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The Lethal Toxin Neutralizing Factor, or LTNF, is a protein found in the blood serum of opossum. The North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is notable
Lethal toxin neutralizing factor
Lethal_toxin_neutralizing_factor
Medical treatment for venomous bites and stings
production, as unique opossum blood proteins such as lethal toxin neutralizing factor can neutralize snake venoms. Antivenoms for medical use are often
Antivenom
Type of lectin
carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor plant, Ricinus communis. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ricin for mice is
Ricin
Infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria
called anthrax toxin, consisting of protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). PA plus LF produces lethal toxin, and PA plus EF
Anthrax
Highly modified saliva containing zootoxins
toxicological test called the median lethal dose, lethal dose 50% (abbreviated as LD50), which determines the concentration of a toxin required to kill half the
Snake_venom
Human and animal disease
"FDA approves first Botulism Antitoxin for use in neutralizing all seven known botulinum nerve toxin serotypes". FDA News Release. U.S. FDA. 22 March 2013
Botulism
Neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. The estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin is 1.3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly
Botulinum_toxin
Cytotoxin produced by Clostridioides difficile
difficile, the other being a related enterotoxin (Toxin A). Both are very potent and lethal. Toxin B (TcdB) is a cytotoxin that has a molecular weight
Clostridioides difficile toxin B
Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B
Species of endospore forming bacterium
The botulinum toxin is the most potent toxin known in scientific literature, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans. C. botulinum
Clostridium_botulinum
Species of North American marsupial
resistant to snake venom,, due to unique blood proteins such as lethal toxin neutralizing factor. Attracted to carrion on the side of the highway, opossums
Virginia_opossum
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
channels. Ingestion of lethal volumes of Cltx results in paralysis through this ion channel disruption. Similar to botulinum toxin, Cltx has been shown
Neurotoxin
Bacterial disease
domain of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor on the cell surface. This signals the cell to internalize the toxin within an endosome via receptor-mediated
Diphtheria
Bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms
could produce disease when injected into animals and that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies. In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus
Tetanus
Species of snake
families, group I phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and one cobra venom factor (CVF) gene. These major toxin gene families in the Indian cobra are mostly found in the
Indian_cobra
Chemical compound
the venom, including the α-BTX, which neutralize the venom lethality. BMMAV is specifically designed to neutralize the venom of the Bungarus multicinctus
Α-Bungarotoxin
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
toxin that, when in the body, triggers inflammation by binding to cell receptors. Excessive LPS in the blood, endotoxemia, may cause a highly lethal form
Lipopolysaccharide
Scorpion-derived neurotoxin
repetitive neuronal firing. Following injection into mice, it causes non-lethal writhing behaviour. Bestoxin is one of the many components that can be isolated
Bestoxin
Family of mygalomorph spiders
possibly cross-linked IgG and IgM inactivating factors in their blood plasma that bind to the toxins responsible and neutralise them. The female's venom
Australian_funnel-web_spider
Device that uses chemicals to kill or harm individuals
from precursors in situ. Toxin weapons, as complex biologically produced chemicals, blur the line with biological weapons. Lethal chemical weapons are considered
Chemical_weapon
Species of snake
fibrinolytic activities. Only one antivenom tested was shown to have weak neutralizing activity against the venom in mice. This species of snake has recently
Rhabdophis_subminiatus
Species of snake
Philippines: Short Alpha-Neurotoxins as the Dominant Lethal Component Weakly Cross-Neutralized by the Philippine Cobra Antivenom". Frontiers in Pharmacology
Samar_cobra
Species of bacterium
when injected into rat paws, and lethal intrapulmonary hemorrhage when injected intravenously into animals. Gamma-toxin is a cysteine-activated proteinase
Hathewaya_histolytica
Scott A.; Schmidt, James J.; Smith, Leonard A. (1991). "Lethal toxins and cross-neutralization of venoms from the African water cobras, Boulengerina annulata
List_of_dangerous_snakes
Genus of venomous snakes
on numerous factors, such as the venom yield and the health status of the victim. Polyvalent elapid antivenom is effective in neutralizing of the venoms
Bungarus
Genus of snakes
PMID 4458108. Weinstein, S.A.; Schmidt, J.J.; Smith, L.A. (1991). "Lethal toxins and cross neutralization of venoms from the African Water Cobras, Boulengerina annulata
Naja
Neurotoxin from the venom of the Spitting scorpion
toxic but very abundant in the venom. Other peptide toxins found in the venom include: dortoxin, a lethal peptide; bestoxin, which causes writhing in mice;
Birtoxin
Medical therapy for kidney failure
Kidney dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions
Kidney_dialysis
Notexin is a toxin produced by the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus). It is a myotoxic and presynaptic, neurotoxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2s). These are enzymes
Notexin
Group of antimicrobial peptides
Fischer G, Kaufmann SH (March 2005). "Human alpha-defensins neutralize anthrax lethal toxin and protect against its fatal consequences". Proceedings of
Defensin
State of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process
infections. In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin, and following the 1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of antitoxin based
Immunity_(medicine)
Injury caused by bite from snakes
peptides, vascular endothelial growth factors, proteases can also cause hypotension or low blood pressure. Toxins in snake venom can also cause kidney
Snakebite
Antigen which strongly activates the immune system
are released upon infection as extracellular mature toxins. The sequences of these bacterial toxins are relatively conserved among the different subgroups
Superantigen
Virus that infects bacteria
toxin-encoding prophages have been proposed. Bacterial cells are protected by a cell wall of polysaccharides, which are important virulence factors protecting
Bacteriophage
Comic book character
part from said healing. This "healing factor" also grants him virtual immunity against most poisons, drugs, toxins, and diseases, and limited immunity to
Sabretooth_(character)
Marvel Comics superhero
autobiography, disputed Kirby's account, asserting that Black Magic was not a factor and that Simon devised the name "Spider-Man" (later changed to "The Silver
Spider-Man
Reactions to venom of spider bites
concern about spider bites, severe envenomation is rare. Few spiders have toxins in sufficient volume to harm people. Of those that do, some have limited
Pathophysiology of spider bites
Pathophysiology_of_spider_bites
Using poison gas or other toxins in war
might be needed. Some type of neutralizing agent will be needed; e.g. in the form of a spraying device with neutralizing agents such as Chlorine, Fichlor
Chemical_warfare
Terrorism involving biological agents
agents. These agents include bacteria, viruses, insects, fungi, and/or their toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form, in much the
Bioterrorism
Type of immunotherapy
Behring's and Kitasato's research to ameliorate immunizability from lethal toxins. This established the basis of antibody immunotherapy. With the ideology
Passive_antibody_therapy
Chemical compound
but is consistent with the belief that chronic exposure to environmental toxins increases the likelihood of the disease. In 2011, a US National Institutes
Rotenone
Chemical compound
with heme proteins and metal ions, neutralizing free radicals by nitric oxide (one of its byproducts). Neutralization of these free radicals terminates
Sodium_nitrite
Species of centipede
Indian cobra, is known to significantly reduce the lethality of the venom in vertebrates by a factor of 40–50%. The protein components of the centipede's
Scolopendra_morsitans
Vaccine
anthrax protective antigen (PA) with small amounts of edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF) that may vary across vaccine production lots. Other uncharacterized
Anthrax_vaccine_adsorbed
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease is an illness resulting from an infection
Infection
Amphibian disease
feasible on a large scale. The disease has been proposed as a contributing factor to a global decline in amphibian populations that apparently has affected
Chytridiomycosis
Species of snake
"Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization". The American Journal
Caspian_cobra
Intense armed conflict
warfare, or germ warfare, is the use of biological infectious agents or toxins such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi against people, plants, or animals
War
Medical condition
develop in individuals with other disorders, e.g. malnutrition, dietary toxins, and genetic predisposition, in addition to or in place of roundworm infestation
Eosinophilic_myocarditis
Subsystem of the immune system
cells produce antibodies, each of which recognize a unique antigen, and neutralizing specific pathogens. Antigen and antibody binding would cause five different
Adaptive_immune_system
BOINC based volunteer computing project researching protein folding
interactions between three proteins—lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF) and protective antigen (PA)—that make up anthrax toxin. The computer model accurately
Rosetta@home
Medical condition
outside but to the bladder. In that case, sperm is instead collected by neutralizing acidity in the bladder and collecting urine samples after ejaculation
Male_infertility
Comics character
an enforcer and assassin. Deathwatch orders Blackout to search for bio-toxin canisters stolen by a youth gang named the Cypress Hill Jokers under their
List of Marvel Comics characters: B
List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_B
consisted of himself, Jack-O-Lantern, Human Fly, Death Adder, Megatak, and Toxin. When Betty Brant was brought before the Crime-Master, she was shocked when
List of Marvel Comics characters: C
List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_C
Clinical symptom
endotoxemia. The underlying cause of inflammation may be due to infection, toxin, or trauma, and may require special treatment in order to resolve the colic
Horse_colic
Marvel Comics supervillain
psychopathic megalomania and malignant narcissism. In layman's terms, a lethal cocktail of intersecting personality disorders that makes him one of the
Norman_Osborn
Subfamily of plants in the grass family
study. In addition, the shoots (newly emerged culms) of bamboo contain the toxin taxiphyllin (a cyanogenic glycoside), which produces cyanide in the gut
Bamboo
"Google Scholar". Harshman, S. (1979-02-09). "Action of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on membranes: some recent advances". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
Iodine_in_biology
Marvel Comics superheroine
her immune to disease and infection. She is also immune to most drugs and toxins, although she can be affected by certain drugs if given sufficient dosage
X-23
1937–1945 conflict in East Asia
warfare, causing at least 200,000 deaths, and used chemical weapons including lethal blister agents. China was recognized as one of the Big Four Allied powers
Second_Sino-Japanese_War
Species of snake
recorded maximum of 72 mg. It may inject as much as 12 mg, whereas the lethal dose for an adult is estimated to be only 5 mg. Envenomation results in
Echis_carinatus
Medical condition
accordingly more lethal) than normal. As the bacteria multiply and move through the bloodstream, it sheds concentrated amounts of toxin. The endotoxin directly
Meningococcal_disease
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
sources of heterozygote advantage: Cholera: With the discovery that cholera toxin requires normal host CFTR proteins to function properly, it was hypothesized
Cystic_fibrosis
Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
pneumonia). Antibody treatments act by binding to and neutralizing bacterial exotoxins and other virulence factors. Phage therapy is under investigation as a method
Antibiotic
Fingeroth (ed). "A Verdict of Violence" Venom: Lethal Protector, no. 3 (April 1993). United States: Marvel Comics. Venom: Lethal Protector #6 Spider-Man: The Arachnis
List of Marvel Comics characters: T
List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_T
Transfer of genes from unrelated organisms
whitefly Bemisia tabaci acquired a plant detoxification gene that neutralizes plant toxins. Gene transfer between plants and fungi has been posited for a
Horizontal_gene_transfer
was also tested, with Dr. Dorian explaining that the weapon's lethality came from a toxin derived from the puffer fish, which can kill within 30 seconds
List of Deadliest Warrior episodes
List_of_Deadliest_Warrior_episodes
Vaccine against malaria
may still take a long time. Report of a vaccine candidate capable of neutralizing all tested strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly form of
Malaria_vaccine
Vaccine containing DNA
"A West Nile virus DNA vaccine utilizing a modified promoter induces neutralizing antibody in younger and older healthy adults in a phase I clinical trial"
DNA_vaccine
Reluctance or refusal of vaccines
Formaldehyde is used in small concentrations to inactivate viruses and bacterial toxins used in vaccines. Small amounts of residual formaldehyde can be present
Vaccine_hesitancy
Biological process of gene regulation
synthase 1 (ALAS1) mRNA in the liver. Breaking down ALAS1 mRNA prevents toxins (responsible for neurovisceral attacks and AHP disease) such as aminolevulinic
RNA_interference
Chicago. She finds Cesspool is dying of cancer due to past exposure to toxins. Guarding the sick Cesspool in his home is a younger woman claiming to be
List of Cobra (G.I. Joe) characters
List_of_Cobra_(G.I._Joe)_characters
Organization and management of preventive measures against pandemics
that only authorized laboratories can obtain DNA of "about 60" lethal germs and toxins Efforts of pandemic prevention and related endeavors carry risks
Pandemic_prevention
Photochemical antimicrobial technology
therapy (aPDT) is typically capable of neutralizing or diminishing the effectiveness of microbial virulence factors, or it can reduce their expression. The
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy
Antimicrobial_photodynamic_therapy
Environmental problems from uncontrolled mining
water and can also increase microbial production of hydrogen sulfide, a toxin for many aquatic plants and organisms. Mining processes produce an excess
Environmental impact of mining
Environmental_impact_of_mining
Type of physical variation in bacteria
filamentous structures, bacteria resist these phagocytic cells and their neutralizing activity (which include antimicrobial peptides, degradative enzyme and
Bacterial morphological plasticity
Bacterial_morphological_plasticity
Environmental problems caused by warfare
nitrous oxides and other gases that can cause acid rain. Environmental toxins like these gases and heavy metals linger for decades in the environment
Environmental_impact_of_war
15, 2001), "CIA Special National Intelligence Estimate, Use of Toxins and Other Lethal Chemicals in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan, Volume I – Key Judgments
CIA transnational activities in counterproliferation
CIA_transnational_activities_in_counterproliferation
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LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
LETHAL TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-FACTOR
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