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science, a linear grammar is a context-free grammar that has at most one nonterminal in the right-hand side of each of its productions. A linear language
Linear_grammar
Type of formal grammar
side. Every regular grammar describes a regular language. A right-regular grammar (also called right-linear grammar) is a formal grammar (N, Σ, P, S) in which
Regular_grammar
In linguistics, linear unit grammar (LUG) is an approach that describes language in chunks that unfold in real time, based on the notion that language
Linear_unit_grammar
Language theory
(1994) demonstrates that Linear Indexed Grammars, Combinatory Categorial Grammars, Tree-adjoining Grammars, and Head Grammars all define the same class
Indexed_grammar
computer science, a linear graph grammar (also a connection graph reduction system or a port graph grammar) is a class of graph grammar on which nodes have
Linear_graph_grammar
Rule system for formal languages
In formal language theory, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar whose production rules can be applied to a nonterminal symbol regardless of
Context-free_grammar
Class of modern grammatical theories
phrase structure grammars. For Tesnière, linear order was secondary to hierarchical order insofar as hierarchical order preceded linear order in the mind
Dependency_grammar
Syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek
contains Linear B Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Linear B. Linear B is
Linear_B
Type of grammar for describing formal languages
In computer science, a parsing expression grammar (PEG) is a type of analytic formal grammar, i.e. it describes a formal language in terms of a set of
Parsing_expression_grammar
Top-down parser that parses input from left to right
of LLR grammars contains every LL(k) grammar for every k. For every LLR grammar there exists an LLR parser that parses the grammar in linear time.[citation
LL_parser
Abstract language theory concept
strictly more expressive than linear-indexed grammars and their weakly equivalent variant tree adjoining grammars (TAGs). Head grammar is another example of an
Generalized context-free grammar
Generalized_context-free_grammar
Structure of a formal language
A formal grammar is a set of symbols and the production rules for rewriting some of them into every possible string of a formal language over an alphabet
Formal_grammar
Theory of the biological component of the language faculty
Universal grammar (UG), in modern linguistics, is the theory of the innate biological component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky
Universal_grammar
Grammar framework
precedes the VP in the surface string. In ID/LP Grammars, this rule would only indicate dominance, and a linear precedence statement, such as N P ≺ V P {\displaystyle
ID/LP_grammar
Type of formal grammar
context-sensitive grammar, or, equivalently, by a noncontracting grammar or a linear bounded automaton, is called a context-sensitive language. Some textbooks
Context-sensitive_grammar
Leave sequence in formal language
of phrase structure grammars such as context-free grammars or linear grammars. The leaves of a derivation tree for a formal grammar G are the terminal
Terminal_yield
System of resource-aware logic
cf. table on the right. Linear implication is not included in the grammar of connectives, but is definable in CLL using linear negation and multiplicative
Linear_logic
Type of context-free grammar
automata and can be parsed in linear time, for example by an LR parser. They are a strict subset of the context-free grammars, which are accepted by pushdown
Ambiguous_grammar
Research tradition in linguistics
Generative grammar is a research tradition in linguistics that aims to explain the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models
Generative_grammar
Hierarchy of classes of formal grammars
rule. The languages described by these grammars are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a linear bounded automaton (a nondeterministic Turing
Chomsky_hierarchy
Grammar formalism
(1994) demonstrated that linear indexed grammars, combinatory categorial grammar, tree-adjoining grammars, and head grammars are weakly equivalent formalisms
Tree-adjoining_grammar
Software for generating geometric shapes
shape grammars (in particular, for linear elements in two-dimensions) were developed in "Pictorial and Formal Aspects of Shapes and Shape Grammars" (Birkhäuser
Shape_grammar
Lossless, but memory-consuming, data compression algorithm
the compression in linear time, it consumes the amount of memory that is approximately five times the size of its input. The grammar is built by recursively
Re-Pair
Type of a context-free grammar
In formal language theory, an LL grammar is a context-free grammar that can be parsed by an LL parser, which parses the input from Left to right, and
LL_grammar
Formal language models
introduced head grammar (HG). This was followed by two similar equivalence results, for linear indexed grammar (LIG) and combinatory categorial grammar (CCG),
Mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism
Mildly_context-sensitive_grammar_formalism
Type of activation function
context of artificial neural networks, the rectifier or ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function is an activation function defined as the non-negative
Rectified_linear_unit
Analysing a string of symbols, according to the rules of a formal grammar
parsing any context-free grammar by Masaru Tomita. It is tuned for deterministic grammars, on which it performs almost linear time and O(n3) in worst case
Parsing
Recursive algorithm for data compression
hierarchical structure (context-free grammar) from a sequence of discrete symbols. The algorithm operates in linear space and time. It can be used in data
Sequitur_algorithm
Form of source code, without regard to meaning
constrained grammars than full context-free grammars, in order to make them easier to parse; while the LR parser can parse any DCFL in linear time, the
Syntax (programming languages)
Syntax_(programming_languages)
Covering for linear grammars Structural equivalence for linear grammars Equivalence problem for Regular grammars Emptiness problem for ET0L grammars Word problem
List of PSPACE-complete problems
List_of_PSPACE-complete_problems
Formal grammar
language theory, a regular tree grammar is a formal grammar that describes a set of directed trees, or terms. A regular word grammar can be seen as a special
Regular_tree_grammar
Greibach (1963). "The undecidability of the ambiguity problem for minimal linear grammars". Information and Control. 6 (2): 117–125. doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(63)90149-9
Greibach's_theorem
highly informal account that suggests a linear view of grammar (as opposed to phrase-structure or dependency grammars). Each word has a set of patterns assigned
Pattern_grammar
Lemma that defines a property of regular languages
; Shamir, E. (1961), "On formal properties of simple phrase structure grammars", Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung
Pumping lemma for regular languages
Pumping_lemma_for_regular_languages
Computer science and linguistics concept relating to non-terminal production
In computer science, a grammar is informally called a recursive grammar if it contains production rules that are recursive, meaning that expanding a non-terminal
Recursive_grammar
Reverse-engineering neural networks
explanations. This hypothesis suggests that high-level concepts are represented as linear directions in the activation space of neural networks. Empirical evidence
Mechanistic_interpretability
Finite-state machine
component (SCC) in such a k-out digraph chosen uniformly at random is of linear size and it can be reached by all vertices. It has also been proven that
Deterministic finite automaton
Deterministic_finite_automaton
Linguistic model of well-formedness
(2006). "Linear Optimality Theory as a model of gradience in grammar." In G. Fanselow, C. Fery, R. Vogel, & M. Schlesewsky (Eds.), Gradience in grammar: Generative
Harmonic_grammar
Type of Turing machine
linear speedup theorem. Linear bounded automata are acceptors for the class of context-sensitive languages. The only restriction placed on grammars for
Linear_bounded_automaton
Language defined by context-sensitive grammar
a linear bounded automaton over a unary alphabet (pages 213–214, exercise 6.8) and also to Marti Penttonen by means of a context-sensitive grammar also
Context-sensitive_language
Machine-learning process
Grammar induction (or grammatical inference) is the process in machine learning of learning a formal grammar (usually as a collection of re-write rules
Grammar_induction
Statistical regression where the dependent variable can take only two values
logistic regression using similar techniques. When viewed in the generalized linear model framework, the probit model employs a probit link function. It is
Probit_model
Statistical relationship
data. It usually refers to the extent to which a pair of quantities are linearly related. More generally, an arbitrary relationship between variables is
Correlation
Formal languages in computing
class now known as linear indexed grammars (LIG). Linear indexed grammars have additional restrictions relative to indexed grammars. LIGs are weakly equivalent
Indexed_language
parsing to handle these grammars in linear time by employing memoization, at the cost of heap space. It is possible to support linear-time parsing of predicates
Syntactic_predicate
Type of pumping lemma
Micha; Shamir, Eli (1961). "On formal properties of simple phrase-structure grammars". Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft, und Kommunikationsforschung
Pumping lemma for context-free languages
Pumping_lemma_for_context-free_languages
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
specific class. It is a type of linear classifier, i.e. a classification algorithm that makes its predictions based on a linear predictor function combining
Perceptron
Top-down parser utilizing recursion
equivalent grammar that has no left recursion, but removal of left recursion does not always yield an LL(k) grammar. A predictive parser runs in linear time
Recursive_descent_parser
sequence of several individuals rated poorly due to restriction violations. Linear ranking, which goes back to Baker, is often used. It allows the selection
Selection (evolutionary algorithm)
Selection_(evolutionary_algorithm)
Type of parser
algorithm Context-free grammar Parsing algorithms Earley parser Ford, Bryan (2006). "Packrat Parsing: Simple, Powerful, Lazy, Linear Time". arXiv:cs/0603077
Packrat_parser
Concept in machine learning
{\displaystyle 1} L I N G {\displaystyle \mathbb {LING} } - The class of linear grammar languages over Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } of cardinality larger than
Characteristic_samples
Evolving computer programs with techniques analogous to natural genetic processes
representations have been suggested and successfully implemented, such as linear genetic programming, which perhaps suits the more traditional imperative
Genetic_programming
Algorithm for parsing context-free languages
O(n)} linear time and space for non-right recursive LR(k) grammars, O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} quadratic time and space for unambiguous grammars, O
Earley_parser
Type of parser in computer science
of bottom-up parser that analyse deterministic context-free languages in linear time. There are several variants of LR parsers: SLR parsers, LALR parsers
LR_parser
Constructed alien languages
dog shaking the water out of its fur." Although Heptapod A contains some grammar structures that are similar to that of human language, the language often
Heptapod_languages
Genetic programming technique
combination of the linear representation as used by the Genetic Algorithm for Developing Software (GADS) and Backus Naur Form grammars, which were originally
Grammatical_evolution
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Genetic_operator
Lossless data compression algorithm
Grammar-based codes or grammar-based compression are compression algorithms based on the idea of constructing a context-free grammar (CFG) for the string
Grammar-based_code
Type of formal grammar
formal language theory, a noncontracting grammar (also called monotonic grammar) is a type of formal grammar whose production rules never decrease the
Noncontracting_grammar
Type of feedforward neural network
organized in layers, notable for being able to distinguish data that is not linearly separable. Modern neural networks are trained using backpropagation and
Multilayer_perceptron
"Linear genetic programming" is unrelated to "linear programming". Linear genetic programming (LGP) is a particular method of genetic programming wherein
Linear_genetic_programming
Modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time
In logic, linear temporal logic or linear-time temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time. In LTL, one can encode
Linear_temporal_logic
Programming language
Grammatical Framework (GF) is a programming language for writing grammars of natural languages. GF is capable of parsing and generating texts in several
Grammatical Framework (programming language)
Grammatical_Framework_(programming_language)
context-sensitive grammar is a context-sensitive grammar in which the productions increase the length of the sentences being generated. These grammars are thus
Growing context-sensitive grammar
Growing_context-sensitive_grammar
originally called it a linear bounded grammar, a terminology that was also used by a few other authors thereafter. Every grammar in Kuroda normal form
Kuroda_normal_form
Statistical model for a binary dependent variable
estimates the parameters of a logistic model (the coefficients in the linear or non linear combinations). In binary logistic regression there is a single binary
Logistic_regression
Method of data analysis
linear dimensionality reduction technique with applications in exploratory data analysis, visualization and data preprocessing. The data are linearly
Principal_component_analysis
Type of machine learning model
a log–log scale, appears as a linear extrapolation of performance achieved by smaller models. However, this linearity may be punctuated by "break(s)"
Large_language_model
Subset of artificial intelligence
other models that were later found to be reinventions of the generalised linear models of statistics. Probabilistic reasoning was also employed, especially
Machine_learning
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Premature_convergence
Formal grammar derived from a deterministic pushdown automaton
interest, as they can be parsed in linear time and in fact a parser can be automatically generated from the grammar by a parser generator. They are thus
Deterministic context-free grammar
Deterministic_context-free_grammar
Flaw in mathematical modelling
specified model. Underfitting would occur, for example, when fitting a linear model to nonlinear data. Such a model will tend to have poor predictive
Overfitting
Concept in generalized context free grammar
type of phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar. The class of head grammars is a subset of the linear context-free rewriting systems
Head_grammar
Youth (Canada: Spread Your Wings) Grammar: Verbs and How We Use Them J. N. Hook c-11m October 3, 1957 Graphing Linear Equations Halbert C. Christofferson
List_of_Coronet_Films_films
parsing any context-free grammar by Masaru Tomita. It is tuned for deterministic grammars, on which it performs almost linear time and O(n3) in worst case
List_of_algorithms
Syntactic theory
rules in universal terms. Relational grammar began as an alternative to transformational grammar. Relational Grammar starts from the assumption that grammatical
Relational_grammar
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
variables or features). The most common form of regression analysis is linear regression, in which one finds the line (or a more complex curve) that most
Regression_analysis
Mathematical framework for natural language processing
The grammatical derivations in a categorial grammar (usually a pregroup grammar) are interpreted as linear maps acting on the tensor product of word vectors
DisCoCat
Algorithm for searching a problem space
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Memetic_algorithm
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Cultural_algorithm
Prep school in New Haven, Connecticut, US
Connecticut Colony, to found a traditional grammar school that would teach Latin, Greek, and Hebrew grammar. The school's first home was a building on
Hopkins_School
Abstract grammatical formalism
linguistics, combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) is an efficiently parsable, yet linguistically expressive, grammar formalism. It has a transparent interface
Combinatory categorial grammar
Combinatory_categorial_grammar
Family of formalisms in natural language syntax
forerunner of linear logic in that it is a substructural logic. Montague grammar is based on the same principles as categorial grammar. Montague's work
Categorial_grammar
Earliest attested form of the Greek language
This article contains text in the Linear B syllabic script and characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words. Without proper rendering
Mycenaean_Greek
Method for displaying sine wave vectors
(0,0). One of the interesting properties of the phasor approach is its linearity, where the superposition of different spectra or decay curves can be analyzed
Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging
Phasor_approach_to_fluorescence_lifetime_and_spectral_imaging
Extension of linear logic
rise to the class of logics known as categorial grammars. Since the publication of Jean-Yves Girard's linear logic there have been several new noncommutative
Noncommutative_logic
Term in linguistic syntax
cross-serial dependencies can be expressed in linear context-free rewriting systems (LCFRS); one can write a LCFRS grammar for { a n b n c n d n | n ≥ 1 } {\displaystyle
Cross-serial_dependencies
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Clonal_selection_algorithm
Optimization algorithm
independently proposed a similar method in 1907. Its convergence properties for non-linear optimization problems were first studied by Haskell Curry in 1944, with
Gradient_descent
Reproductive success given genetic mutation
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Effective_fitness
Data structure representing a finite set of strings
Blumer, Andrzej Ehrenfeucht, David Haussler, Ross M. McConnell (1983). Linear size finite automata for the set of all subwords of a word - an outline
Deterministic acyclic finite state automaton
Deterministic_acyclic_finite_state_automaton
Translations of 1922 novel
communist censors might object to blunt expressions but also because Romanian grammar forced him to break Joyce's fluid interior monologue and impose more structure
Translations_of_Ulysses
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
x t − 1 , x t , z , z ′ {\textstyle x_{0},x_{t-1},x_{t},z,z'} and two linear equations. The two sources of randomness are z , z ′ {\textstyle z,z'}
Diffusion_model
Academic subfield of computer science
this problem, the computer needs to perform a number of steps that grow linearly in the size of the problem. To simplify this problem, computer scientists
Theory_of_computation
Low German dialect
anthropology Archaeological cultures Hamburg Maglemosian Ertebølle-Ellerbek Linear Pottery Funnelbeaker Havelland Corded Ware Comb Ceramic Nordic Bronze Age
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect
Numerical optimization algorithm
Genetic memory Schema Promoter based GA Genetic programming (GP) Cartesian GP Linear GP Gene expression programming Grammatical evolution Multi expression programming
Natural_evolution_strategy
v t e Automata theory: formal languages and formal grammars Chomsky hierarchy Grammars Languages Abstract machines Type-0 — Type-1 — — — — — Type-2 —
Local language (formal language)
Local_language_(formal_language)
Independent school in Oxfordshire, England
Michael Gove the school decided that from September 2015 it would follow a linear system (i.e. courses will be completed over two years) and not offer the
Abingdon_School
Dravidian language
phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. The three principal sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be Pāṇini's grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools
Kannada
French linguist (1893–1954)
strict separation of structural order and linear order, whereas other dependency grammars (e.g. Word grammar) are monostratal (in syntax) and hence reject
Lucien_Tesnière
travel, tourism, insurance
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metronymic from Line.
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Old Norse Einarr, EINAR means "lone warrior."
Female
Scottish
Variant spelling of Scottish Lilias, LILEAS means "lily."
Male
Greek
(ΑἰνÎας) Variant spelling of Greek AineÃas, AINEAS means "praiseworthy."
Boy/Male
Hindu
The Sun
Boy/Male
Irish
Meaning “â€fair-haired,â€â€ the name has been popular since the sixth century when St. Finbar came to an area of Cork that was being tormented by a serpent. The people begged him to do something to help them. One night he went to where the serpent was sleeping and sprinkled it with holy water. The angry serpent tore and devoured the land until she slithered into the sea at Cork Harbor. The track she left behind filled with water and became the River Lee and that’s why St. Finbar is the patron saint of Cork. It is said that the sun didn’t set for two weeks after Finbar’s death.
Female
English
English name probably derived from Germanic lindi, LINDA means "serpent."Â In some cases, it may have been derived from the Spanish word for "pretty."
Surname or Lastname
English (Cornish)
English (Cornish) : habitational name from a place named with Cornish lan ‘church’. In England this surname is now found chiefly in the southern counties of Wiltshire and Hampshire, and Berkshire; it has no doubt moved there from Cornwall.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lanier 1.Dutch : variant of Leonard.Jewish (western Ashkenazic) : name taken by someone who was good at chanting the Pentateuch at public worship in the synagogue or who regularly did so, from West Yiddish layner ‘reader’ (a derivative of West Yiddish laynen ‘to read’, which comes ultimately from Latin legere ‘to read’).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a flax grower or merchant, from German Lein ‘flax’ + agent suffix -er.
Surname or Lastname
Swedish
Swedish : ornamental name from lind ‘lime tree’ + either the German suffix -er denoting an inhabitant, or the surname suffix -ér, derived from the Latin adjectival ending -er(i)us.English (mainly southeastern) : variant of Lind 2.German : habitational name from any of numerous places called Linden or Lindern, named with German Linden ‘lime trees’.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon; of Cornish origin)
English (Devon; of Cornish origin) : topographic name for someone who lived by a menhir, i.e. a tall standing stone erected in prehistoric times (Cornish men ‘stone’ + hir ‘long’).
Boy/Male
Sikh
Love unending
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Linsey, LINSAY means "Lincoln's wetlands."
Male
English
Irish Anglicized form of Gaelic Fionnbarr, FINBAR means "fair-headed."
Male
Yiddish
 Variant spelling of Yiddish Lieber, LIBER means "beloved." Compare with another form of Liber.
Girl/Female
Irish
Eimear possessed the “Six Gifts of Womanhood†– “beauty, a gentle voice, sweet words, wisdom, needlework and chastity!†She was bethrothed to the warrior Cuchulainn (read the legend) when they were children and they loved each other very deeply. But Cuchulainn had “a wandering eye†and Eimear endured this, realizing “everything new is fair,†but when he made love to Fand, wife of the sea god Manannan, Eimear confronted the lovers. After seeing the strength of Fand’s love she offered to withdraw. Touched by this display of unselfishness, Fand left Cuchulainn and returned to the sea. When Cuchulainn died Eimear spoke movingly and lovingly at his graveside.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lingam
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Lingard.French : occupational name for a maker of or dealer in linen goods, from Old French linge ‘linen (goods)’ (see Linge 1).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Lingart, Lancashire, or Lingards Wood in Marsden, West Yorkshire, both named from Old English līn ‘flax’ + garðr ‘enclosure’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a whitewasher, Middle English limer, lymer, an agent derivative of Old English līm ‘lime’.
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
LINEAR GRAMMAR
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