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Safety concept in underwater diving
diving, technical diving and nitrox diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas is the depth below which the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2)
Maximum_operating_depth
Measures of a submarine's ability to operate underwater
design depth. Also known as the maximum operating depth (or the never-exceed depth), this is the maximum depth at which a submarine is allowed to operate under
Submarine_depth_ratings
Topics referred to by the same term
subculture Mod revival, late 1970s Honour Moderations, Oxford exams Maximum operating depth in scuba diving Mod Cup, a shinty trophy A module in modular scheduling
Mod
Set of detailed instructions to assist in workplace safety
(documented as standard operating procedures) used in any manufacturing process that could affect the quality of the product. Standard Operating Procedures are
Standard_operating_procedure
Class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines of the United States Navy
maximum operating depth of the Los Angeles class as 650 ft (200 m), while Patrick Tyler, in his book Running Critical, suggests a maximum operating depth
Los_Angeles-class_submarine
Semi-submersible offshore drilling rig
(221 ft) and depth of 36.6 metres (120 ft). It had a maximum drilling depth of 6.1 kilometres (3.8 mi), and it could operate at a water depth of 460 metres
Byford_Dolphin
Japanese manned suicide torpedoes used by the Imperial Navy in World War II
Kerosene and oxygen Maximum range: 78 km (42 nmi) Cruising speed: 22 km/h (12 kn) Maximum speed: 56 km/h (30 kn) Maximum operating depth: 80 m (260 ft) Number
Kaiten
Gas used for human respiration
considered to have a safe depth limit of about 40 metres (130 feet) for most divers, although the maximum operating depth (MOD) of air taking an allowable
Breathing_gas
Crewed full ocean depth rated submersible
Factor's port thruster group. The vessel is certified by DNV for a maximum dive depth of 11,000 m (36,000 ft), exceeding that of the Challenger Deep, the
DSV_Limiting_Factor
Australian conservationist (1962–2006)
fronted an advertising campaign for The Ghan in 2003, a passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin. A Pacific National NR class
Steve_Irwin
Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the diver
risk of oxygen toxicity, which becomes unacceptable below the maximum operating depth of the mixture. To displace nitrogen without the increased oxygen
Scuba_diving
Acoustic sensing method
sonars operated at a relatively high frequency of 20–30 kHz, to achieve directionality with reasonably small transducers, with a typical maximum operational
Sonar
French oceanographer and author (1910–1997)
Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche,
Jacques_Cousteau
British ocean liner (1907–1915)
boilers (which fitted the forward space where the ship narrowed), operating at a maximum 195 pounds per square inch (1,340 kPa) and containing 192 individual
RMS_Lusitania
Diving incident in the Maldives
of two chambers. The first chamber acts as the entrance, and it is at a depth of 55 - 58 meters below sea level. A 3-meter-wide tunnel connects the first
2026 Dhekunu Kandu cave diving incident
2026_Dhekunu_Kandu_cave_diving_incident
Toxic effects of breathing oxygen at high partial pressures
calculate a maximum operating depth for oxygen-rich breathing gases, and cylinders containing such mixtures should be clearly marked with that depth. The risk
Oxygen_toxicity
Copper helmet with rubberised canvas diving suit and weighted boots
depth - feet or metres of water column - which would provide the supervisor with a reasonable indication of diver depth. Originally manually operated
Standard_diving_dress
Organ system for circulating blood in animals
who specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders
Circulatory_system
Breathing gas, mixture of nitrogen and oxygen
teach the use of two depth limits to protect against oxygen toxicity. The shallower depth is called the "maximum operating depth" and is reached when
Nitrox
U.S. Navy's special operations force
envisioned as a "guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters, lakes, and rivers employing small steamboats and
United_States_Navy_SEALs
Special forces unit of the Royal Navy
as operating behind enemy lines destroying lines of communication, installations and gathering intelligence. During the Korean War the SBS operated from
Special_Boat_Service
Disorder caused by dissolved gases forming bubbles in tissues
It may happen when leaving a high-pressure environment, ascending from depth, or ascending to altitude. A closely related condition of bubble formation
Decompression_sickness
Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus
very shallow maximum operating depth limit, due to oxygen toxicity considerations. Active addition SCRs vary in complexity, but all operate with a breathing
Rebreather_diving
Pressure of a component gas in a mixture
determines the maximum operating depth of a gas mixture. Narcosis is a problem when breathing gases at high pressure. Typically, the maximum total partial
Partial_pressure
USMC deep reconnaissance unit
understood that his recon Marines would be operating 50 to 150 miles away from their littoral or operating area, or from any naval support. In order to
United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance
Tethered underwater mobile device operated by a remote crew
underwater machines that are often used to explore the ocean depth while being operated by people at the surface, usually from a control room. ROVs are
Remotely operated underwater vehicle
Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle
Medical condition of lack of oxygen in the tissues
pressures due to altitude, by breathing hypoxic breathing gas at an unsuitable depth, by breathing inadequately re-oxygenated recycled breathing gas from a rebreather
Hypoxia_(medicine)
Diving mode and decompression technique
both upwards and downwards (mixed excursion). The depth range between maximum and minimum excursion depth is called the excursion range or excursion window
Saturation_diving
Pirate Blackbeard's ship
uncertain, and there is no record of her actions prior to 1710 when she was operating as a French privateer as La Concorde. Surviving features of the ship's
Queen_Anne's_Revenge
Polish special forces unit
missions. On 27 June 1997, during Operation "Little Flower", a mixed team operating under the authority of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
GROM_Military_Unit
Submersible that traveled to the Challenger Deep
the submersible to the bottom of the New Britain Trench, reaching a maximum depth of 8,221 m (26,972 ft). There, he found a wide plain of loose sediment
Deepsea_Challenger
Change in sea level due to gravity
heights and times. To calculate the actual water depth, add the charted depth to the published tide height. Depth for other times can be derived from tidal curves
Tide
Instrument that indicates depth below a reference surface
At greater depths, it becomes inaccurate. The maximum depth cannot be recorded with this type of depth gauge, and accuracy is strongly affected by temperature
Depth_gauge
Tactical scuba diver
rebreathing equipment will stay within a depth limit of 20 feet (6.1 m) with limited deeper excursions to a maximum of 50 feet (15 m) because of the risk
Frogman
Breathing gas consisting of oxygen, helium and nitrogen
Lowering the oxygen content of a breathing gas mixture increases the maximum operating depth and duration of the dive before which oxygen toxicity becomes a
Trimix_(breathing_gas)
Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm
Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the normal range accepted by the associated community. In some cases this is a prescribed limit established
Deep_diving
US government scientific agency
Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) was created by NOAA to operate and manage the US environmental satellite programs, and manage NWS data
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration
Articulated pressure-resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver
factors affecting design are the ambient hydrostatic pressure of the maximum operating depth, and ergonomic considerations regarding the potential range of
Atmospheric_diving_suit
Abnormally high tissue carbon dioxide levels
{P_{et_{CO_{2}}}}} rose markedly with exertion even when the divers breathed air at a depth of only a few feet. A variety of reasons exist for carbon dioxide not being
Hypercapnia
Special forces unit of the Australian Army
March 2002. During the operation SASR teams were to provide on-location, in-depth operational intelligence and reconnaissance after they infiltrated the Shahi-Kot
Special_Air_Service_Regiment
Australian technical diver (1954–2005)
descended to a depth of 270 metres (890 ft) at Bushman's Hole, South Africa, breaking the following records: Depth on a rebreather Depth in a cave on a
Dave_Shaw
British cave diver who specialises in rescues
seriously." In 2004 Stanton and Volanthen set a world record for greatest depth achieved in a British cave, cave diving 76 m (249 ft) at Wookey Hole in
Rick_Stanton
Distinct layer of temperature change in a body of water
that is not affected by season and lies below the yearly mixed layer maximum depth. Thermoclines can also be observed in lakes. In colder climates, this
Thermocline
Retired US Navy officer and professor of oceanography (born 1942)
and his team discovered they had imploded from the immense pressure at depth. It littered thousands of pieces of debris all over the ocean floor. Following
Robert_Ballard
Techniques and procedures for safe decompression of divers
experience to be reliable, is to clearly label the cylinder with the maximum operating depth of the contents, as this is the most critical information, carry
Decompression_practice
Facility for supporting saturation diving projects
position. Heave compensation gear may be used to maintain a constant operating depth in a seaway. A decompression/recompression chamber may be included
Saturation_diving_system
Swimming while inhaling through a snorkel
impossible to pinch the nose if needed to equalize pressure at greater depth. Trained scuba divers are likely to avoid such devices, however, snorkel
Snorkeling
Self-propelled deep-diving crewed submersible
International Hydrodynamics of Vancouver in British Columbia with a maximum operating depth of 2,000 metres (1.2 mi) capable of dive durations of 7 to 10 hours
Deep-submergence_vehicle
Vascular blockage by air bubbles
in. This is one reason why surgeons must be particularly careful when operating on the brain, and why the head of the bed is tilted down when inserting
Air_embolism
Injury due to pressure difference between gas filled space and adjoining tissue
volume during ascent. A scuba or surface-supplied diver breathing gas at depth from underwater breathing apparatus fills their lungs with gas at an ambient
Barotrauma
Closed or semi-closed circuit scuba
oxygen and inert components. A gas mix which has a maximum operating depth that is safe for the depth of the dive being planned, and which will provide
Diving_rebreather
Italian freediver (born 1992)
On 18 October 2019, Zecchini became the first woman to have reached a depth of −100m exclusively with the use of her arms (free immersion), during the
Alessia_Zecchini
Underwater diving without breathing apparatus
the competitor at somewhere around 1/3 to 1/4 of the target depth, usually with a maximum of 30m. The second will meet them about 10m shallower, and a
Freediving
First ironclad of the US Navy, 1861–1862
discovered almost 111 years after sinking, near Cape Hatteras at 230 feet (70 m) depth at coordinates 35°0′6″N 75°24′23″W / 35.00167°N 75.40639°W / 35.00167;
USS_Monitor
Emergency transport of divers under a decompression obligation to a place of safety
known as a hyperbaric rescue unit (HRU), with the capacity to evacuate the maximum number of divers that the diving system can accommodate, is required, with
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue
Cloudiness of a fluid
disk is lowered into the water until it can no longer be seen; the depth (Secchi depth) is then recorded as a measure of the transparency of the water (inversely
Turbidity
Tabulated data to facilitate safe diving ascents
square profile, meaning that the diver descends to maximum depth immediately and stays at the same depth until resurfacing (approximating a rectangular outline
Decompression_tables
Scientific study of the ocean
its surfaces and of the animals that fishermen brought up in nets, though depth soundings by lead line were taken. The Portuguese campaign of Atlantic navigation
Oceanography
Firearm firing gyroscopic rockets in the 1960s
flight like an unpowered bullet. A bullet has maximum kinetic energy at the muzzle; a rocket has maximum kinetic energy immediately after its fuel is expended
Gyrojet
British volunteer cave rescue diver
how's that?" In 2004, Volanthen and Stanton set a record for the greatest depth achieved in a British cave, diving 76 m (249 ft) at Wookey Hole in Somerset
John_Volanthen
Portable apparatus to recycle breathing gas
cylinder. Before a dive with such a set, the diver had to know the maximum or working depth of his dive, and how fast his body used his oxygen supply, and
Rebreather
Series of Chinese remotely operated underwater vehicles
Specifications: Maximum operating depth: 600 meters The JTD-01 "Deep Eel I" is a salvage, drilling, and pipe-laying robot. It has a maximum operating depth of 200
SJT-class_ROUV
Equipment used specifically for surface supplied diving
essential as the main supply pressure is significantly higher than the maximum depth pressure on the pneumo gauge. There is also often a snubbing valve or
Surface-supplied diving equipment
Surface-supplied_diving_equipment
Austrian freediver and world record holder
world record champion, and "the deepest man on earth" having dived to a depth of 253.2 meters (831 feet). Nitsch has held 33 world records across eight
Herbert_Nitsch
Instrument to calculate decompression status in real time
available to warn the diver when exceeding the no-stop limit, the maximum operating depth for the breathing gas mixture, the recommended ascent rate, decompression
Dive_computer
US Marine Corps special forces unit
amphibious light infantry warfare, particularly in landing in rubber boats and operating behind the lines. "Edson's" Raiders of 1st Marine Raiders Battalion and
Marine_Raider_Regiment
Powered device for diver mobility and range extension
is in a waterproof container. The R-2 can operate down to 60 metres with a maximum depth of 100m and a maximum limpet mine load of 250 kg. Cosmos CE2F series –
Diver_propulsion_vehicle
American marine biologist and lecturer
dive, untethered, to the sea ocean floor near Oahu. She set the women's depth record of 381 metres (1,250 ft) which still holds to date. In 1979 she also
Sylvia_Earle
Medical treatment at raised ambient pressure
or pits. The operating pressure depends on the application. Chambers used for clinical hyperbaric oxygen therapy commonly have a maximum allowable working
Hyperbaric_medicine
Narcotic effects of respiratory nitrogen
is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while diving at depth. It is caused by the anesthetic effect of certain gases at high partial
Nitrogen_narcosis
Free-diving self-propelled deep-sea submersible
the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 37,800 ft (11,521 m) but this was later corrected to 35,813 ft (10,916
Bathyscaphe
Breathing gas mixture experimentally used for very deep diving
mixtures to specification InDEPTH (4 March 2020). "Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas". InDepth. Retrieved 2023-09-08. InDEPTH (31 May 2023). "N=1:
Hydrox_(breathing_gas)
Hyperbaric pressure vessel for human occupancy used in diving operations
maximum working pressure. Valves are generally duplicated inside and outside and are labelled to avoid confusion. It is usually possible to operate a
Diving_chamber
American astronaut and aquanaut (1925–2013)
ocean floor in SEALAB II at a depth of 205 feet (62 m) about 3,000 feet (910 m) off the coast of California. The depth required a cabin gas mixture of
Scott_Carpenter
Series of waves generated by distant weather systems
duration – the time over which the wind has blown over the fetch Water depth A wave is described using the following dimensions: Wave height (from trough
Swell_(wave)
Diving beyond the scope of recreational diving
mixture and will also be marked with the maximum operating depth and if applicable, minimum operating depth. Technical diving can be done using air as
Technical_diving
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
(100 ft) high, being limited by wind speed, duration, fetch, and water depth. When directly generated and affected by local wind, a wind wave system
Wind_wave
Equipment used to facilitate underwater diving
modifying the plan to suit actual circumstances. Depth gauge lets the diver monitor depth, particularly maximum depth and, when used with a watch and Decompression
Diving_equipment
Three person deep submergence vehicle
three-person, battery-powered deep-submergence vehicle (or DSV), with a maximum operating depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The craft was built by Hyco International
Pisces_IV
Diver who remains underwater for 24 hours or more
After sinking, the boat came to rest upside-down on the sea floor at a depth of 30 m (98 ft); eleven crew members perished. As the Jascon-4 filled with
Aquanaut
South African diver (1974–1994)
by the high work-rate of breathing at depth. Two weeks after Dreyer's death, Theo hired a small, remotely operated sub used by the De Beers mining company
Deon_Dreyer
Submersible used for rescue of people from disabled submarines and submersibles
24 people at a time at depths of up to 600 m (1,969 ft). Their maximum operating depth is 1,500 m (4,921 ft). Power is provided by two large batteries
Deep-submergence rescue vehicle
Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle
Self-propelled deep submergence vehicle
are the Konsul-class submersibles. The Mir submersibles can dive to a maximum depth of 6,000 metres (19,685 ft). Traditionally, the personnel sphere of
Mir_(submersible)
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
subvariant of oxygen rebreathers. Oxygen rebreathers have a maximum safe operating depth of around 6 metres (20 ft), but several types of fully closed
Scuba_set
Chamber for transporting divers vertically through the water
diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers from the surface to depth and back in open water, usually for the purpose of performing underwater
Diving_bell
German manufacturer of breathing equipment
approximately 15 kg Gas supply cylinder: 4 litre, 200 bar (standard) Diving depth: 6 msw (100% oxygen) 22 msw (EAN 50) 30 msw (EAN 40) 40 msw (EAN 32) Dive
Dräger_(company)
Bundle of supplying cables or hoses
surface gas panel, where the supervisor can use it to measure the diver's depth in the water at any time. This is done by measuring pressure of the air
Umbilical_cable
US Navy deep-submergence rescue vehicle
knots (4.7 mi/hr) Endurance: (12 hours at 3 knots (3.5 mi/hr) Maximum Operating Depth: 5,000 feet Capacity: 3-4 DSRV crew, 24 survivors per trip Status:
DSRV-1_Mystic
Unstable wave
likely. A plunging wave occurs when the ocean floor is steep or has sudden depth changes, such as from a reef or sandbar. The crest of the wave becomes much
Breaking_wave
Three person research deep-submergence vehicles
International Hydrodynamics of North Vancouver in British Columbia with a maximum operating depth of 2,000 m (6,560 ft). The vehicles have multiple view ports and
Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle
Submerged ridge of rock, coral or other material
Reefs may be classified in terms of their origin, geographical location, depth, and topography. For example a tropical coral fringing reef, or a temperate
Reef
Early form of diver propulsion vehicle
other features. The maximum diving depth was limited by the G7e depth-keeping mechanism at 15 m (49 ft), with normal operational depth not exceeding 10 m
Human_torpedo
Crewed deep-ocean research submersible
completed sea trials and was certified for operating down to 6,500 meters. As of 2024, Alvin is in active service, operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
DSV_Alvin
Cave diver from Florida
Rebreathers. Retrieved 13 April 2025. "The Who's Who of Sidemount". In Depth. 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved
Edd_Sorenson
Duplication of critical components to increase reliability of a system
using at least two different types of each of the following processors, operating systems, software, sensors, types of actuators (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic
Redundancy_(engineering)
Military Engineers of the British Army
Engineers in a variety of roles, including the Submarine Mining Service operating the boats required to tend the submarine mine defences that protected
Royal_Engineers
Japanese remotely operated underwater vehicle for deep sea exploration
bathyscaphe had attained a depth of 37,800 feet, the maximum recorded depth was later calculated to be 10,911 metres (35,797 ft). At this depth, the water column
Kaikō_ROV
Swiss physicist, inventor, and explorer
built a second bathyscaphe and together they dove to a record-breaking depth of 3,150 m (10,335 ft) in 1953. Auguste Piccard died on 24 March 1962 of
Auguste_Piccard
Practice in pipeline transportation
During an operating procedure, only one key at a time is free. This key only fits in the interlock belonging to the valve that is to be operated next in
Pigging
Watertight clothing that seals the wearer from cold and hazardous liquids
complexity and hazard as the suit must be inflated and deflated with changes in depth in order to minimize "squeeze" on descent or uncontrolled rapid ascent due
Dry_suit
travel, tourism, insurance
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
MAXIMUM OPERATING-DEPTH
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