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Cryptographic algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
of security inherent in the key length). Most symmetric-key algorithms are designed to have security equal to their key length. However, after design
Key_size
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
processed through a cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties
Key_(cryptography)
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
public-key cryptography in hybrid cryptosystems. Before the mid-1970s, all cipher systems used symmetric key algorithms, in which the same cryptographic key
Public-key_cryptography
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
(DES), which was published in 1977. The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Encrypted information
Private-key cryptography (symmetric key algorithm): one shared key is used for encryption and decryption Public-key cryptography (asymmetric key algorithm):
Ciphertext
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is an algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value, such as a master key, a password,
Key_derivation_function
wrapping key Symmetric key wrapping keys are used to encrypt other keys using symmetric key algorithms. Key wrapping keys are also known as key encrypting
Cryptographic_key_types
Cryptographic key management algorithm
Ratchet Algorithm's design is based on the DH ratchet that was introduced by Off-the-Record Messaging (OTR) and combines it with a symmetric-key ratchet
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
same key is used for both encryption and decryption (symmetric key algorithms), or if a different key is used for each (asymmetric key algorithms). If
Cipher
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
Diffie–Hellman (DH) key exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel. It is named after
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Message authentication code algorithm
One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide
One-key_MAC
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve cryptography
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Symmetric-key block cipher
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), originally called Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
generation algorithm selects a key from the key space uniformly at random. A MAC generation algorithm efficiently returns a tag given the key and the message
Message_authentication_code
Method to set encryption keys
shared secret, the key derivation function is typically used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The term PSK is used
Pre-shared_key
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
types of cryptosystems: symmetric and asymmetric. In symmetric systems, the only ones known until the 1970s, the same secret key encrypts and decrypts a
Cryptography
Management of cryptographic keys
types of keys, with some systems using more than one. These may include symmetric keys or asymmetric keys. In a symmetric key algorithm the keys involved
Key_management
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
message (e.g., SHA-256) Symmetric key cryptography—compute a ciphertext decodable with the same key used to encode (e.g., AES) Public-key cryptography—compute
Cryptographic_primitive
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
public-key encryption of very short messages (almost always a single-use symmetric key in a hybrid cryptosystem) such as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation
RSA_cryptosystem
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
Standard (DES /ˌdiːˌiːˈɛs, dɛz/) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure
Data_Encryption_Standard
Data encryption and authentication program
session keys. RSA's security depends upon the one-way function nature of mathematical integer factoring. Similarly, the symmetric key algorithm used in
Pretty_Good_Privacy
analysis Contact analysis Index of coincidence Kasiski examination Symmetric algorithms Boomerang attack Brute force attack Davies' attack Differential cryptanalysis
Outline_of_cryptography
(AES). Ronald L. Rivest, US, MIT, inventor of RC cipher series and MD algorithm series. Bruce Schneier, US, inventor of Blowfish and co-inventor of Twofish
List_of_cryptographers
International standard
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), in use) RFC 9629 (Using Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) Algorithms in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS), in use) CAdES
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Block cipher
In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines
Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
quantum computing poses to current public-key algorithms, most current symmetric cryptographic algorithms and hash functions are considered to be relatively
Post-quantum_cryptography
Measure of cryptographic strength
considered broken. Symmetric algorithms usually have a strictly defined security claim. For symmetric ciphers, it is typically equal to the key size of the cipher
Security_level
Message-digest hashing algorithm
particular key in a partitioned database, and may be preferred due to lower computational requirements than more recent Secure Hash Algorithms. MD5 is one
MD5
Process of generating keys in cryptography
generate keys is called a key generator or keygen. Modern cryptographic systems include symmetric-key algorithms (such as DES and AES) and public-key algorithms
Key_generation
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
subtraction (without 'borrow'). Vernam's cipher is a symmetric-key algorithm, i.e. the same key is used both to encipher plaintext to produce the ciphertext
Lorenz_cipher
Public-key cryptosystem
which can be arbitrarily large, with a symmetric cipher, and then use ElGamal only to encrypt the symmetric key, which usually is quite small compared
ElGamal_encryption
Digital signature scheme
Schnorr signature is a digital signature produced by the Schnorr signature algorithm that was invented by Claus Schnorr. It is known for its simplicity, among
Schnorr_signature
Computer communications authentication algorithm
outer. Next, the first pass of the hash algorithm produces an internal hash derived from the message and the inner key. The second pass produces the final
HMAC
Pseudorandom number generator
sources of alleged entropy flowing into the system (in which case no algorithm can save it from compromise), there will be some k for which the kth pool
Fortuna_(PRNG)
German cipher machine during World War II
between the keys and the lights with each keypress. In essence, the rotor's motion means every letter is encrypted with a different cryptographic key, making
Enigma_machine
Cryptographic hash function
leveraging an optional low-overhead argument-system for flexibility. Skein's algorithm and a reference implementation was given to public domain. Skein supports
Skein_(hash_function)
Stream cipher
bits is generated using the pseudo-random generation algorithm (PRGA). The key-scheduling algorithm is used to initialize the permutation in the array "S"
RC4
Suite of cryptographic algorithms needed to implement a particular security service
confidentiality (encryption). Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms: one for key generation, one for encryption, and one for decryption. The term
Cryptosystem
Block cipher
Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times
Triple_DES
Chinese block cipher
The algorithm was declassified in January, 2006, and it became a national standard (GB/T 32907-2016) in August 2016. The SM4 cipher has a key size and
SM4_(cipher)
Cryptographic attack
for the square-and-multiply algorithm used in modular exponentiation depends linearly on the number of '1' bits in the key. While the number of '1' bits
Timing_attack
Form of cryptanalysis
apply a straightforward algorithm (Matsui's Algorithm 2), using known plaintext-ciphertext pairs, to guess at the values of the key bits involved in the
Linear_cryptanalysis
Earliest civilian block ciphers
stage mixes bits between the bytes. The key-scheduling algorithm is relatively simple. Initially, the 128 key bits are loaded into a shift register. Each
Lucifer_(cipher)
Cryptographic protocol
conversations. OTR uses a combination of AES symmetric-key algorithm with 128 bits key length, the Diffie–Hellman key exchange with 1536 bits group size, and
Off-the-Record Messaging protocol
Off-the-Record_Messaging_protocol
Block cipher
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of
Twofish
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
cryptographic algorithms often use simple modular arithmetic in their implementations. In symmetric-key schemes, the encryption and decryption keys are the
Encryption
Computer authentication protocol
described in RFC 3244. In case of symmetric cryptography adoption (Kerberos can work using symmetric or asymmetric (public-key) cryptography), since all authentications
Kerberos_(protocol)
Digital verification standard
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle
functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way: no efficient algorithm can distinguish (with significant advantage) between a function chosen
Pseudorandom_function_family
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
Viterbi Algorithm". Cryptologia. 30 (4): 361–367. doi:10.1080/01611190600789117. Reddy, Sravana; Knight, Kevin (2012). "Decoding Running Key Ciphers"
Running_key_cipher
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
DUHK (Don't Use Hard-coded Keys) attack on WPA2 where hardware vendors use a hardcoded seed key for the ANSI X9.31 RNG algorithm, stating "an attacker can
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems—which could, theoretically, be defeated using Shor's algorithm on a quantum
Lattice-based_cryptography
Rotor cipher machine
war, namely when two messages were "in depth" i.e. encrypted with the same key. The inner workings of the device were unclear until after the war, so it
Schlüsselgerät_41
Cryptographic key management scheme
stated above, the algorithm needs an initial single key which in the original description of the algorithm was called the super-secret key, but was later
Derived unique key per transaction
Derived_unique_key_per_transaction
U.S. government cryptographic standard
function Key derivation function Secure Hash Algorithms Digital signature Kleptography Key (cryptography) Key exchange Key generator Key schedule Key stretching
FIPS_140-3
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
secret key shared by two parties to authenticate information transmitted between them. It is based on using a cryptographic hash or symmetric encryption
Message_authentication
Hash functions
a general purpose key-less hash function such as Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA) and therefore must always be used with a secret key in order to be secure
SipHash
just as strong) symmetric key. The slower asymmetric algorithm securely sends a symmetric session key, and the faster symmetric algorithm takes over for
History_of_cryptography
Secure communication method
key. In real-world situations, it is often also used with encryption using symmetric key algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm.
Quantum_key_distribution
Surveillance strategy
algorithms to mitigate these threats. This new version of Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite uses publicly-available algorithms and is
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Password cracking dataset
invented by Philippe Oechslin as an application of an earlier, simpler algorithm by Martin Hellman. For user authentication, passwords are stored either
Rainbow_table
Overview of and topical guide to algorithms
to algorithms: An algorithm is a finite, well-defined sequence of instructions or rules for solving a problem or performing a computation. Algorithms are
Outline_of_algorithms
Method of cryptanalysis
attack is a method of cryptanalysis applicable to a wide variety of symmetric-key algorithms, published by Itai Dinur and Adi Shamir in a September 2008 preprint
Cube_attack
Hybrid encryption in cryptography
{\displaystyle g^{y}} . Alice then computes a symmetric key k {\displaystyle k} using this information and a key derivation function (KDF) as follows: k =
Integrated_Encryption_Scheme
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
hashing algorithm at that point, input the last few characters, and generate a new digest which can sign his new message without the original key. New Signature:
Length_extension_attack
Obsolete cryptographic hash function
of SHA-256 and other strong hashing algorithms. Nevertheless, as of 2014[update], it remained in use in public key infrastructures as part of certificates
MD2_(hash_function)
Encryption technique
message M given the corresponding ciphertext. Conventional symmetric encryption algorithms use complex patterns of substitution and transpositions. For
One-time_pad
Cryptographic hash function
candidates but lost to Keccak in 2012, which was selected for the SHA-3 algorithm. Like SHA-2, BLAKE comes in two variants: one that uses 32-bit words,
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
modern symmetric algorithms typically use computationally stronger 128- to 256-bit keys. There is a physical argument that a 128-bit symmetric key is computationally
Brute-force_attack
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the
S-box
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
public key—methods, whereas actual communication uses faster symmetric key—i.e., secret key—methods; Mobile signatures are electronic signatures that are
Public_key_infrastructure
Digital signature scheme
three functions: generate, sign, and verify. Key generation The key generation algorithm selects the private key by picking a random integer x ∈ [ 0 , q −
BLS_digital_signature
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
function Key derivation function Secure Hash Algorithms Digital signature Kleptography Key (cryptography) Key exchange Key generator Key schedule Key stretching
Joan_Clarke
Cryptographic method
keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If it is an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property
Key_exchange
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
remains worthwhile to ensure that the security of the password hashing algorithm, including the generation of unique salt values, is adequate.[citation
Salt_(cryptography)
Simple and widely known encryption technique
places, equivalent to a right shift of 23 (the shift parameter is used as the key): When encrypting, a person looks up each letter of the message in the "plain"
Caesar_cipher
Message sent to a certificate authority to apply for a certificate
signature algorithm identifier, and a digital signature on the certification request information using the private key related to the public key being certified
Certificate_signing_request
Early block substitution cipher
Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal digram substitution cipher
Playfair_cipher
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher, originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s to
Nihilist_cipher
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both authentication and confidentiality. CCM mode
CCM_mode
Block cipher
In 1998, the algorithm was declassified. Skipjack was proposed as the encryption algorithm in a US government-sponsored scheme of key escrow, and the
Skipjack_(cipher)
Cryptographic hash function
Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1990. The digest length is 128 bits. The algorithm has influenced
MD4
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle
Cryptographic_hash_function
Input to a cryptographic primitive
single invocation of the AES algorithm transforms a 128-bit plaintext block into a ciphertext block of 128 bits in size. The key, which is given as one input
Initialization_vector
Hiding messages in other messages
unnoticed. Steganalysis that targets a particular algorithm has much better success as it is able to key in on the anomalies that are left behind. This is
Steganography
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
The Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite (CNSA) is a set of cryptographic algorithms promulgated by the National Security Agency as a replacement
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
used RSA algorithm insecure by 2030. As a result, a need to standardize quantum-secure cryptographic primitives was pursued. Since most symmetric primitives
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Alternative SSH server and client
implements version 2 of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol. The cryptographic algorithms are implemented using third-party cryptographic libraries like LibTomCrypt
Dropbear_(software)
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, According to Ron Rivest, RC stands
RC5
Algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key
the cipher key called a round key. A key schedule is an algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key. Some ciphers have simple key schedules
Key_schedule
Block cipher
'Grasshopper'; Cyrillic script: Кузнечик) is a symmetric block cipher. It has a block size of 128 bits and key length of 256 bits. It is defined in the National
Kuznyechik
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
attacks by memory-bound adversaries. Key stretching algorithms depend on an algorithm which receives an input key and then expends considerable effort
Key_stretching
Type of cipher
paired algorithms, one for encryption, E, and the other for decryption, D. Both algorithms accept two inputs: an input block of size n bits and a key of size
Block_cipher
Cryptographic attack
hash(p2 ∥ s2), where ∥ denotes the concatenation operation. Much like symmetric-key ciphers are vulnerable to brute force attacks, every cryptographic hash
Collision_attack
Approach to public-key cryptography
combining the key agreement with a symmetric encryption scheme. They are also used in several integer factorization algorithms that have applications in cryptography
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Block cipher
block cipher algorithm, developed by Sony. Its name is derived from the French word clef, meaning "key". The block size is 128-bits, and the key size can
CLEFIA
Cryptography construction
cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German-born
Feistel_cipher
Puzzle
puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters. A printed code key form (the alphabet with a blank under each letter to fill in the substituted
Cryptogram
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