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Process for preserving information in DRAM
Memory refresh is a process of periodically reading information from an area of computer memory and immediately rewriting the read information to the
Memory_refresh
Type of computer memory
memory, in contrast to static random-access memory (SRAM) which does not require data to be refreshed. Unlike flash memory, DRAM is volatile memory (as
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Topics referred to by the same term
tag Memory refresh, reading and writing to the same area of computer memory Refreshable braille display, a device for blind computer users USS Refresh (AM-287)
Refresh
Type of computer memory
characterized as volatile memory, SRAM exhibits data remanence. SRAM offers a simple data access model and does not require a refresh circuit. Performance
Static_random-access_memory
Feature of computer systems
only perform memory-to-memory transfers using channels 0 & 1, of which channel 0 in the PC (& XT) was dedicated to dynamic memory refresh. This prevented
Direct_memory_access
Type of memory used on processors that require high transfer rate memory
High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a computer memory interface for 3D-stacked synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM), initially developed by Samsung
High_Bandwidth_Memory
Type of computer memory
memory controller must simply issue a sufficient number of auto refresh commands (one per row, 8192 in the example we have been using) every refresh interval
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
Synchronous_dynamic_random-access_memory
Data storage device
faster and does not require memory refresh. It is used for smaller cache memories in computers. CAM (Content-addressable memory) – This is a specialized
Semiconductor_memory
Type of computer memory
refresh (DRAM requires refresh less often at low temperatures), partial array self refresh, and a "deep power down" mode which sacrifices all memory contents
LPDDR
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
Read-only memory (ROM) is a form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified
Read-only_memory
Part of computer memory
refreshed periodically. Due to this refresh process, DRAM consumes more power, but it can achieve higher storage densities. Most non-volatile memory (NVM)
Memory_cell_(computing)
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash
Flash_memory
Early form of read-only memory
Core rope memory is a form of read-only memory (ROM) for computers. It was used in the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) and the UNIVAC II, developed
Core_rope_memory
Computer security exploit
nearby (adjacent, in most cases) memory rows, which are called victim rows; if the affected memory cells are not refreshed before they lose too much charge
Row_hammer
Device controlling access and addressing of memory
to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), and to provide the critical memory refresh and other functions. Reading and writing to DRAM is performed by selecting
Memory_controller
Storage of digital data readable by computers
memory is a form of volatile memory that also requires the stored information to be periodically reread and rewritten, or refreshed; static RAM (SRAM) is similar
Computer_data_storage
Computer memory that loses its contents when unpowered
Volatile memory, in contrast to non-volatile memory, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information; it retains its contents
Volatile_memory
Visual artifact in video display
device is not synchronized with the display's refresh rate. That can be caused by non-matching refresh rates, and the tear line then moves as the phase
Screen_tearing
Component that stores information
located in computer memory. The terms memory, main memory, and primary storage are also used for computer memory. Computer memory is often referred to
Computer_memory
Form of computer data storage
Random-access memory (RAM; /ræm/) is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data
Random-access_memory
Computer memory architecture
In computer architecture, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity, and
Memory_hierarchy
Novel computer memory type
Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, OUM (ovonic unified memory) and C-RAM or CRAM (chalcogenide RAM)) is a type of non-volatile
Phase-change_memory
Computer memory that does not lose its contents after being turned off
Non-volatile memory (NVM) or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retain stored information even after power is removed. In contrast
Non-volatile_memory
Computer made by Xerox
refresh data from main memory to the shift register, which serializes it into a display of pixels corresponding to the ones and zeros of the memory data
Xerox_Alto
Data storage device
(also known as a thumb drive) is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. A typical USB drive is removable, rewritable
USB_flash_drive
Type of computer memory used from 1955 to 1975
magnetic-core memory is a form of random-access memory. It predominated for roughly 20 years between 1955 and 1975, and is often just called core memory, or, informally
Magnetic-core_memory
Early form of computer memory
display faded over time, it was periodically refreshed. It operates faster than earlier acoustic delay-line memory, at the speed of the electrons inside the
Williams_tube
Type of computer memory
It also provides two refresh commands: REFab and REFsb. Multiple DDR5 memory chips can be mounted on a circuit board to form memory modules. For use in
DDR5_SDRAM
Obsolete type of non-volatile computer memory
Bubble memory is a type of non-volatile computer memory that uses a thin film of a magnetic material to hold small magnetized areas, known as bubbles or
Bubble_memory
Type of computer memory
including reduced voltage supply and advanced refresh options, LPDDR can achieve greater power efficiency. ECC memory, a type of computer data storage Fully
DDR_SDRAM
Dynamic random-access memory included in a processor chip or package
refreshing of the memory cells, which adds complexity. However, if the memory refresh controller is embedded along with the eDRAM memory, the remainder of
EDRAM
Computer memory type used for data preservation
laser writing process. It is also branded Superman memory crystal, in reference to the Kryptonian memory crystals from the Superman franchise. Discs using
5D_optical_data_storage
Line of Intel microprocessors released in 2022
Raptor Lake-S Refresh is that one fewer E-core cluster is disabled in silicon for Core i7 SKUs. CPUs in bold below feature UDIMM ECC memory support only
Raptor_Lake
Type of computer memory
capacitors used in DRAM lose their charge over time, memory assemblies that use DRAM must refresh all the cells in their chips several times a second,
Magnetoresistive_RAM
Integrated Circuits, National Semiconductor Corporation, January 1974 Logic/Memories/Interface/Analog/Microprocessor/Military Data Manual, Signetics Corporation
List of 7400-series integrated circuits
List_of_7400-series_integrated_circuits
Computer memory used for small quantities of data
or E2PROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a type of non-volatile memory. It is used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers
EEPROM
Early type of computer memory
electronic computer memory, delay-line memory was a refreshable memory, but as opposed to modern random-access memory, delay-line memory was sequential-access
Delay-line_memory
Discontinued computer memory type
XPoint (pronounced three-D cross point) is a discontinued non-volatile memory (NVM) technology developed jointly by Intel and Micron Technology. It was
3D_XPoint
Recording of information in a storage medium
optical disc drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs). It also includes experimental forms like holographic memory. Mass storage includes
Data_storage
Computer storage device with no moving parts
scrubbing and management of read disturb Wear leveling Management of flash memory refresh and data retention The overall performance of an SSD can scale with
Solid-state_drive
1981 American microcomputer model
Intel 8253 PIT. The PIT provides 18.2 Hz clock "ticks" and dynamic memory refresh timing. The CPU is an Intel 8088, a cost-reduced form of the Intel 8086
IBM_Personal_Computer
Timing information of a memory module
granular refresh), with its own tRFC2 and tRFC4 timings, while DDR5 retained only tRFC2. Memory bandwidth measures the throughput of memory, and is generally
Memory_timings
Physicist, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur
interface directly with dynamic RAM, since it included an internal memory-refresh controller. The Z80 was used in many of early personal computers, as
Federico_Faggin
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
processing task does not require attention, this time can be used to refresh memory traces. The theory therefore predicts that the amount of forgetting
Working_memory
Magnetic data storage device
1960s as computer memory. Many early computers, called drum computers or drum machines, used drum memory as the main working memory of the computer. Some
Drum_memory
these memories must be periodically regenerated (i.e. read and rewritten, also called refreshed) to prevent data loss. Other types of computer memory exist
Regenerative_capacitor_memory
Replaceable device used for the distribution and storage of video games
exposed by the port and attached via an edge connector; the cartridge was memory mapped directly into the system's address space such that the CPU could
ROM_cartridge
Flat, usually circular disc that encodes binary data
File operations of traditional mass storage devices such as flash drives, memory cards and hard drives can be simulated using a UDF live file system. For
Optical_disc
Data recording made of plastic film
cartridges and cassettes Pogue, David (1 September 2016). "Digitize Those Memory-Filled Cassettes before They Disintegrate". Scientific American. Archived
Magnetic_tape
Novel computer memory type
Racetrack memory or domain-wall memory (DWM) is an experimental non-volatile memory device under development at IBM's Almaden Research Center by a team
Racetrack_memory
Process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA
published. N. Wiener expressed ideas about miniaturization of computer memory, close to the ideas, proposed by M. S. Neiman independently. These Wiener's
DNA_digital_data_storage
Process performed by firmware or software routines
features such as parity memory and the thorough memory test in every POST were dropped from most models. The exponential growth of PC memory sizes, driven by
Power-on_self-test
Novel type of computer memory
in MCU-Based Systems. Another non-volatile memory type is flash, and like FeRAM it does not require a refresh process. Flash works by pushing electrons
Ferroelectric_RAM
Memory card format
MultiMediaCard (MMC) is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage, originally introduced in 1997 by SanDisk, Siemens, and Nokia. Designed as
MultiMediaCard
Circuit used to amplify and detect small signals in electronic systems
circuits in a computer's memory subsystem. Sense amplifier is required during the data read and refresh operation from the memory concerned. The data in
Sense_amplifier
Electro-mechanical data storage device
produced in large volume, like mobile phones and tablets, rely on flash memory storage devices. More than 224 companies have produced HDDs historically
Hard_disk_drive
Type of computer memory
random-access memory (NVRAM) is random-access memory that retains data without applied power. This is in contrast to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and
Non-volatile random-access memory
Non-volatile_random-access_memory
Write once computer memory
A programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a form of digital memory where the contents are set after the device is manufactured. Once set, the contents
Programmable_ROM
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
A memristor (/ˈmɛmrɪstər/; a portmanteau of memory resistor) is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux
Memristor
2025 smartphone by Apple
the iPhone 16, the device was announced alongside the higher-priced, refreshed iPhone 17 Pro and 17 Pro Max and the new iPhone Air during an Apple Event
IPhone_17
Computer graphics technique for side-scrolling video games
Adaptive tile refresh is a computer graphics technique for side-scrolling video games. It was most famously used by id Software's John Carmack in games
Adaptive_tile_refresh
Removable disk storage medium
data storage capacity and data transfer speed, such as USB flash drives, memory cards, optical discs, and storage available through local computer networks
Floppy_disk
Novel type of computer memory
Millipede memory is a form of non-volatile computer memory. It promised a data density of more than 1 terabit per square inch (1 gigabit per square millimeter)
Millipede_memory
Type of memory used on graphics cards
Graphics DDR SDRAM (GDDR SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) specifically designed for applications requiring high bandwidth
GDDR_SDRAM
Magnetic tape data storage technology
cartridge of the same generation with the following exceptions: the cartridge memory identifies it to the drive as WORM, the servo tracks are slightly different
Linear_Tape-Open
Scrubbing of computer memory
correction, a general theory used for memory scrubbing Memory refresh, which preserves information stored in memory Ronald K. Burek. "The NEAR Solid-State
Memory_scrubbing
Intel processor family released in 2019
socket Comet Lake-H compared to Coffee Lake-H Refresh Higher turbo frequencies by up to 300 MHz DDR4-2933 memory support Thermal Velocity Boost for Core i7
Comet_Lake
Home-built computer kit designed in the Soviet Union
This results in stopping the video controller and memory refresh, so the CPU performs memory refresh programmatically. Signal from recorder is amplified
Radio-86RK
Computer processor contained on an integrated-circuit chip
sometimes the integration of extra circuitry (e.g. the Z80's built-in memory refresh circuitry) allowed the home computer "revolution" to accelerate sharply
Microprocessor
Phenomenon associated with solid state storage
DRAM buffer) and flash memory refresh. The process of garbage collection involves reading and rewriting data to the flash memory. This means that a new
Write_amplification
Type of random-access memory
determined by the memory controller. The refresh counter is also programmable by the controller. Operations are: 000: NOPR Perform no refresh operation 001:
XDR_DRAM
Novel type of computer memory
Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM or RRAM) is a type of non-volatile (NV) random-access (RAM) computer memory that works by changing the resistance
Resistive random-access memory
Resistive_random-access_memory
2-D grid of wires where data is represented by the presence or absence of diodes at nodes
instructions. A diode matrix is one technique for implementing a read-only memory. It may be used as the control store or microprogram in many early computers
Diode_matrix
1989–1995 events in North Carolina, US
testify about events that had occurred three years previously, with memories "refreshed" by therapy sessions, meetings with the prosecution and repeated
Little Rascals day care sexual abuse trial
Little_Rascals_day_care_sexual_abuse_trial
Line of laptop computers by Apple
October 2010 to late October 2016. In 2017, the MacBook Air received a small refresh, with the processor speed increasing to 1.8 GHz. On October 30, 2018, the
MacBook
Type of computer memory introduced 2014
Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR4 SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory with a high-bandwidth ("double data rate")
DDR4_SDRAM
Method to store and retrieve computer data using optics
such as floppy disks and hard disks, or semiconductors, such as flash memory. Optical storage in the form of discs grants the ability to record onto
Optical_storage
1980 business-oriented personal computer
video or memory refresh cycles) and, like some of the later machines in the Apple II family, uses bank switching techniques to address memory beyond the
Apple_III
Pseudo-static random-access memory technology introduced by MoSys Inc.
that makes the memory functionally equivalent to SRAM (the controller hides all DRAM-specific operations such as precharging and refresh). 1T-SRAM (and
1T-SRAM
Early high speed computer memory
Thin-film memory is a high-speed alternative to magnetic-core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project. Instead of threading
Thin-film_memory
Handheld gaming computer by ASUS
variable refresh rate. Use of an OLED screen was considered, but rejected because of concerns for power draw when combined with variable refresh rate. The
ROG_Xbox_Ally
Early type of solid state computer memory
read-only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. Computer memory that
EPROM
Microprocessor family released in 2016
on-package HBM memory through an embedded multi-die interconnect bridge (EMIB). Release date: Q1 2018. On August 28, 2018, Intel announced a refreshed lineup
Kaby_Lake
Computer network with multiple nodes to store information
deduplication Data structure Data redundancy Replication (computing) Memory refresh Storage record Information repository Knowledge base Computer file Object
Distributed_data_store
Standardized way to automatically access information about a memory module
(SPD) is a standardized way to automatically access information about a memory module. Earlier 72-pin SIMMs included five pins that provided five bits
Serial_presence_detect
Eighth-generation Intel Core microprocessor family
what it branded its ninth generation of Core processors, the Coffee Lake Refresh family. To avoid running into thermal problems at high clock speeds, Intel
Coffee_Lake
Counter that generates an output signal when it reaches a programmed count
system timer, timer 1 was historically used for dynamic random-access memory refreshes and timer 2 for the PC speaker. The LAPIC in newer Intel systems offers
Programmable_interval_timer
Early type of computer memory
complete memory the system was arranged to be regenerative, with the output of the photocells being amplified and sent back into the CRT to refresh the cells
Mellon_optical_memory
Early type of computer memory
Twistor memory is a form of computer memory formed by wrapping magnetic tape around a current-carrying wire to make a device called a twistor. Operationally
Twistor_memory
Intel processor microarchitecture
Intel released a refresh of Haswell, simply titled Haswell Refresh. When compared to the original Haswell CPUs lineup, Haswell Refresh CPUs offer a modest
Haswell_(microarchitecture)
Type of random-access memory
Dual-ported RAM (DPRAM), also called dual-port RAM, is a type of random-access memory (RAM) that can be accessed via two different buses. A simple dual-port RAM
Dual-ported_RAM
2024 Intel product line
1 FRL 48 Gbit/s (also in Meteor Lake) and variable refresh rate (VRR) support. CU-DIMM DDR5 memory support was added and is needed for optimal performance
Arrow_Lake_(microprocessor)
Persistent computer data storage with no moving parts
unit of storage. SSS devices typically use flash memory, but some use battery-backed random-access memory (RAM). Devices come in various types, form factors
Solid-state_storage
Proposed form of computer storage
Universal memory refers to a computer data storage device combining the cost benefits of DRAM, the speed of SRAM, the non-volatility of flash memory along
Universal_memory
Custom Amiga chip
co-processor 25 Direct Memory Access (DMA) channels, allowing graphics, sound and I/O to be used with minimal CPU intervention DRAM refresh controller Generates
MOS_Technology_Agnus
Line of CPUs produced by Intel
as well. The new naming scheme debuted with the launch of Raptor Lake-U Refresh and Meteor Lake processors in 2024, using the "Core 3/5/7" branding for
Intel_Core
GPU microarchitecture by AMD
DisplayPort 2.1 UHBR 13.5, delivering up to 54Gbps bandwidth for high refresh rates at 4K and 8K resolutions. The Radeon Pro W7900 and W7800 support
RDNA_3
for the frame buffer, a Z80 processor operating as a controller and memory refresh driver, and 4 kB of ROM containing one of two optional sets of subroutines
MicroAngelo
Random-access memory with processing elements integrated on the same chip
require more frequent DRAM refresh. A processor-in-/near-memory (PINM) refers to a computer processor (CPU) tightly coupled to memory, generally on the same
Computational_RAM
Variant of magnetic-core computer memory
Plated-wire memory is a variation of magnetic-core memory developed by Bell Laboratories in 1957. Its primary advantage was that it could be assembled
Plated-wire_memory
MEMORY REFRESH
MEMORY REFRESH
Male
Japanese
(守) Japanese name MAMORU means "protector."
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Emery, EMORY means "work-power."
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, MELODY means "melody."
Boy/Male
Australian, Farsi
Memory
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Memory
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Muslim
Memory
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Memory
Girl/Female
Tamil
Memory
Girl/Female
English American Greek
Melody.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Emery.
Girl/Female
Indian
Memory
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Embury or Emery.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Memory
Boy/Male
Assamese, Indian
Memory
Girl/Female
Arabic, Gujarati, Indian, Muslim, Parsi
Memory
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Memory
Girl/Female
Muslim
Memory
Girl/Female
Indian
Memory
Male
Polish
Polish form of Greek Methodios, METODY means "method."
Girl/Female
English American Welsh
Merry; mirthful; joyous. Also an abbreviation of Meredith.
MEMORY REFRESH
MEMORY REFRESH
Girl/Female
Norse
A bridge.
Female
Turkish
Turkish name YAÄžMUR means "rain."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Mowry.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Dole or of Doll.Dutch : nickname for a stupid person.Americanized spelling of German Dollmann (see Dollman).Hungarian Dolmán : variant of Dolmány, metonymic occupational name or nickname from dolmány ‘embroidered coat’, named after a Szekler village in Transylvania called Dolmán. In some cases this may be an Americanized spelling of Dolmáni, habitational name for someone from the village itself.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Beloved
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, German, Indian, Lebanese, Malaysian, Muslim, Nigerian, Tamil
Beautiful; Handsome One; Good; Small; Name of Son Ali; Name of Grandson of the Prophet Muhammad
Boy/Male
Tamil
Brahmanya | பà¯à®°à®¹à¯à®®à®¾à®‚நà¯à®¯à®¾
Supreme godhead
Boy/Male
Tamil
Generous
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
A Star
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Innocent
MEMORY REFRESH
MEMORY REFRESH
MEMORY REFRESH
MEMORY REFRESH
MEMORY REFRESH
pl.
of Memory
n.
The time within which past events can be or are remembered; as, within the memory of man.
n.
The art of memory; a system of precepts and rules intended to assist the memory; artificial memory.
a.
Causing loss of memory.
n.
Recital from memory; rehearsal.
n.
The reach and positiveness with which a person can remember; the strength and trustworthiness of one's power to reach and represent or to recall the past; as, his memory was never wrong.
n.
Any one of several species of fishes belonging to Echeneis, Remora, and allied genera. Called also sucking fish.
n.
Something, or an aggregate of things, remembered; hence, character, conduct, etc., as preserved in remembrance, history, or tradition; posthumous fame; as, the war became only a memory.
adv.
Beyond memory.
n.
Memory; remembrance.
superl.
Causing laughter, mirth, gladness, or delight; as, / merry jest.
n.
Alt. of Memoirs
n.
The actual and distinct retention and recognition of past ideas in the mind; remembrance; as, in memory of youth; memories of foreign lands.
n.
A memorial account; a history composed from personal experience and memory; an account of transactions or events (usually written in familiar style) as they are remembered by the writer. See History, 2.
a.
Assisting in memory.
n.
The faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous thoughts, impressions, or events.
n.
Memory.
adv.
By, or from, memory.
a.
Mnemonic; assisting the memory.
n.
A memorial.