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Technique used in computer networking
Key-based routing (KBR) is a lookup method used in conjunction with distributed hash tables (DHTs) and certain other overlay networks. While DHTs provide
Key-based_routing
Technique for anonymous communication over a computer network
become the largest and best-known implementation of onion routing, then called The Onion Routing project (Tor project). After the Naval Research Laboratory
Onion_routing
Internet protocol
Garlic routing is a variant of onion routing that encrypts multiple messages together to make it more difficult for attackers to perform traffic analysis
Garlic_routing
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is an algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value, such as a master key, a password,
Key_derivation_function
Payment protocol for Bitcoin
others. Andreas Antonopoulos calls the Lightning Network a second layer routing network. The payment channels allow participants to transfer money to each
Lightning_Network
Cryptographic algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Simple and widely known encryption technique
places, equivalent to a right shift of 23 (the shift parameter is used as the key): When encrypting, a person looks up each letter of the message in the "plain"
Caesar_cipher
Archive file format for cryptography objects
possibly private keys as Base 64 strings in a text file. GnuTLS's certtool may also be used to create PKCS #12 files including certificates, keys, and CA certificates
PKCS_12
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
deployed public-key systems such as RSA, Diffie–Hellman and ECC. A 2017 review in Nature surveys the leading PQC families—lattice-based, code-based, multivariate-quadratic
Cryptography
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
proof. Lattice-based constructions support important standards of post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as
Lattice-based_cryptography
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
Diffie–Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel. It is named after
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Computer communications authentication algorithm
cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of
HMAC
Type of data structure
anti-entropy, replicas exchange Merkle trees to identify parts of their replicated key ranges which are out of sync. A Merkle tree is a hierarchical hash verification:
Merkle_tree
Puzzle
puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters. A printed code key form (the alphabet with a blank under each letter to fill in the substituted
Cryptogram
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated fashion, sometimes by
Autokey_cipher
Hash functions
a general purpose key-less hash function such as Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA) and therefore must always be used with a secret key in order to be secure
SipHash
Encrypted information
symmetric-key system, Bob knows Alice's encryption key. Once the message is encrypted, Alice can safely transmit it to Bob (assuming no one else knows the key)
Ciphertext
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
land-line circuits was used for this traffic. These audio frequency shift keying non-Morse (NoMo) messages were picked up by Britain's Y-stations at Knockholt
Lorenz_cipher
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
public keys come in under 5 kB, and MDPC-based McEliece takes about 1 kB. On the other hand, Goppa-based McEliece requires a nearly 1 MB key. The fundamental
Post-quantum_cryptography
Type of cipher used in World War I
new table is created with a key as a heading; the following example uses 'PRIVACY' as a key, but usually much longer keys or even phrases were used. The
ADFGVX_cipher
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
deciphering key. If one key cannot be deduced from the other, the asymmetric key algorithm has the public/private key property and one of the keys may be made
Cipher
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
replaced by RFC 8439. The ChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithm takes as input a 256-bit key and a 96-bit nonce to encrypt a plaintext, with a ciphertext expansion of
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
In public key infrastructure (PKI) systems, a certificate signing request (CSR or certification request) is a message sent from an applicant to a certificate
Certificate_signing_request
Digital asset using a distributed ledger
in order to withdraw notes from a bank and designate specific encrypted keys before they could be sent to a recipient. This allowed the digital currency
Cryptocurrency
Pseudorandom number generator
counter mode. Therefore, the key is changed periodically: no more than 1 MiB of data (216 128-bit blocks) is generated without a key change. The book points
Fortuna_(PRNG)
Block cipher
name is derived from the French word clef, meaning "key". The block size is 128-bits, and the key size can be 128-bit, 192-bit or 256-bits. It is intended
CLEFIA
Cryptographic hash function
Threefish (based on version 1.3) Java, Scala, and Javascript implementations of Skein 512-512 (based on version 1.3) A Java implementation of Skein (based on
Skein_(hash_function)
Fundamental tool in cryptography
letter from a companion ciphertext in a running key cipher, a constant for a Caesar cipher, or a zero-based counter with some period in Trithemius's usage
Tabula_recta
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
block cipher mode of operation is XTS. It generates the header key and the secondary header key (XTS mode) using PBKDF2 with a 512-bit salt. By default, they
VeraCrypt
Type of substitution cipher
exchanges letters for symbols which are fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the grid. The Pigpen cipher
Pigpen_cipher
Peer-to-peer Internet platform for censorship-resistant communication
heuristic routing algorithm where each node had no fixed location, and routing was based on which node had served a key closest to the key being fetched
Hyphanet
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures used to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke
Public_key_infrastructure
Standard in public cryptography
In cryptography, PKCS #11 is a Public-Key Cryptography Standard that defines a C programming interface to create and manipulate cryptographic tokens that
PKCS_11
Substitution cipher
as it lacks any sort of key. If multiple collating orders are available, which one was used in encryption can be used as a key, but this does not provide
Atbash
Method of encryption
DDNIF CSLEC In a route cipher, the plaintext is first written out in a grid of given dimensions, then read off in a pattern given in the key. For example
Transposition_cipher
Set of cryptographic hash functions
led to the use of scrypt-based proof-of-work schemes. In both 4G and 5G mobile networks, HMAC-SHA-256 is utilized as a key derivation function (KDF)
SHA-2
Type of code
cryptography in Japan). A key could be used to reorder the alphabet in the square, with the letters (without duplicates) of the key being placed at the beginning
Polybius_square
Early block substitution cipher
very little security. The Playfair cipher uses a 5 × 5 table containing a key word or phrase. Memorization of the keyword and 4 simple rules was all that
Playfair_cipher
Secure speech system
at highly specific times, based on precision time-of-day clock standards. Since each record only provided 12 minutes of key, each SIGSALY had two turntables
SIGSALY
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or passwords with the hope
Brute-force_attack
Simple encryption method
concern—the use of a constant shift means that the encryption effectively has no key, and decryption requires no more knowledge than the fact that ROT13 is in
ROT13
Password cracking dataset
passwords. A common defense against this attack is to compute the hashes using a key derivation function that adds a "salt" to each password before hashing it
Rainbow_table
German cipher machine during World War II
making it highly resistant to conventional cryptographic attacks based on patterns the keys leave in the resulting ciphertext. For the system to be bidirectional
Enigma_machine
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
like UMAC-VMAC and Poly1305-AES, are constructed based on universal hashing. Intrinsically keyed hash algorithms such as SipHash are also by definition
Message_authentication_code
Message authentication code algorithm
One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide
One-key_MAC
Key derivation function
In cryptography, PBKDF1 and PBKDF2 (Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 and 2) are key derivation functions with a sliding computational cost, used
PBKDF2
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
its key is based on the original plaintext – before the court of Henry III of France. The cipher now known as the Vigenère cipher, however, is based on
Vigenère_cipher
Aspect of cryptography
authentication mechanism, based on the X.509 system; a key setup phase, where a symmetric encryption key is formed by employing public-key cryptography; and an
Cryptographic_protocol
Cryptographic attack
Boneh and Brumley demonstrated a practical network-based timing attack on SSL-enabled web servers, based on a different vulnerability having to do with the
Timing_attack
Family of authenticated ciphers
it as "Ascon-Based Lightweight Cryptography Standards for Constrained Devices" (NIST Special Publication 800-232). The design is based on a sponge construction
Ascon_(cipher)
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
Yung. One digital signature scheme (of many) is based on RSA. To create signature keys, generate an RSA key pair containing a modulus, N, that is the product
Digital_signature
Multiple-substitution writing system cipher
polygraphia), which was published in 1518 after his death—invented a progressive key polyalphabetic cipher called the Trithemius cipher. Unlike Alberti's cipher
Polyalphabetic_cipher
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt messages
RSA_cryptosystem
Cryptographic hash function
by a keyed hash – SHA(key || message), but not SHA(message || key) – by extending the message and recalculating the hash without knowing the key. A simple
SHA-1
International standard
built around certificate-based key management, such as the profile defined by the PKIX working group. CMS is used as the key cryptographic component of
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
ML-KEM (Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism), also known by its original name Kyber, is a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) designed to be
ML-KEM
Hiding messages in other messages
communications to extend their capabilities, e.g. to allow dynamic overlay routing or the switching of utilized hiding methods and network protocols. Network
Steganography
Message-digest hashing algorithm
non-cryptographic purposes, for example for determining the partition for a particular key in a partitioned database, and may be preferred due to lower computational
MD5
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
attack based on tau statistic may help to break AES. As of 2026, there is no known practical attack that would allow someone without knowledge of the key to
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
combined redundancy of message and key exceeds about 50%. Reddy and Knight used blocked Gibbs sampling over a word-based language model, recovering about
Running_key_cipher
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines the
Key_size
Block cipher
earliest designs is now termed FEAL-4, which has four rounds and a 64-bit key. Problems were found with FEAL-4 from the start: Bert den Boer related a
FEAL
Method in cryptanalysis
same key letters than by mere coincidence; this is especially true for long matching strings. The key letters are repeated at multiples of the key length
Kasiski_examination
Encryption technique
a cipher based on teleprinter technology. Each character in a message was electrically combined with a character on a punched paper tape key. Joseph Mauborgne
One-time_pad
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
encryption key generated by an algorithm. For a well-designed modern encryption scheme, decrypting ciphertext without the appropriate key should be computationally
Encryption
Encryption and decryption method
that locates it in another text, the key. A simple version of such a cipher would use a specific book as the key, and would replace each word of the plaintext
Book_cipher
IEEE network security standard
independent protocols. It is standardized by the IEEE 802.1 working group. Key management and the establishment of secure associations is outside the scope
IEEE_802.1AE
Digital signature scheme
Schnorr. It is known for its simplicity, among the first whose security is based on the intractability of certain discrete logarithm problems. It is efficient
Schnorr_signature
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
operation. Some block cipher modes (CBC and PCBC essentially) for symmetric-key encryption algorithms require plain text input that is a multiple of the
Padding_(cryptography)
Alternative SSH server and client
supported by Konqueror. Dropbear supports elliptic curve cryptography for key exchange, as of version 2013.61test and beyond. Free and open-source software
Dropbear_(software)
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the
Key_(cryptography)
Cryptography construction
similar, even identical in some cases, requiring only a reversal of the key schedule. Therefore, the size of the code or circuitry required to implement
Feistel_cipher
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
is the length of the key plus the original message, appended at the end). The attacker knows that the state behind the hashed key/message pair for the
Length_extension_attack
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
In cryptography, key stretching techniques are used to make a possibly weak key, typically a password or passphrase, more secure against a brute-force
Key_stretching
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
(CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example: key generation initialization vectors nonces salts in certain signature schemes
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Process of selecting paths in a data communications network
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. Broadly, routing is performed in many types
Routing
World War II German cipher machine and teleprinter
flaw was the ability to reset the keystream to a fixed point, which led to key reuse by undisciplined machine operators. Following the occupation of Denmark
Siemens_and_Halske_T52
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
ISSN 1353-4858. Percival, C.; Josefsson, S. (August 2016). The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function (Report). RFC Editor. doi:10.17487/rfc7914. How powerful
Proof_of_work
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
hash. The NIST specification for a secret salt suggests using a Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF) with an approved Pseudorandom Function such
Pepper_(cryptography)
Cryptography standard
2000). PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC2898. RFC 2898. RFC 5958 - Asymmetric Key Packages v t e
PKCS_8
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
IEEE standardization project for public-key cryptography
public-key cryptography. It includes specifications for: Traditional public-key cryptography (IEEE Std 1363-2000 and 1363a-2004) Lattice-based public-key cryptography
IEEE_P1363
Stream ciphers
function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a
Salsa20
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
they use large keys and blocks, can efficiently change keys every block, and have been designed and vetted for resistance to related-key attacks. General-purpose
Cryptographic_hash_function
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets
Substitution_cipher
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
with elliptic-curve cryptography in general, the bit size of the private key believed to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of the security level
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key
the cipher key called a round key. A key schedule is an algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key. Some ciphers have simple key schedules
Key_schedule
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
security researchers. Crypto-anarchy Deep web Darknet Garlic routing Key-based routing Public-key cryptography Rendezvous protocol Secure communication Threat
I2P
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
g., SHA-256) Symmetric key cryptography—compute a ciphertext decodable with the same key used to encode (e.g., AES) Public-key cryptography—compute a
Cryptographic_primitive
Cryptographic key management algorithm
cryptographic so-called "ratchet" based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH) and a ratchet based on a key derivation function (KDF), such as a hash function,
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
an integrity check based on a secret key shared by two parties to authenticate information transmitted between them. It is based on using a cryptographic
Message_authentication
Cryptographic hash function
respectively. The BLAKE2 hash function, based on BLAKE, was announced in 2012. The BLAKE3 hash function, based on BLAKE2, was announced in 2020. BLAKE
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Password-based key derivation function
yescrypt is a cryptographic key derivation function used for password hashing on Fedora Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, and Arch Linux. The function is more resistant
Yescrypt
2015 password-based key derivation function
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel
Argon2
Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system
Caesar’s cipher is a simple substitution based on the sliding of a single ordinary alphabet with fixed key. Once the equivalent of a letter is discovered
Alberti_cipher
Polyalphabetic encryption system
most famous application was in a rotor-based cipher machine, the Hagelin M-209. The Beaufort cipher is based on the Beaufort square which is essentially
Beaufort_cipher
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
correspondent's key changes. In August 2026, Signal introduced automatic key verification, a system based on key transparency that allows a user's encryption key to
Signal_Protocol
American cipher machine
position. In comparison, the Enigma rotated its rotors one position with each key press, with no random variation. The resulting design went into limited production
SIGABA
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
"DYNAMITE WINTER PALACE" and a key of RUSSIAN. This expands to: PT: 23 55 41 15 35 32 45 12 53 32 41 45 12 14 43 15 34 15 22 12 KEY: 14 51 21 21 32 15 41 14
Nihilist_cipher
Disused cipher that was used historically
small key space. These ciphers can be broken with a brute force attack, that is by simply trying out all keys. Substitution ciphers can have a large key space
Classical_cipher
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KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
KEY BASED-ROUTING
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