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Synthesis of toxic substances from a non-toxic precursor
Lethal synthesis, or suicide metabolism, is the biosynthesis of a toxin from a precursor which is not itself toxic, such as the synthesis of fluorocitrate
Lethal_synthesis
British biochemist (1889–1982)
toxic than its metabolite fluorocitrate led him to coin the term "lethal synthesis" which was the title of his Croonian Lecture of 1951. Peters retired
Rudolph_Peters
Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
1929. Reprinted in: Peters, R. A. (1963) Biochemical lesions and lethal synthesis, p. 216. Pergamon Press, Oxford". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires
Cytoskeleton
Chemical compound
Fluoroacetone is toxic because it is metabolized through a process called lethal synthesis, which is the process of the body converting a molecule into a more
Fluoroacetone
Award
Pantin, The elementary nervous system 1951 Rudolph Albert Peters, Lethal synthesis 1950 Frank Macfarlane Burnet, The interaction of virus and cell-surface
Croonian_Medal
Species of plant
cow.[citation needed] The compound itself is not toxic but undergoes lethal synthesis in the body while reacting with coenzyme A, yielding fluoroacetyl-Coenzyme
Dichapetalum_cymosum
Family of chemical compounds
antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. This has a lethal effect on bacteria, although any given bacteria population will typically
Β-Lactam
Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
Exposure can be lethal even at very low concentrations, and death can occur within one to ten minutes after direct inhalation of a lethal dose due to suffocation
Sarin
Chemical compound
structure was first reported by Lavoslav Ružička, followed by its organic synthesis in 1937 by Placidus Plattner. Blue azulene pigments found in mushrooms
Azulene
Recessive genetic condition
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis. It is an autosomal recessive, multiple malformation syndrome caused by a mutation
Smith–Lemli–Opitz_syndrome
Chemical compound
chemical warfare, both in combat and in training due to its irritating yet non-lethal nature. Benzyl chloride Benzyl fluoride Benzyl iodide Xylyl bromide Merck
Benzyl_bromide
Chemical compound
compounds of arsenic. Despite its lethality, it finds some applications in the semiconductor industry and for the synthesis of organoarsenic compounds. The
Arsine
Chemical compound
hurdles to give α-amanitin in 2018. First, enantioselective synthesis of solid phase peptide synthesis-compatible (2S,3R,4R)-4,5-dihydroxyisoleucine was afforded
Α-Amanitin
Polymer in bacterial cell walls
regularly replaced by peptidoglycan production. Peptidoglycan hydrolysis and synthesis are two processes that must occur in order for cells to grow and multiply
Peptidoglycan
Organosilicon compound
There are multiple synthesis methods of trimethoxysilane, which includes the direct synthesis of trialkoxysilane. The direct synthesis is a reaction of
Trimethoxysilane
Chemical compound
Dehmlow, Eckehard V.; Schulz, Hans-Joachim (January 1985). "Synthesis of orellanine the lethal poison of a toadstool". Tetrahedron Letters. 26 (40): 4903–4906
Orellanine
Heterocyclic aromatic organic compound
red-hot iron-tube furnace. This was the first synthesis of a heteroaromatic compound. The first major synthesis of pyridine derivatives was described in 1881
Pyridine
Group of methods in synthetic biology
Artificial gene synthesis, or simply gene synthesis, refers to a group of methods that are used in synthetic biology to construct and assemble genes from
Artificial_gene_synthesis
Paralytic shellfish toxin
7 μg/kg, therefore approximately 0.57 mg of saxitoxin is lethal if ingested and the lethal dose by injection is about one-tenth of that (approximately
Saxitoxin
Chemical compound of the cathinone class
blood. None of the non-lethal doses or lethal doses is known, suggesting that the safety gap between a lethal and non-lethal dose of methedrone is probably
Methedrone
Toxic chemical from some poison dart frogs
numbness, which can rapidly progress to full body paralysis. Doses are lethal when the paralysis causes respiratory arrest. Originally, it was thought
Epibatidine
Type of lectin
produced in the seeds of the castor plant, Ricinus communis. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ricin for mice is around 22 micrograms per kilogram of body
Ricin
Chemical compound
is highly soluble in water. Most KCN is used in gold mining, organic synthesis, and electroplating. Smaller applications include chemical gilding and
Potassium_cyanide
Chemical compound
obtain the highest yield. Common side products that are created during the synthesis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane are 1,2-Dichloroethane and trichloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Toxic, waxy organic compound
muscle spasms, vomiting, abdominal cramps, convulsions, and seizures. Lethal doses by ingestion in adults are in the range 50–500 mg/kg (orally). Generally
Camphor
Class of toxins called phallotoxins
mushrooms of the genus Amanita. It is a rigid bicyclic heptapeptide that is lethal after a few days when injected into the bloodstream. The major symptom of
Phalloidin
Chemical compound
(p)ppGpp, which in turn inhibits RNA synthesis. The combined inhibition of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis results in bacteriostasis. This mechanism
Mupirocin
Toxic plant alkaloid
is demonstrated in Karel Wiesner's synthesis of 13-desoxydelphinone (Scheme c). The first step of this synthesis is the generation of a conjugated dienone
Aconitine
Organic compound (CH3–C≡N); simplest organic nitrile
acrylonitrile manufacture. It is used as a polar aprotic solvent in organic synthesis and in the purification of butadiene. The N≡C−C skeleton is linear with
Acetonitrile
Compound containing nitrogen and oxygen
C2v point group symmetry. Industrially, NO2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year, primarily
Nitrogen_dioxide
Chemical compound
abrupt cessation of high doses can result in a very medically serious, even lethal, withdrawal syndrome. Barbituric acid derivatives are considered DEA Schedule
Barbituric_acid
Chemical compound
antioxidant properties. The "d" form (erythorbic acid) can be made by chemical synthesis, but has no major biological role. The term ascorbic means "without scurvy"
Chemistry_of_ascorbic_acid
Class of depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid
combination with a muscle relaxant for euthanasia and for capital punishment by lethal injection. Barbiturates are also frequently employed as euthanizing agents
Barbiturate
Species of scorpion
severe pain, and mild numbness in the affected area, but it is not typically lethal to humans. The venom has been found to contain spinoxin. These scorpions
Heterometrus_spinifer
Organic compound (C6H5COOH)
preservatives. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid
Benzoic_acid
Chemical compound
labelling: Pictograms NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 0 0 OX Flash point Non-flammable Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 3236 mg/kg Safety data
Sodium_nitrate
Chemical compound
diisopropylethylamine (Hünig's base), triethylamine is commonly employed in organic synthesis, usually as a base. Triethylamine is prepared by the alkylation of ammonia
Triethylamine
Mycotoxin
mainly responsible for the trichothecene's ability to inhibit protein synthesis and exhibits cytotoxic effects. This core structure is also amphipathic
Roridin_E
Chemical compound
as [NEt4]+. sec-Butyllithium/TMEDA is a useful combination in organic synthesis where the n-butyl analogue adds to substrate. TMEDA is still capable of
Tetramethylethylenediamine
Poisonous substance used as pesticide
in multiple conformations. Strychnine is very toxic to humans (minimum lethal oral dose in adults is 30–120 mg) and many other animals (oral LD50 = 16 mg/kg
Strychnine
Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p.34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X
List_of_wars_by_death_toll
Chemical compound
reaction with disulfur dichloride that is catalyzed by DABCO in a one-pot synthesis. DIPEA and triethylamine are structurally very similar, with both compounds
N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
Chemical compound
H301 Precautionary statements P308, P310 NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 0 0 Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 60 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Methyl_orange
Chemical compound
4-nitrochlorobenzene: ClC6H4NO2 + 2 NH3 → H2NC6H4NO2 + NH4Cl Below is a laboratory synthesis of 4-nitroaniline from aniline. The key step in this reaction sequence
4-Nitroaniline
Chemical compound
accomplishment of palytoxin carboxylic acid synthesis was described as "the Mount Everest of organic synthesis, the largest single molecule that anyone has
Palytoxin
Chemical compound
is toxic to liver and kidney tissue and is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and to covalently modify DNA and/or RNA. It is not known whether cylindrospermopsin
Cylindrospermopsin
Rocket fuel
Autoignition temperature 248 °C (478 °F; 521 K) Explosive limits 2–95% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 122 mg kg−1 (oral, rat)
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
error-prone repair or cause an error during replication (translesion synthesis). Mutations may also result from substitution, insertion or deletion of
Mutation
Colorless gas with the formula NO
(>2000 °C) by lightning has not been developed into a practical commercial synthesis (see Birkeland–Eyde process): N2 + O2 → 2 •NO In the laboratory, nitric
Nitric_oxide
Chemical compound belonging to the class of triazine
Cyanuric acid is classified as "essentially nontoxic". The 50% oral median lethal dose (LD50) is 7700 mg/kg in rats. However, when cyanuric acid is present
Cyanuric_acid
Chemical irritant; also known as tear gas
compound at room temperature. CS gas is generally accepted as being a non-lethal weapon. CS gas was first synthesized by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger
CS_gas
Central nervous system stimulant
be required to reach a lethal dose. However, pure powdered caffeine, which is available as a dietary supplement, can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts
Caffeine
American chemist (born 1928)
Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis. E.J. Corey (the surname was anglicized
Elias_James_Corey
Chemical compound H2N(CH2)6NH2
cross-linking agent in epoxy resins. Hexamethylenediamine is involved in the synthesis of Chlorhexidine. Hexamethylenediamine is moderately toxic, with LD50
Hexamethylenediamine
PhD student who committed suicide
Altom's memory. Cornell gorge suicides Hall, Stephen S. (November 29, 1998). "Lethal Chemistry at Harvard". The New York Times Magazine. "Student Health Fee"
Suicide_of_Jason_Altom
Chemical compound
of applications in the pharmaceutical industry and is also used in the synthesis of pesticides. It is toxic if ingested or absorbed through the skin, and
4-Chlorophenylacetonitrile
Monoamine neurotransmitter
serotonin regulates feeding and other processes. In plants serotonin synthesis seems to be associated with stress signals. Despite its longstanding prominence
Serotonin
Organic compound (CH3CO2CH2CH3)
high concentrations, the ester has central nervous system depressant and lethal effects; at concentrations of 20,000 to 43,000 ppm (2.0–4.3%), there may
Ethyl_acetate
Organomercuric antiseptic for external use on minor cuts
persist through repeated washings. Due to its persistence and to its lethality to bacteria, merbromin is useful on infections of the fingernail or toenail
Merbromin
Chemical compound
Heck reaction. It is a common catalyst used in the synthesis of acyl halides, in particular the synthesis of acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids using oxalyl
Dimethylformamide
Chemical compound
occurs. The median lethal dose (LD50) for tabun is about 400 mg-min/m3. The lethal dose for a man is about .01 mg/kg. The median lethal dose for respiration
Tabun_(nerve_agent)
Chemical compound
contributing factor to his psychological breakdown. "Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Aspidophytine" He, F.; Bo, Y.; Altom, J. D.; Corey, E. J. J. Am. Chem
Aspidophytine
Chemical compound
Precautionary statements P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P362 Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 4300mg/kg (rabbit, transdermal);
2-Phenyl-2-propanol
Chemical compound
recently, a full synthesis of (-)-dendrobine was carried out by Kreis et al. with a yield of 4.0%. The novelty of Kreis' synthesis is the key reaction
Dendrobine
Chemical compound
Autoignition temperature 518 °C (964 °F; 791 K) Explosive limits 8.6%–20% Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 1625 mg/kg (rat, male)
Methyl_benzoate
Chemical compound
water-miscible, high-boiling liquid is commonly used as a polar solvent in organic synthesis. DMA is miscible with most other solvents, although it is poorly soluble
Dimethylacetamide
Risk caused by disseminating information
of data that can be used to harm others, such as the DNA sequence of a lethal pathogen. Idea hazards: General ideas that can harm others if fulfilled
Information_hazard
Chemical compound
synthesis using an o-acylaminoacetophenone and hydroxide Friedländer synthesis using 2-aminobenzaldehyde and acetaldehyde Knorr quinoline synthesis,
Quinoline
Chemical compound
has been demonstrated that an intraperitoneal injection of 130 ng/kg was lethal in mice. Maitotoxin was named from the ciguateric fish Ctenochaetus striatus—called
Maitotoxin
Intelligence in machines
products that endanger humans through emotional confusion or deception. A lethal autonomous weapon is a machine that locates, selects and engages human targets
Artificial_intelligence
Chemical compound
Rarely encountered is dihydronaphthalene (dialin). The Darzens tetralin synthesis, a name reaction discovered by Auguste Georges Darzens in 1926, involves
Tetralin
Chemical compound
to better understand the toxic effects. Research has revealed that the lethal dose (LD50) ranges between 5 and 5.5 mg/kg in rats, when acromelic acid
Acromelic_acid_A
Chemical compound
2011). "The poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis enhances lethal toxin activity". Infection and Immunity. 79 (9): 3846–54. doi:10.1128/IAI
Polyglutamic_acid
Chemical compound
impart a nutty or caramel-like flavor by the food industry. The median lethal dose for furfuryl alcohol ranges from 160 to 400 mg/kg (mouse or rabbit
Furfuryl_alcohol
Ionic compound (KF)
Like other sources of the fluoride ion, F−, KF is poisonous, although lethal doses approach gram levels for humans. It is harmful by inhalation and ingestion
Potassium_fluoride
Neurotoxin
the synthesis of tetrodotoxin having been developed. TTX is extremely toxic. The material safety data sheet for TTX lists the oral median lethal dose
Tetrodotoxin
Toxic plant proteins
toxic plant proteins that disable ribosomes and thereby inhibit protein synthesis, producing severe cytotoxic effects in multiple organ systems. They are
Toxalbumin
Chemical compound
Iffland R, Korenkov M, Diefenbach C (December 2000). "Survival from a lethal blood concentration of cyanide with associated alcohol intoxication: Case
4-Dimethylaminophenol
Organic ammonia derivative
similar to rotten fish. Methylamine is used as a building block for the synthesis of numerous other commercially available compounds. Methylamine has been
Methylamine
Aromatic chemical compound
3-alkyl-4-hydroxy derivatives, such as the fungal metabolite dicoumarol, inhibit synthesis of vitamin K, a key component in blood clotting. A related compound, the
Coumarin
Chemical compound
(1980). "Nitroethylene: a stable, clean, and reactive agent for organic synthesis". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (7): 1185–1189. doi:10.1021/jo01295a003
Phthalic_anhydride
Chemical compound
EA-4056 is a deadly carbamate nerve agent. It is lethal because it inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Inhibition causes an overly high accumulation of acetylcholine
EA-4056
Chemical compound
Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate is a reagent widely used in organic synthesis. Since this compound can be regarded formally as the acid anhydride derived from
Di-tert-butyl_dicarbonate
Chemical compound
177 °C (351 °F; 450 K) Autoignition temperature 528 °C (982 °F; 801 K) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 1900 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
Sulfolane
Chemical compound
larger polyelemental compounds. White phosphorus is acutely toxic, with a lethal dose of 50-100 mg (1 mg/kg body weight). Its mode of action is not known
White_phosphorus
Chemical compound used as an herbicide
enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase which is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis. The nitrophenyl ethers are a well-known class of herbicides, the oldest
Bifenox
Chemical compound
breathing fumes and direct skin and eye contact should be avoided. The median lethal dose for oral exposure in rats and mice is greater than 500 mg/kg and 1176 mg/kg
Phenyl-2-nitropropene
Cellular mechanism
latter approach has been termed 'synthetic lethality'. Perhaps the most well-known of these 'synthetic lethality' drugs is the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
DNA_repair
Pharmaceutical compound
median lethal dose of 1:17 for 12-methoxy-LSD and 1:725 for LSD). In addition, like LSD, it is highly potent in terms of lethality, with a median lethal dose
12-Methoxy-LSD
Protein with oligosaccharide modifications
lead to human disease (congenital disorders of glycosylation) and can be lethal in animal models. It is therefore likely that the fine processing of glycans
Glycoprotein
Family of toxins
in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA, and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, which is the template for protein synthesis, cell metabolism
Amatoxin
Chemical compound
predominant approaches use a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of formaldehyde), for its low cost. It is also prepared
Glycolic_acid
Class of crustaceans
the function of entire marine ecosystems. Blastodinium parasitism is not lethal, but has negative impacts on copepod physiology, which in turn may alter
Copepod
Chemical compound
EA-3990 is a deadly carbamate nerve agent. It is lethal because it inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Inhibition causes an overly high accumulation of acetylcholine
EA-3990
Chemical compound
R. (15 April 2001). "Chloranil". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc057. Chloranil in the Pesticide
Chloranil
Mixture of chemical compounds
the human blood has been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The median lethal dose (LD50) of marcellomycin depends strongly on the animal and varies from
Bohemic_acid
Chemical compound
and green pigments. Today, copper acetates are used as reagents for the synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds. Copper acetate, like all copper
Copper(II)_acetate
American science fiction television series
Del Connell and artist Dan Spiegle. Produced by Legendary Television, Synthesis Entertainment, Clickety-Clack Productions, and Applebox Entertainment
Lost in Space (2018 TV series)
Lost_in_Space_(2018_TV_series)
Exotoxin
protein synthesis; when it is inactivated, the host cannot make protein and thus dies. Diphtheria toxin is extraordinarily potent. The lethal dose for
Diphtheria_toxin
American biochemist
bioconjugation strategies, cytosolic delivery platforms, and rapid flow synthesis technologies to optimize the production, achieve site-specific modification
Bradley_L._Pentelute
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LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
LETHAL SYNTHESIS
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