(American_football)
Binary star system in the constellation Corona Borealis
données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2017-03-17. Bortle, John E. (February 2001), "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale", Sky & Telescope, Sky Publishing Corporation
Epsilon_Coronae_Borealis
Data available at https://gruze.org/10pc/ Bortle, John E. (2001). "Light Pollution And Astronomy: The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived
List_of_nearest_exoplanets
25th season in franchise history
It was also their first season since 2013 without Blake Bortles on the roster, as Bortles signed with the defending NFC champion Los Angeles Rams in
2019 Jacksonville Jaguars season
2019_Jacksonville_Jaguars_season
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Star Tales. Self-published. Retrieved 25 November 2018. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Piscis_Austrinus
Constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere
self-published. Retrieved 1 June 2016. Wagman 2003, p. 29. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Antlia
103rd season in franchise history
signing QB Blake Bortles". profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021. "Packers release QBs Blake Bortles and Jake Dolegala"
2021_Green_Bay_Packers_season
National park in New Zealand
night sky brightness in the reserve ranks at a level 2 on the nine-level Bortle scale. In 2018 the Department of Conservation drafted a management plan
Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park
Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook_National_Park
Excess artificial light in an environment
environmental impacts. The Bortle scale is a nine-level measuring system used to track how much light pollution there is in the sky. A Bortle scale of four or less
Light_pollution
Star in the constellation Ursa Minor
données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-10-07. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
HD_120084
American football player (born 1993)
Garoppolo's confidence". NBCS Bay Area. Retrieved October 10, 2018. Breech, John (September 24, 2018). "Jimmy Garoppolo injury update: 49ers QB out for the
C._J._Beathard
2018 National Football League championship game
key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore, whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville's last chance to score. Rob Gronkowski was injured
Super_Bowl_LII
Minor constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Binoculars. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-387-85354-3. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Microscopium
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-58582-8. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Pyxis
Star in the constellation Eridanus
doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467. ISSN 0004-6256. Bortle, John E. (18 July 2006). "Gauging Light Pollution: The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. American
HD_18742
American football player (born 1989)
McCown (2011) Blaine Gabbert (2011–2013) Chad Henne (2012–2014) Blake Bortles (2014–2018) Cody Kessler (2018) Nick Foles (2019) Gardner Minshew (2019–2020)
Blaine_Gabbert
American football player (born 1998)
cornerback Michael Carter II, but a roughing the passer penalty on defensive end John Franklin-Myers negated the play. During a Week 9 26–3 victory over the Colts
Mac_Jones
American football player (born 1978)
Sacked: playoff season (5 in 2007; with Mark Brunell (1999) and Blake Bortles (2017)), playoff game (4 on January 5, 2008 @PIT) Yards per attempt: playoffs
David_Garrard
American football player (born 1976)
season. Manning's 17 interceptions were second to Jaguars quarterback Blake Bortles, who threw 18 interceptions but started all 16 games. The Broncos, by virtue
Peyton_Manning
American football player and coach (born 1970)
McCown (2011) Blaine Gabbert (2011–2013) Chad Henne (2012–2014) Blake Bortles (2014–2018) Cody Kessler (2018) Nick Foles (2019) Gardner Minshew (2019–2020)
Mark_Brunell
American football player (born 1984)
recorded his first postseason touchdown on a four-yard reception from Blake Bortles. On March 20, 2018, Lewis was released by the Jaguars after 12 seasons
Marcedes_Lewis
Constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere
pp. 119, 387, 390–91, 506. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Corvus_(constellation)
American football player (born 1996)
Myles (December 1, 2020). "Broncos activate Drew Lock, Brett Rypien, Blake Bortles from COVID list". NBCSports.com. Retrieved January 9, 2021. DiLalla, Aric
Brett_Rypien
National park in California and Nevada, United States
darkest skies are located in the northwest of the park; Ubehebe Crater is a Bortle class 1 or "excellent dark sky" site. The Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum
Death_Valley_National_Park
F-type main sequence star in the constellation Eridanus
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423817. S2CID 56332289. A67. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
51_Eridani
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 14 December 2020. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Telescopium
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2016. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Fornax
Long-period comet
October 1975 the comet had brightened to a magnitude of 8. On 22 October John Bortle estimated its magnitude to be 6.8. On 28 October he estimated its magnitude
C/1975 T2 (Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori)
C/1975_T2_(Suzuki–Saigusa–Mori)
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Retrieved 18 September 2016. Wagman 2003, pp. 42–43. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 26 August
Ara_(constellation)
American football player and coach (born 1979)
had the third-most turnovers in the NFL (16) behind Geno Smith and Blake Bortles. Overall in 2014, McCown threw for 2,206 yards, 11 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions
Josh_McCown
Star in the constellation Pictor
1088/0004-637X/771/1/41. S2CID 14827197. 41, 13 pp. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
HD_41248
American football player (born 1989)
21, 2019. Oehser, John (May 8, 2020). "Official: Glennon agrees to terms". Jaguars.com. Retrieved November 12, 2022. Oehser, John (September 5, 2020)
Mike_Glennon
American football coach and former player (born 1980)
McCown (2011) Blaine Gabbert (2011–2013) Chad Henne (2012–2014) Blake Bortles (2014–2018) Cody Kessler (2018) Nick Foles (2019) Gardner Minshew (2019–2020)
Byron_Leftwich
Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere
2003, p. 235. Wagman 2003, p. 236. Wagman 2003, p. 448. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation
Pegasus_(constellation)
4673 Bortle 1988 LF Bortle June 8, 1988 Palomar C. S. Shoemaker MAR 11 km (6.8 mi) MPC · JPL 4674 Pauling 1989 JC Pauling May 2, 1989 Palomar E. F. Helin
List of minor planets: 4001–5000
List_of_minor_planets:_4001–5000
American football player (born 1991)
Godwin, Jordan (July 23, 2014). "NFL preview: Jaguars fire up offense with Bortles, receivers". floridatoday.com. Retrieved March 1, 2018. Martin, Bo (July
Telvin_Smith
American football player (born 1971)
McCown (2011) Blaine Gabbert (2011–2013) Chad Henne (2012–2014) Blake Bortles (2014–2018) Cody Kessler (2018) Nick Foles (2019) Gardner Minshew (2019–2020)
Jay_Fiedler
Great Comet of 1881
jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 20 December 2024. J. E. Bortle (1998). "The Bright Comet Chronicles". International Comet Quarterly.
C/1881_K1_(Tebbutt)
Chemical compound
1631/jzus.2005.B0182. PMC 1389719. PMID 15682502. Pokorny L, Maturana I, Bortle WH (2006). "Sodium Nitrate and Nitrite". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Sodium_nitrite
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
Florida: CRC Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7503-0654-6. Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original
Crater_(constellation)
American football player (born 1991)
rated just behind fellow quarterback prospects in Johnny Manziel and Blake Bortles, and alongside prospects like Teddy Bridgewater. Carr was selected by the
Derek_Carr
Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443L..89A. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu076. hdl:2299/19219. S2CID 67807856. Bortle, Anna; et al. (2021). "A Gaussian Process Regression Reveals No Evidence
List_of_nearest_stars
travel, tourism, insurance
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
JOHN E-BORTLE
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