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Expansion and contraction of leverage during the business cycle
Leverage is defined as the ratio of the asset value to the cash needed to purchase it. The leverage cycle can be defined as the procyclical expansion
Leverage_cycle
American economist
crisis, Geanakoplos' work on the relationship between leverage and asset prices, "The Leverage Cycle," has been prominent in both popular and academic discussions
John_Geanakoplos
Intervals of expansion and recession in economic activity
Business cycles are intervals of general expansion followed by recession in economic performance. The changes in economic activity that characterize business
Business_cycle
Ongoing theorised stock market bubble
double down using near-record leverage in quest to boost returns". Reuters. Hedge funds are using near-record levels of leverage to trade equities and betting
AI_bubble
American physicist and entrepreneur (born 1952)
can lead to a cycle in which leverage and prices slowly rise while volatility falls, followed by a crash in which prices and leverage plummet while volatility
J._Doyne_Farmer
Reduction of the ratio of debt to equity
the micro-economic level, deleveraging refers to the reduction of the leverage ratio, or the percentage of debt in the balance sheet of a single economic
Deleveraging
Period of rapid progress in AI
History of artificial intelligence History of artificial neural networks Hype cycle List of artificial intelligence projects List of artificial intelligence
AI_boom
1760–1840 agrarian to industrial era shift
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Industrial_Revolution
Unfounded market optimism that lacks fundamental valuation
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Irrational_exuberance
2007 mortgage crisis in the United States
"FRBNY-Haughwout, Lee, Tracy, and Klaauw-Real Estate Investors, the Leverage Cycle, and the Housing Market Crisis-September 2011-See page 18 and Figures
Subprime_mortgage_crisis
Major stock market crash in the United States
resulted in a large number of people placing their savings and money in leverage investment products like Goldman Sachs's "Blue Ridge trust" and "Shenandoah
Wall_Street_crash_of_1929
Tech stock speculative craze, c. 1995–2003
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Dot-com_bubble
Economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Four_Asian_Tigers
Sudden collapse of asset values which generates a credit or business cycle
to market crises Hedge (finance), underlying concept (preventative) Leverage cycle Margin (finance) Ponzi scheme, underlying concept (causative) Sub-prime
Minsky_moment
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Economy_of_the_British_Empire
Situation in which financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value
reach of causality is discussed further within Epistemology of finance. Leverage, which means borrowing to finance investments, is frequently cited as a
Financial_crisis
1992 UK financial crisis
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Black_Wednesday
long-term view, the mid-Victorian boom was one upswing in the Kondratiev cycle (see figure). There was prosperity, as the national income per person grew
Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era
Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era
American gold panic
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Black_Friday_(1869)
Coldest recorded winter in Europe
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Great_Frost_of_1709
all taken into account to determine the price of a slave. Over the life-cycle, the price of enslaved women was higher than their male counterparts up
Slavery_in_the_United_States
High inflation, low economic growth, and high unemployment
left stagflation to be explained by "contemporary students of the business cycle". In this discussion, Blanchard hypothesizes that the recent oil price increases
Stagflation
Global stock market crash
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
2025_stock_market_crash
1980 crash in the U.S. silver market
from about $1.1 billion to about $6.8 billion. A major source of risk was leverage. About half of the Hunt-related position at the end of 1979 was held in
Silver_Thursday
Regional financial crisis that struck East and Southeast Asia in 1997–1998
resulting large quantities of credit that became available generated a highly leveraged economic climate, and pushed up asset prices to an unsustainable level
1997_Asian_financial_crisis
Economic term to distinguish types of recessions
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Recession_shapes
Worldwide economic event
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
2022_stock_market_decline
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
History of the British national debt
History_of_the_British_national_debt
Practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Debasement
Slave trade between Africa and the West
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Atlantic_slave_trade
Speculative frenzy in the UK in the 1840s about railways
capital. As with other bubbles, the Railway Mania became a self-promoting cycle based purely on over-optimistic speculation. As the dozens of companies
Railway_Mania
Global stock market crash
bill to reduce the tax benefits associated with financing mergers and leveraged buyouts. Unexpectedly high trade deficit figures announced on October
Black_Monday_(1987)
Finance property of an asset
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Market_liquidity
Measure of how revenue growth translates into growth in operating income
Operating leverage is a measure of how revenue growth translates into growth in operating income. It is a measure of leverage, and of how risky, or volatile
Operating_leverage
2010s–present technological convergence era
in manufacturing. The Indian program for Industry 4.0 centres around leveraging technology to produce globally competitive products at cost-effective
Fourth_Industrial_Revolution
Global oil shortage due to geopolitics
the Syrian border. Independently, the OPEC members agreed to use their leverage over the world price-setting mechanism for oil to stabilize their real
1970s_energy_crisis
Sudden widespread decline of stock prices
ratios exceed long-term averages, and extensive use of margin debt and leverage by market participants. Other aspects such as wars, large corporate hacks
Stock_market_crash
before the Great Depression than it has been since the end of World War II." Cycles in the country's agricultural production, industrial production, consumption
List of recessions in the United States
List_of_recessions_in_the_United_States
Temporary spike in asset prices
that bubbles burst progressively, with the most vulnerable (most highly-leveraged) assets failing first, and then the collapse spreading throughout the
Economic_bubble
Value in economics and accounting
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Real_and_nominal_value
Percentage of a sum of money charged for its use
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Interest_rate
Engaging in risky financial transactions
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Speculation
Proposed time period of the United States
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Second_Gilded_Age
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
History of rail transport in Pakistan
History_of_rail_transport_in_Pakistan
Worldwide economic depression (1929–1939)
De Long, J. Bradford (December 1990). "'Liquidation' Cycles: Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression". NBER Working Paper No
Great_Depression
Economies of the five dominant countries in Southeast Asia
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Tiger_Cub_Economies
recession. "Business Cycle Council Methodology". C.D. Howe Institute. 23 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2023. "BUSINESS CYCLE COUNCIL". C.D. Howe
List_of_recessions_in_Canada
Financial resources readily available for use, typically in cash or near-cash form
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Liquid_capital
1870–1914 electrical and chemical era
Digital, Inc. 2011. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9780307265722. The Golden Book of Cycling – William Hume, 1938. Archive maintained by 'The Pedal Club'. Archived
Second_Industrial_Revolution
Devaluation of money's purchasing power
independent central banks. This has led to a moderation of the business cycle and a reduction in variation in most macroeconomic indicators – an event
Inflation
additional Allied troops in a series of naval forays known as Operation Cycle and Operation Ariel. From France's collapse in June 1940 to the German invasion
Canada_in_World_War_II
Economic bubble in a stock market
valeurs (French) 2008 financial crisis AI bubble Asset allocation Business cycle Collective behavior Diversification (finance) Dot-com bubble Fictitious
Stock_market_bubble
Industrial shift to information technology
to as "business cycles". There are various types of waves, such as Kondratiev wave (54 years), Kuznets swing (18 years), Juglar cycle (9 years) and Kitchin
Information_Age
managers. This imbalance could potentially give Britain some negotiating leverage e.g. power of retorsion in case the EU attempts to impose an abrupt cancellation
Economic_effects_of_Brexit
Expansion and contraction of access to credit over time
The credit cycle is the expansion and contraction of access to credit over time. Some economists, including Barry Eichengreen, Hyman Minsky, and other
Credit_cycle
1701–1714 European great power conflict
history of rebellion. This provided Victor Amadeus II with a degree of leverage, allowing him to manoeuvre between opposing parties to expand his territories
War_of_the_Spanish_Succession
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Economic history of the American Civil War
Economic_history_of_the_American_Civil_War
Era of US history from the 1870s to the late 1890s
under this system after the Civil War. Most sharecroppers were locked in a cycle of debt, from which the only hope of escape was increased planting. This
Gilded_Age
OAPEC petroleum embargo
such as gold. Arab oil producing countries had attempted to use oil as leverage to influence political events on two prior occasions—the first was the
1973_oil_crisis
Informal economic term
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Economic_miracle
Proposed era of humanity after the Information Age
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Imagination_Age
Commercial hunting of whales in Canada
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Whaling_in_Canada
2007–2009 international economic decline
increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent excessive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system. Policy-makers, regulators
Great_Recession
Significant surplus of crude oil
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
1980s_oil_glut
Recession that affects many countries around the world
the IMF Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions The National Bureau Of Economic Research Independent Analysis of Business Cycle Conditions - American
Global_recession
Perceived financial market movement tendency over time
eventually euphoria as the bull runs its course. This often leads the economic cycle, for example, in a full recession, or earlier. Generally, bull markets begin
Market_trend
1893–97 financial crisis in the United States
"Panic of 1893". In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (eds.). Business Cycles and Depressions: an Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 516–18
Panic_of_1893
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
1991_Indian_economic_crisis
1920s period of sustained economic prosperity in Western Europe and North America
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Roaring_Twenties
Financial crisis leading to economic depression in Europe and North America
"Crisis of 1873". In Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (eds.). Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 132–133
Panic_of_1873
European selloff of American securities following the outbreak of WWI
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Financial_crisis_of_1914
Rate of money changing hands
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Velocity_of_money
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
Slave_markets_and_slave_jails_in_the_United_States
Community with sudden economic & population growth
2008-2012 iron ore booms) Altamira, Pará Balsas, Maranhão Belém (Amazon rubber cycle) Brasília, Federal District, development of capital Goiânia, Goiás Laranjal
Boomtown
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Financial costs of the Seven Years' War
Financial_costs_of_the_Seven_Years'_War
Long period of worldwide economic growth following World War II
age is considered to have ended as early as 1970. This long-term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s: the collapse of the Bretton
Post–World War II economic expansion
Post–World_War_II_economic_expansion
Mid-17th to late 19th century revolution centred around agriculture
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
British Agricultural Revolution
British_Agricultural_Revolution
Worldwide economic recession from 1873 to 1879
(eds.). Business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-8240-0944-4. "Business Cycle Expansions and
Long_Depression
Banking crisis beginning in March 2023
Reynolds, Garfield; Gledhill, Alice (March 14, 2023). "The Great Hiking Cycle Is Seen as Done as Yields Drop Below Cash". Bloomberg. Archived from the
2023 United States banking crisis
2023_United_States_banking_crisis
Gold rush from 1848 to 1855
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
California_gold_rush
Mass withdrawal of money from banks
and introduces new regulatory requirements on bank liquidity and bank leverage. Full-reserve banking is the hypothetical case where the reserve ratio
Bank_run
Total value of money available in an economy at a specific point in time
"transaction accounts" by the Fed. (There was a limit of six transactions per cycle that could be carried out in a savings account without incurring a penalty
Money_supply
Worldwide increase in crude oil prices following the Iranian Revolution
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
1979_oil_crisis
Global inflation following the COVID-19 pandemic
skeptical, noting that if these increasingly powerful corporations had so much leverage, they would have used it before the pandemic. Addley, Esther (November
2021–2023_inflation_surge
Phenomenon when shorter term bonds yield higher interest rates than longer term bonds
Business cycle or Credit cycle when the federal funds rate and treasury interest rates are high to create a hard or soft landing in the cycle. When the
Inverted_yield_curve
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
History of the iron and steel industry in the United States
History_of_the_iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States
Gold discovery triggering an onrush of miners seeking fortune
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Gold_rush
four major categories along with their share: Recessions or the business cycle (37%); Policies enacted by President Bush (33%); Policies enacted by President
History of the United States public debt
History_of_the_United_States_public_debt
1896–1899 migration to Yukon, Canada
miners such as Alex McDonald set about amassing mines and employees. Leveraging his acquisitions with short-term loans, by the autumn of 1897 McDonald
Klondike_Gold_Rush
Economic bubble
2000s United States housing bubble or house price boom or 2000s housing cycle was a sharp run up and subsequent collapse of house asset prices affecting
2000s United States housing bubble
2000s_United_States_housing_bubble
Abandoned settlement with intact features
then later fall for a variety of reasons that are often tied to economic cycles and/or marketing hubris. This has been observed in various countries, including
Ghost_town
earlier described the theory of the Powell Lever Motor in his book Powell Leverage Cycle, published in 1922. While continuing to develop additional patents,
Alvah_Leigh_Powell
Economic model relating wages to unemployment
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Phillips_curve
Method of determining when the economy has entered a recession
entered a recession. It is useful in real-time evaluation of the business cycle and relies on monthly unemployment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Sahm_rule
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
History of taxation in the United States
History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States
Relationships among bond yields of different maturities
No. 397, 2009 "Announcement Dates". US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions. NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee. Retrieved 1 March 2015. Irwin
Yield_curve
Three-week financial crisis in the United States
supply in New York City fluctuated with the country's annual agricultural cycle. Each autumn, money flowed out of the city as harvests were purchased and—in
Panic_of_1907
Periods of currency instability
crisis Liquidity crisis/accounting/capital/funding/market Minsky moment/leverage cycle Stock market crash/Flash crash Social contagion Financial contagion
Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe
2021-2024 economic crisis in Pakistan
emphasised the need for sustainable growth and avoiding another boom-and-bust cycle. The finance minister also added that benchmark interest rates had been
Pakistani economic crisis (2021–2024)
Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2021–2024)
Decrease in the general price level
recent times, as loan terms have grown in length and loan financing (or leveraging) is common among many types of investments, the costs of deflation to
Deflation
LEVERAGE CYCLE
LEVERAGE CYCLE
Girl/Female
English
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Moderate; Average
Girl/Female
English American Italian
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Beverage Brandy; Variant of the Beverage Brandy Used as a Given Name
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Indian
High Above Average
Girl/Female
American, British, Dutch, English
Beverage Brandy; Variant of the Beverage Brandy Used as a Given Name
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Moderate average
Boy/Male
Hindu
Moderate, Average
Girl/Female
English American
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Beverage Brandy; Variant of the Beverage Brandy Used as a Given Name
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Everidge.
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Scandinavian
Beverage Brandy; Variant of the Beverage Brandy Used as a Given Name; Brandy; After Dinner Drink
Girl/Female
English
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Girl/Female
English
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Girl/Female
English
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Moderate, Average
Girl/Female
English
beverage brandy used as a given name.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Moderate, Average
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Leverich.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English
Beverage Brandy; Warm and Comforting; Variant of the Beverage Brandy Used as a Given Name
LEVERAGE CYCLE
LEVERAGE CYCLE
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Slave of the just
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hebrew
Bright; Shinning
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Wet
Girl/Female
Assamese, Indian, Japanese, Kannada
Innocence; Increasing Beauty; True Purity
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Brilliant of the Age
Boy/Male
Finnish, Hindu, Indian, Turkish
Smiling
Surname or Lastname
English
English : ethnic name for someone with Scottish connections.Scottish and Irish : ethnic name for a Gaelic speaker.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Unique Son
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh
Happiness; Ease; Comfort
Boy/Male
Arabic
Intelligence; Acumen; Purity; Honesty
LEVERAGE CYCLE
LEVERAGE CYCLE
LEVERAGE CYCLE
LEVERAGE CYCLE
LEVERAGE CYCLE
n.
Drink; beverage.
n.
A lever; also, leverage.
n.
A kind of beverage; sherbet.
imp. & p. p.
of Average
v. t.
Liquid for drinking; drink; -- usually applied to drink artificially prepared and of an agreeable flavor; as, an intoxicating beverage.
n.
A mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities; an arithmetical mean. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the average 10.
a.
Pertaining to an average or mean; medial; containing a mean proportion; of a mean size, quality, ability, etc.; ordinary; usual; as, an average rate of profit; an average amount of rain; the average Englishman; beings of the average stamp.
v. t.
To add spirits to (a beverage).
n.
An average.
n.
The action of a lever; mechanical advantage gained by the lever.
n.
Levirate marriage or marriages.
n.
Sewerage, 2.
a.
According to the laws of averages; as, the loss must be made good by average contribution.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Average
n.
A beverage made of brandy and gin.
v. i.
To form, or exist in, a mean or medial sum or quantity; to amount to, or to be, on an average; as, the losses of the owners will average twenty five dollars each; these spars average ten feet in length.
n.
A potable liquid; a beverage.
n.
A beverage. See Sherry cobbler, under Sherry.
v. t.
To divide among a number, according to a given proportion; as, to average a loss.
v. t.
To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average.