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Agents which contribute to stability of water-water interactions
Co-solvents (in water solvent) are defined as kosmotropic (order-making) if they contribute to the stability and structure of water-water interactions
Kosmotropic
Classification of ions for denaturating proteins
have a larger effect than cations, and are usually ordered as follows: (kosmotropic) : C i t r a t e 3 − > F − > P O 4 3 − > S O 4 2 − > O A c − > M e S
Hofmeister_series
Molecules that disrupt hydrogen bonding
and may cause its denaturation. Conversely, an antichaotropic agent (kosmotropic) is a molecule in an aqueous solution that will increase the hydrophobic
Chaotropic_agent
two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate concentrations
Aqueous_two-phase_system
Effect where increased ionic strength results in increased solubility
concentration of the salt used. It also depends on whether the salt is kosmotropic, whereby the salt will stabilize water. The solubility of proteins usually
Salting_in
Accumulation of brine in a seafloor depression
effects on cell turgor and functioning. Brine pools also exert ionic, kosmotropic, and chaotropic effects on the cells, which also causes additional challenges
Brine_pool
Set of laboratory techniques for separation of mixtures
changes in pH. Of critical importance is the type of salt used, with more kosmotropic salts as defined by the Hofmeister series providing the most water structuring
Chromatography
Analytical technique
usually based upon a series of extractions and precipitations using kosmotropic molecules, for example the ammonium sulfate precipitation and the polyethyleneglycol
SDS-PAGE
Biochemical laboratory technique
increase in the solvation layer around a protein. The effectiveness of the kosmotropic salts in precipitating proteins follows the order of the Hofmeister series:
Protein_precipitation
Dipolar ion polymer
chaotropic anions cause an improved dissolution (salting-in effect), kosmotropic anions result in precipitation of the polysulfobetaines (salting-out
Polysulfobetaine
Method to separate compounds or metal complexes
solution. The polymer phase used is generally still PEG. Generally, a kosmotropic salt, such as Na3PO4 is used, however PEG–NaCl systems have been documented
Liquid–liquid_extraction
Disordering of biological structures
Cray, J.A.; et al. (2013). "A universal measure of chaotropicity and kosmotropicity". Environmental Microbiology. 15 (1): 287–296. Bibcode:2013EnvMi..15
Chaotropic_activity
South Korean scientist (born 1965)
intertwined with water H-bonding networks. On the other hand, the so-called kosmotropic ions prefer to form crystal-like aggregates at an early prenucleation
Cho_Minhaeng
biological molecules. Vlachy et al. proposed that from chaotropic to kosmotropic headgroups, the ordering follows carboxylate, sulfate and sulfonate groups
Lyotropy
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