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Mathematical model of animal foraging behavior
The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources
Marginal_value_theorem
Behavioral ecology model
these situations. The marginal value theorem is a type of optimality model that is often applied to optimal foraging. This theorem is used to describe a
Optimal_foraging_theory
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively plant material
their food, such as Kleiber's law, Holling's disk equation and the marginal value theorem (see below). Kleiber's law describes the relationship between an
Herbivore
Economic theory
law of the minimum – Growth is limited by the scarcest resource Marginal value theorem – Mathematical model of animal foraging behavior Opportunity cost –
Diminishing_returns
Biological interaction
optimal foraging strategy for search has been modelled using the marginal value theorem. Search patterns often appear random. One such is the Lévy walk
Predation
Searching for wild food resources
foraging theory have been made by: Eric Charnov, who developed the marginal value theorem to predict the behavior of foragers using patches; Sir John Krebs
Foraging
Function of the observed sample results
{\displaystyle T} , whose marginal probability distribution is closely connected to a main question of interest in the study. The p-value is used in the context
P-value
Virus that infects bacteria
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Bacteriophage
(economics) Marginal value theorem (biology, optimization) Artstein's theorem (control theory) Krener's theorem (control theory) Lyapunov–Malkin theorem (stability
List_of_theorems
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Carnivore
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
are generally "improvements in the condition or location of things of value". These include maintenance of hydrological cycles, cleaning air and water
Ecosystem
Animal that can eat and survive on both plants and animals
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Omnivore
Non-living factors that affect organisms and ecosystems
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Abiotic_component
Smallest size a biological population can exist without facing extinction
many species are in the thousands. Based on a meta-analysis of reported values in the literature for many species, Traill et al. reported concerning vertebrates
Minimum_viable_population
Animal that feeds on decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Detritivore
Beneficial symbiosis between species
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Commensalism
Predator at the top of a food chain
diet) and 2.57 (for Iceland, with 50% meat and fish, 50% plants). These values are comparable to those of non-apex predators such as the anchovy or pig
Apex_predator
American evolutionary ecologist
ecologist. He is best known for his work on foraging, especially the marginal value theorem, and life history theory, especially sex allocation and scaling/allometric
Eric_Charnov
Study of distribution of species
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Biogeography
Type of heterotrophic nutrition based on decayed organic matter
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Saprotroph
Organism type
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Autotroph
Theorem in economics
Coase theorem (/ˈkoʊs/) postulates the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities. The theorem is significant
Coase_theorem
Growth is limited by the scarcest resource
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Liebig's_law_of_the_minimum
Position of an organism in a food chain
level of most fish and other marine consumers takes a value between 2.0 and 5.0. The upper value, 5.0, is unusual, even for large fish, though it occurs
Trophic_level
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Photosynthesis
Behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Nocturnal_animal
Species that is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Generalist and specialist species
Generalist_and_specialist_species
Aspect of ecosystems
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Food_chain
Gradual buildup of substances in an organism
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Bioaccumulation
Equations modelling predator–prey cycles
frequency ω = α γ {\displaystyle \omega ={\sqrt {\alpha \gamma }}} . The value of the constant of motion V, or, equivalently, K = exp(−V), K = y α e −
Lotka–Volterra_equations
Ecological metric
transformed into other sugars, starches, cellulose, lignin, and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined
Photosynthetic_efficiency
Transition area between two biological communities
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Ecotone
Organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Chemotroph
Study of organisms and their environment
other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value. Ecosystems vary from tiny to vast. A single tree is of little consequence
Ecology
Species of insect
capacity when foraging. This phenomenon is best explained by the marginal value theorem. The weight of nectar in the nectar crop adds an additional energetic
Bombus_ternarius
Complete, full information, perfectly competitive markets are Pareto efficient
There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first states that in economic equilibrium, a set of complete markets, with complete information
Fundamental theorems of welfare economics
Fundamental_theorems_of_welfare_economics
Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems
Marxian economist Sergei Podolinsky attempted to theorize a labor theory of value based on embodied energy; his work was read and critiqued by Marx and Engels
Ecological_economics
Economic theorem
theorem (HGT) states that under certain conditions, aggregate spending by government on public goods will increase aggregate rent based on land value
Henry_George_theorem
Symbiotism between certain parasitic plants and fungi
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Myco-heterotrophy
Part of Earth's aquatic ecosystems
taxonomy, ease of collection, sensitivity to a range of stressors, and overall value to the ecosystem. Additionally, algal community structure (often using diatoms)
Freshwater_ecosystem
Living creatures that eat organisms from a different population
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Consumer_(food_chain)
Graphical representation of biomass or biomass productivity
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Ecological_pyramid
Ratio of animal feed to desired product
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Feed_conversion_ratio
Dead particulate organic material
excreta are materials which other animals do not need, whatever energy value they might have, they are often unbalanced as a source of nutrients, and
Detritus
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Mutualism_(biology)
Species introduced by human activity
quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health, other valued resources, or the economy. There have been calls from scientists to consider
Introduced_species
Model of spatial distribution of organisms
the distribution of a foraging population. Behavioural ecology Marginal value theorem Optimal foraging theory Xylocopa sonorina (organism, bee, that exhibits
Ideal_free_distribution
Ecology proposition
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Competitive exclusion principle
Competitive_exclusion_principle
Organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Decomposer
Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Tide_pool
General appearance of an animal
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Animal_coloration
Process of breaking down organic matter
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Decomposition
Geographical area in which a species can be found
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Species_distribution
copulation behavior of this species can also be modeled using the marginal value theorem. It has been discovered that in cases where two male dung flies
Optimality_model
Ecological concept
determined by neutral genetic drift if s ≪ 1/N. In real populations, the cutoff value of s may depend instead on local recombination rates. This limit to selection
Effective_population_size
Group of sympatric species with similar ecological function
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Guild_(ecology)
Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
R/K_selection_theory
Exponential growth based on a constant rate
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Malthusian_growth_model
Paradox in expected-utility theory
In microeconomics and decision theory, Rabin's calibration theorem (also known as Rabin's paradox or Rabin's critique) is a theoretical result related
Rabin's_calibration_theorem
Future extinction of species due to events in the past
their populations. The extinction debt concept may require revision of the value of land for species conservation, as the number of species currently present
Extinction_debt
Mathematical rule for inverting probabilities
{\displaystyle P(B)} could be called prior, unconditioned, or marginal probabilities. Bayes' theorem may be derived from the relation between joint and conditional
Bayes'_theorem
Non-native organism causing damage to an established environment
Julian D. (June 2011). "The Potential Conservation Value of Non-Native Species: Conservation Value of Non-Native Species". Conservation Biology. 25 (3):
Invasive_species
Ecogeographical rule in evolutionary biology
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Foster's_rule
Effect that organisms have on other organisms
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Biological_interaction
Approximate power law relating animal metabolic rate to mass
about 32 times the energy the mouse uses. It is presently unclear if the value of the exponent in Kleiber's law is correct, in part because the law currently
Kleiber's_law
Hypothesis about plant resource use competition in community ecology
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
R*_rule_(ecology)
Average value of a random variable
definition. In particular, the Riemann series theorem of mathematical analysis illustrates that the value of certain infinite sums involving positive and
Expected_value
Species with a large effect on its environment
biology, alongside flagship and umbrella species. Although the concept is valued as a descriptor for particularly strong inter-species interactions, and
Keystone_species
Maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can support
Ecology, popularised the term in its modern meaning as the equilibrium value of the logistic model of population growth. The specific reason why a population
Carrying_capacity
Number of distinct species in a biological community
dataset, changing the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness. Negative values of q are not used, because
Species_diversity
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Microbivory
Variety of species in an ecological community, landscape or region
different species delimitations will lead to different species richness values for the same set of individuals. In practice, people are usually interested
Species_richness
Mature ecological community of organisms best adapted to an area
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Climax_community
Animal that feeds on carrion
also collect carrion. Although pollen is associated with higher energy value, carrion is preferred by Trigona bees because it is biochemically easier
Necrophage
Superseded ecological theory
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Balance_of_nature
Process of progressive accumulation in food chain
Is the Trophic Magnification Factor (TMF) Calculated and What Does Its Value Signify?". Pollution → Sustainability Directory. Retrieved 2026-03-28. Ricolfi
Biomagnification
Hypothetic organism that uses kinetic energy
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Kinetotroph
Concept in economics
Marginalism is a theory of economics that attempts to explain the discrepancy in the value of goods and services by reference to their secondary, or marginal
Marginalism
Organism using energy from light in metabolic processes
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Phototroph
Measure of the ability of water to sustain biological productivity
will often use the Secchi depth. By translating the Secchi transparency values to a log base 2 scale, each successive doubling of biomass is represented
Trophic_state_index
return to a factor of production depends upon the value of its marginal productivity. The marginal productivity of a factor, like labor, in turn depends
Factor_price_equalization
Ability to withstand disturbance unchanged
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Resistance_(ecology)
Biological process
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Chemosynthesis
Ecosystem in a body of water
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Aquatic_ecosystem
Type of animal group activity
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Feeding_frenzy
Ecosystem event
kelp biomass in sea otter (Enhydra lutris) enhanced ecosystems. The study valued the potential storage between US$205 million and US$408 million on the European
Trophic_cascade
Total mass of living organisms in a given area (all species or selected species)
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Biomass_(ecology)
Organism found in carbon-rich environments
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Copiotroph
Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Ecosystem_collapse
Concept in game theory
the assignment of their gains. The Shapley value can be defined as a function which uses only the marginal contributions of player i {\displaystyle i}
Shapley_value
Topics referred to by the same term
1919 Marginal value theorem, a behavioral ecology theorem Mechanical Vapor Transfer, a desalination technology by distillation Mean value theorem, a mathematical
MVT
Emission of light by a living organism
2017). "Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates: Evidence that the Adaptive Value of Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates is Concentration Dependent". Photochemistry
Bioluminescence
17th-century conjecture proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994
a theorem at the time (meaning a mathematical statement for which proof exists), the marginal note became known over time as Fermat's Last Theorem, as
Fermat's_Last_Theorem
When a population of a species exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment
resources. Judgements regarding overpopulation always involve both facts and values. Animals are often judged overpopulated when their numbers cause impacts
Overpopulation
Series of secondary extinctions
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Cascade_effect_(ecology)
Change of species in a region over time
of succession, dominated by weedy species and with little conservation value. However, comparing grasslands that form after recovery from long-term disruptions
Ecological_succession
Biological interaction networks not based on the food chain
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Non-trophic_networks
Type of environment in which an organism lives
in permanently or temporarily saturated soils besides bodies of water. Marginal plants provide important habitat for both invertebrates and vertebrates
Habitat
Associated populations of species in a given area
the introduction of invasive species. On a deeper level the meaning and value of the community concept in ecology is up for debate. Communities have traditionally
Community_(ecology)
Statistical effects of small numbers on a population
Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state
Small_population_size
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English, Finnish, Swedish
Valley; Usually with a Stream; From the Glen
Girl/Female
Arabic
Value; Price
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Value Worth
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Roman Latin Martialis, MARCIAL means "of/like Mars."
Female
English
Feminine form of Roman Latin Marinus, MARINA means "of the sea."
Boy/Male
Arabic
Value
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Value
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Of High Value
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, and Dutch
English, French, Spanish, and Dutch : from Middle English, Old French cardinal ‘cardinal’, the church dignitary (Latin cardinalis, originally an adjective meaning ‘crucial’). The surname may have denoted a servant who worked in a cardinal’s household, but was probably more often bestowed as a nickname on someone who habitually dressed in red or who had played the part of a cardinal in a pageant, or on one who acted in a lordly and patronizing manner, like a prince of the Church.A bearer of the name, of unknown origin, is documented in Montreal by 1666.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Superiority; Attribute; Value
Female
Hebrew
(×žÖ·×¨Ö°× Ö´×™× Ö¸×”) Hebrew name MARNINA means "rejoice."
Male
English
English form of Roman Latin Martialis, MARTIAL means "of/like Mars."
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish
Rule
Boy/Male
Indian
Value, Price
Boy/Male
Muslim
Value, Price
Female
English
Feminine form of Latin Martinus, MARTINA means "of/like Mars."Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Destiny; Dignity; Value
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Italian
Of High Value
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a valley, Middle English vale (Old French val, from Latin vallis). The surname is now also common in Ireland, where it has been Gaelicized as de Bhál.Galician and Aragonese : topographic name from val ‘valley’, or habitational name from any of the places named with this word.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Parsi, Sindhi
Value; Price; Worth
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
Girl/Female
Latin
In classical mythology, Lavinia was the daughter of King Latinus and the wife of Trojan hero...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Hipswell in North Yorkshire, named in Old English possibly as ‘stream with stepping stones’; the first element may be from an unattested noun derivative hyppels of the verb hoppian ‘to hop’, and the second is wella, wiella ‘spring’, ‘stream’.
Girl/Female
Indian
Sita
Girl/Female
Indian
One who never gets old
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Mythological, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Goddess of Knowledge and Education; Goddess Saraswati
Boy/Male
Muslim
Light of faith
Boy/Male
Tamil
Cloud, Water, Traveller
Boy/Male
Hawaiian
Wealthy protector.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Honour of victory
Girl/Female
Indian
God of Love
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
MARGINAL VALUE-THEOREM
adv.
In the margin of a book.
v. t.
To furnish with a distinct margin; to margin.
v. t.
To be worth; to be equal to in value.
a.
Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend.
n.
Value.
a.
Of or pertaining to a margin.
v. t.
To raise to estimation; to cause to have value, either real or apparent; to enhance in value.
a.
Belonging to war, or to an army and navy; -- opposed to civil; as, martial law; a court-martial.
n.
The relative length or duration of a tone or note, answering to quantity in prosody; thus, a quarter note [/] has the value of two eighth notes [/].
a.
Written or printed in the margin; as, a marginal note or gloss.
imp. & p. p.
of Margin
n.
Precise signification; import; as, the value of a word; the value of a legal instrument
n. pl.
Marginal notes.
v. i.
Unsettled; unfixed; undetermined; indefinite; ambiguous; as, a vague idea; a vague proposition.
a.
Having a margin.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or suited for, war; military; as, martial music; a martial appearance.
imp. & p. p.
of Value
n.
One who values; an appraiser.
v. t.
To rate highly; to have in high esteem; to hold in respect and estimation; to appreciate; to prize; as, to value one for his works or his virtues.
v. t.
To estimate the value, or worth, of; to rate at a certain price; to appraise; to reckon with respect to number, power, importance, etc.