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Technique used in computer networking
Key-based routing (KBR) is a lookup method used in conjunction with distributed hash tables (DHTs) and certain other overlay networks. While DHTs provide
Key-based_routing
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
proof. Lattice-based constructions support important standards of post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as
Lattice-based_cryptography
Internet protocol
Garlic routing is a variant of onion routing that encrypts multiple messages together to make it more difficult for attackers to perform traffic analysis
Garlic_routing
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
derivation. The first[citation needed] deliberately slow (key stretching) password-based key derivation function was called "crypt" (or "crypt(3)" after
Key_derivation_function
Technique for anonymous communication over a computer network
become the largest and best-known implementation of onion routing, then called The Onion Routing project (Tor project). After the Naval Research Laboratory
Onion_routing
Payment protocol for Bitcoin
others. Andreas Antonopoulos calls the Lightning Network a second layer routing network. The payment channels allow participants to transfer money to each
Lightning_Network
Computer communications authentication algorithm
cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of
HMAC
Concept in cryptography
instantiation of the hash-based signature scheme under consideration. Some hash-based signature schemes (such as XMSS with pseudorandom key generation) are forward
Hash-based_cryptography
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
deployed public-key systems such as RSA, Diffie–Hellman and ECC. A 2017 review in Nature surveys the leading PQC families—lattice-based, code-based, multivariate-quadratic
Cryptography
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
Diffie–Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel and was one of the
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Type of data structure
anti-entropy, replicas exchange Merkle trees to identify parts of their replicated key ranges which are out of sync. A Merkle tree is a hierarchical hash verification:
Merkle_tree
Simple and widely known encryption technique
places, equivalent to a right shift of 23 (the shift parameter is used as the key): When encrypting, a person looks up each letter of the message in the "plain"
Caesar_cipher
Peer-to-peer Internet platform for censorship-resistant communication
heuristic routing algorithm where each node had no fixed location, and routing was based on which node had served a key closest to the key being fetched
Hyphanet
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
deciphering key. If one key cannot be deduced from the other, the asymmetric key algorithm has the public/private key property and one of the keys may be made
Cipher
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
block cipher mode of operation is XTS. It generates the header key and the secondary header key (XTS mode) using PBKDF2 with a 512-bit salt. By default, they
VeraCrypt
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
replaced by RFC 8439. The ChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithm takes as input a 256-bit key and a 96-bit nonce to encrypt a plaintext, with a ciphertext expansion of
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or passwords with the hope
Brute-force_attack
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures used to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke
Public_key_infrastructure
Encrypted information
symmetric-key system, Bob knows Alice's encryption key. Once the message is encrypted, Alice can safely transmit it to Bob (assuming no one else knows the key)
Ciphertext
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
(CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example: key generation initialization vectors nonces salts in certain signature schemes
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the
Key_(cryptography)
Type of substitution cipher
exchanges letters for symbols which are fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the grid. The Pigpen cipher
Pigpen_cipher
Simple encryption method
concern—the use of a constant shift means that the encryption effectively has no key, and decryption requires no more knowledge than the fact that ROT13 is in
ROT13
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
is able to recover the secret key depending on the accesses made (or not made) by the victim, deducing the encryption key. Also, unlike some of the other
Side-channel_attack
Stream ciphers
function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a
Salsa20
Standard in public cryptography
In cryptography, PKCS #11 is a Public-Key Cryptography Standard that defines a C programming interface to create and manipulate cryptographic tokens that
PKCS_11
Early block substitution cipher
very little security. The Playfair cipher uses a 5 × 5 table containing a key word or phrase. Memorization of the keyword and 4 simple rules was all that
Playfair_cipher
Cryptographic hash function
by a keyed hash – SHA(key || message), but not SHA(message || key) – by extending the message and recalculating the hash without knowing the key. A simple
SHA-1
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
CRYSTALS-Kyber algorithm, which has been renamed ML-KEM, short for Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism. FIPS 204, intended as the primary standard for
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
In public key infrastructure (PKI) systems, a certificate signing request (CSR or certification request) is a message sent from an applicant to a certificate
Certificate_signing_request
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
like UMAC-VMAC and Poly1305-AES, are constructed based on universal hashing. Intrinsically keyed hash algorithms such as SipHash are also by definition
Message_authentication_code
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
Yung. One digital signature scheme (of many) is based on RSA. To create signature keys, generate an RSA key pair containing a modulus, N, that is the product
Digital_signature
Puzzle
puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters. A printed code key form (the alphabet with a blank under each letter to fill in the substituted
Cryptogram
Cryptographic key management algorithm
cryptographic so-called "ratchet" based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as a hash function,
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Archive file format for cryptography objects
possibly private keys as Base 64 strings in a text file. GnuTLS's certtool may also be used to create PKCS #12 files including certificates, keys, and CA certificates
PKCS_12
Fundamental tool in cryptography
letter from a companion ciphertext in a running key cipher, a constant for a Caesar cipher, or a zero-based counter with some period in Trithemius's usage
Tabula_recta
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
of the Axolotl Ratchet is based on the ephemeral key exchange that was introduced by OTR and combines it with a symmetric-key ratchet modeled after the
Signal_Protocol
Key agreement protocol
used as a key, or to derive another key. The key, or the derived key, can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric-key cipher
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
messages involves keys. The two main types of keys in cryptographic systems are symmetric-key and public-key (also known as asymmetric-key). Many complex
Encryption
Key derivation function
In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used
PBKDF2
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
land-line circuits was used for this traffic. These audio frequency shift keying non-Morse (NoMo) messages were picked up by Britain's Y-stations at Knockholt
Lorenz_cipher
Set of cryptographic hash functions
led to the use of scrypt-based proof-of-work schemes. In both 4G and 5G mobile networks, HMAC-SHA-256 is utilized as a key derivation function (KDF)
SHA-2
Message-digest hashing algorithm
non-cryptographic purposes, for example for determining the partition for a particular key in a partitioned database, and may be preferred due to lower computational
MD5
Encryption technique
a cipher based on teleprinter technology. Each character in a message was electrically combined with a character on a punched paper tape key. Joseph Mauborgne
One-time_pad
Cryptographic attack
Boneh and Brumley demonstrated a practical network-based timing attack on SSL-enabled web servers, based on a different vulnerability having to do with the
Timing_attack
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
with elliptic-curve cryptography in general, the bit size of the private key believed to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of the security level
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Password cracking dataset
passwords. A common defense against this attack is to compute the hashes using a key derivation function that adds a "salt" to each password before hashing it
Rainbow_table
German cipher machine during World War II
making it highly resistant to conventional cryptographic attacks based on patterns the keys leave in the resulting ciphertext. For the system to be bidirectional
Enigma_machine
Method of encryption
DDNIF CSLEC In a route cipher, the plaintext is first written out in a grid of given dimensions, then read off in a pattern given in the key. For example
Transposition_cipher
Technical standard
definitions and properties that RSA public and private keys must have. The traditional key pair is based on a modulus, n, that is the product of two distinct
PKCS_1
Secure speech system
at highly specific times, based on precision time-of-day clock standards. Since each record only provided 12 minutes of key, each SIGSALY had two turntables
SIGSALY
Mechanism for authenticating cryptographic keys
between a public key and its owner. Its decentralized trust model is an alternative to the centralized trust model of a public key infrastructure (PKI)
Web_of_trust
Cryptographic hash function
respectively. The BLAKE2 hash function, based on BLAKE, was announced in 2012. The BLAKE3 hash function, based on BLAKE2, was announced in 2020. BLAKE
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
attack based on tau statistic may help to break AES. At present, there is no known practical attack that would allow someone without knowledge of the key to
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Hash functions
a general purpose key-less hash function such as Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA) and therefore must always be used with a secret key in order to be secure
SipHash
Password-based key derivation function
file: $1$: MD5-based crypt ('md5crypt') $2$: Blowfish-based crypt ('bcrypt') $sha1$: SHA-1-based crypt ('sha1crypt') $5$: SHA-256-based crypt ('sha256crypt')
Bcrypt
Block cipher
Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The 56-bit key of the Data Encryption
Triple_DES
Method to set encryption keys
key (PSK) is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it needs to be used. To build a key
Pre-shared_key
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt messages
RSA_cryptosystem
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
subsequent plaintexts based on information learned from previous encryptions, similarly to the Adaptive chosen ciphertext attack. Related-key attack: Like a
Cryptanalysis
Hash based data structure
Kademlia implementation does not have a fixed-size routing table, but a dynamically sized one. Kademlia routing tables consist of a list for each bit of the
Kademlia
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
password-based key derivation, password-based key agreement, password-hardening, untraceable CAPTCHAs, password management, homomorphic key management
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets
Substitution_cipher
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
computational science problems such as Boolean satisfiability, capacitated vehicle routing, and the knapsack problem—and binds them together through an influence
Proof_of_work
Stream cipher
time-memory tradeoff attack, based on earlier work by Jovan Golic. One tradeoff allows an attacker to reconstruct the key in one second from two minutes
A5/1
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
they use large keys and blocks, can efficiently change keys every block, and have been designed and vetted for resistance to related-key attacks. General-purpose
Cryptographic_hash_function
Message authentication code algorithm
One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide
One-key_MAC
Type of code
cryptography in Japan). A key could be used to reorder the alphabet in the square, with the letters (without duplicates) of the key being placed at the beginning
Polybius_square
Method for dividing a secret among multiple parties
encryption key, one must choose between keeping a single copy of the key in one location for maximum secrecy, or keeping multiple copies of the key in different
Secret_sharing
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
security researchers. Crypto-anarchy Deep web Darknet Garlic routing Key-based routing Public-key cryptography Rendezvous protocol Secure communication Threat
I2P
Measure of cryptographic strength
3072-bit keys and IETF 3253 bits. The conversion from key length to a security level estimate is based on the complexity of the GNFS. Diffie–Hellman key exchange
Security_level
Decentralized distributed system with lookup service
owner of k as defined above. This style of routing is sometimes called key-based routing. Beyond basic routing correctness, two important constraints on
Distributed_hash_table
Stream cipher
to RC4-based SSL, since SSL generates the encryption keys it uses for RC4 by hashing, meaning that different SSL sessions have unrelated keys. In 2005
RC4
Aspect of cryptography
authentication mechanism, based on the X.509 system; a key setup phase, where a symmetric encryption key is formed by employing public-key cryptography; and an
Cryptographic_protocol
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines the
Key_size
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force
Key_stretching
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism), also known by its original name Kyber, is a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) designed to be
ML-KEM
Digital signature scheme
r_{v}\in G} . Choose a private signing key x {\displaystyle x} from the allowed set. The public verification key is y = g − x {\displaystyle y=g^{-x}}
Schnorr_signature
Short sequence of bytes used to authenticate or look up a longer public key
In public-key cryptography, a public key fingerprint is a short sequence of bytes used to identify a longer public key. Fingerprints are created by applying
Public_key_fingerprint
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
in order to withdraw notes from a bank and designate specific encrypted keys before they could be sent to a recipient. This allowed the digital currency
Cryptocurrency
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007. The
Galois/Counter_Mode
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
its key is based on the original plaintext – before the court of Henry III of France. The cipher now known as the Vigenère cipher, however, is based on
Vigenère_cipher
Process of selecting paths in a data communications network
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. Broadly, routing is performed in many types
Routing
Interactive key creation in cryptography
password-authenticated key agreement (PAK) method is an interactive method for two or more parties to establish cryptographic keys based on one or more parties'
Password-authenticated key agreement
Password-authenticated_key_agreement
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
hash. The NIST specification for a secret salt suggests using a Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF) with an approved Pseudorandom Function such
Pepper_(cryptography)
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
polygraphia), which was published in 1518 after his death—invented a progressive key polyalphabetic cipher called the Trithemius cipher. Unlike Alberti's cipher
Polyalphabetic_cipher
IEEE network security standard
independent protocols. It is standardized by the IEEE 802.1 working group. Key management and the establishment of secure associations is outside the scope
IEEE_802.1AE
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
g., SHA-256) Symmetric key cryptography—compute a ciphertext decodable with the same key used to encode (e.g., AES) Public-key cryptography—compute a
Cryptographic_primitive
Digital verification standard
Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical concept of
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Cryptography algorithm
synthesizes an internal IV using the pseudorandom function S2V. S2V is a keyed hash based on CMAC, and the input to the function is: Additional authenticated
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Hiding messages in other messages
communications to extend their capabilities, e.g. to allow dynamic overlay routing or the switching of utilized hiding methods and network protocols. Network
Steganography
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
is the length of the key plus the original message, appended at the end). The attacker knows that the state behind the hashed key/message pair for the
Length_extension_attack
2015 password-based key derivation function
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel
Argon2
International standard
built around certificate-based key management, such as the profile defined by the PKIX working group. CMS is used as the key cryptographic component of
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Approach to public-key cryptography
approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC allows smaller keys to provide equivalent
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
operation. Some block cipher modes (CBC and PCBC essentially) for symmetric-key encryption algorithms require plain text input that is a multiple of the
Padding_(cryptography)
Encryption and decryption method
that locates it in another text, the key. A simple version of such a cipher would use a specific book as the key, and would replace each word of the plaintext
Book_cipher
Tables for the Data Encryption Standard
combined to form a 56 bit temp-key again • The compression P-box changes the 56 bits key to 48 bits key, which is used as a key for the corresponding round
DES_supplementary_material
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
Boy/Male
Afghan, African, Arabic, Australian, Chinese, Greek, Indian, Muslim
Brave
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit, Tamil
Key; Love
Boy/Male
Muslim
Key
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Son of Aidan.
Boy/Male
Bengali, English, Indian, Sindhi
Key
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Key
Male
Japanese
(1-å¥, 2-謙, 3-ç ”) Japanese name KEN means 1) "healthy, strong" or 2) "modest," or 3) "study." Compare with another form of Ken.
Boy/Male
Christian, Gaelic, Indian
The One who Opens the Lock
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Smiling
Male
Turkish
Turkish name GÖKER means "man of the sky."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; possibly a respelling of Kay 6, a shortened form of Scottish and Irish McKay.Korean : There is only one Chinese character and one clan for the Kye family name. According to the Kye family genealogy, the clan was founded by a Ming Dynasty government official named Kye SÅk-son who migrated to KoryÅ and settled in today’s Suan County of Hwanghae Province. The majority of bearers of the Kye family name today live in North Korea.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant of Kay.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Smiling
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : variant of Kay.Irish : reduced form of McKay.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Brave
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English ca ‘jackdaw’, from an unattested Old Norse ká. See also Daw.English : nickname from Middle English cai, kay, kei ‘left-handed’, ‘clumsy’.English : metonymic occupational name for a locksmith, from Middle English keye, kaye ‘key’. Compare Care, Kear.English : topographic name for someone living on or near a quay, Middle English kay(e), Old French cay.English : from a Middle English personal name which figures in Arthurian legend. It is found in Old Welsh as Cai, Middle Welsh Kei, and is ultimately from the Latin personal name Gaius.Scottish and Irish : reduced form of McKay.French : variant of Quay, cognate with 2.Much shortened form of any of various names, mostly Eastern European, beginning with the letter K-.Variant of Danish and Frisian Kai.
Boy/Male
Indian
Key
Boy/Male
Muslim
Smiling
Girl/Female
American, British, Chinese, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Scandinavian
Rejoiced; Short Form of Katherine and Other Names Beginning with K; Happy; Pure; Clear; Form of Katherine; Virginal; Keeper of the Keys; Elder Sister
Male
English
Short form of English Kenneth, KEN means both "born of fire" and "comely; finely made." Also used as a nickname for other names that begin with Ken-. Compare with another form of Ken.
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Indian, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi, Sindhi
Pride and Bride of the King; Bride; The King's Loved or Favourite One
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a water meadow or marsh, Middle English wyshe (Old English wisc).Americanized spelling of Wisch.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Jain, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil
Auspicious
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Coloured by Devotion to God
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian
Anything that is Made out of Mud; A Pot Made by Soil; Made out of Earth
Male
Dutch
, home ruler.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Inalienability; Limitless Feeling; Endless
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Danish, English, French, German, Swiss
Manly
Boy/Male
Native American
Trader.
Boy/Male
Gaelic Irish
Slender.
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
a.
Alloyed with inferior metal; debased; as, base coin; base bullion.
imp. & p. p.
of Key
a.
Reduced; lowered; restrained; as, to speak with bated breath.
n.
A rustic play; -- called also prisoner's base, prison base, or bars.
n.
A key for opening more locks than one; a master key.
n.
An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening or adjusting any mechanism; as, a watch key; a bed key, etc.
n.
A position or condition which affords entrance, control, pr possession, etc.; as, the key of a line of defense; the key of a country; the key of a political situation. Hence, that which serves to unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or difficult; as, the key to a riddle; the key to a problem.
n.
A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a.
n.
See Key way, under Key.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Key
a.
Cold as a metallic key; lifeless.
n.
An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; -- called also key fruit.
a.
Having a base, or having as a base; supported; as, broad-based.
n.
Wearing, or protected by, bases.
n.
That part of an instrument or machine which serves as the means of operating it; as, a telegraph key; the keys of a pianoforte, or of a typewriter.
n.
A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as " sharp four," "flat seven," etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key.
v. t.
To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.
imp. & p. p.
of Base
v. t.
To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges.
a.
Morally low. Hence: Low-minded; unworthy; without dignity of sentiment; ignoble; mean; illiberal; menial; as, a base fellow; base motives; base occupations.