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Pseudoscientific method claiming to improve memory and concentration
Midbrain activation is a pseudoscientific training method claiming to allow the development of blind vision and to improve memory and concentration. The
Midbrain_activation
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
spans from the lower end of the medulla oblongata to the upper end of the midbrain. The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of neural
Reticular_formation
Neurobiological theory
The activation–synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard University psychiatrists John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of
Activation–synthesis hypothesis
Activation–synthesis_hypothesis
Posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous
human brain, the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain is continuous with the thalamus of the diencephalon
Brainstem
Organ central to the nervous system
forebrain (prosencephalon, subdivided into telencephalon and diencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon, subdivided into metencephalon
Brain
Condition of reduced emotional reactivity in an individual
The bilateral midbrain is also activated in individuals with schizophrenia diagnosed with blunted affect. Activation of the midbrain is thought to be
Reduced_affect_display
also known as the midbrain−hindbrain boundary (MHB), is a secondary organizer region that develops at the junction of the midbrain and metencephalon (embryonic
Isthmic_organizer
Nucleus surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
chronic pain. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons that project to the raphe nuclei in the
Periaqueductal_gray
Indian activist (born 1951)
predicted his death or injury. He was also involved in fighting against Midbrain activation, an alleged modern technique that enables students to see objects
Narendra_Nayak
Neurological disorder
visual hallucinations that were suggestive of localized damage to the midbrain and pons. After other similar case studies were published, this syndrome
Peduncular_hallucinosis
Structure in the midbrain
Latin 'upper hill') is a structure lying on the roof of the mammalian midbrain. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the homologous structure is known as the
Superior_colliculus
Form of psychotherapy
(2013). "Brainspotting: Recruiting the midbrain for accessing and healing sensorimotor memories of traumatic activation". Medical Hypotheses. 80 (6): 759–766
Brainspotting
Projection neurons in the brain that synthesize and release dopamine
originate at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) which is located in the midbrain. Through separate connections to the prefrontal cortex (mesocortical) and
Dopaminergic_pathways
Moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in brain stem
formation Nucleus raphe pontis Nucleus centralis inferior Raphe nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation Nucleus centralis superior (median raphe nucleus) Nucleus
Raphe_nuclei
Structure in the midbrain which mediates responses to ambient light
In neuroanatomy, the pretectal area, or pretectum, is a midbrain structure composed of seven nuclei and comprises part of the subcortical visual system
Pretectal_area
Central nervous system stimulant
presynaptic actions that regulate DAT, TAAR1 activation exerts a somatodendritic inhibitory influence on midbrain dopamine neurons by reducing their firing
Amphetamine
Pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions
robust reward sensation due to a relatively direct activation of the reward circuitry. This activation is considered to be more direct than rewards produced
Brain_stimulation_reward
Dopamine-releasing portion of the substantia nigra
(SNpc, SNc) is one of two subdivisions of the substantia nigra of the midbrain (the other being the pars reticulata); it is situated medial to the pars
Pars_compacta
Group of neurons on the floor of the midbrain
is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. The VTA is the origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic
Ventral_tegmental_area
Involuntary reflexive response due to brain injury
football. It is used as an overt indicator of injury force magnitude and midbrain localization to aid in injury identification and classification for events
Fencing_response
Central nervous system stimulant
rate of neurons through direct activation of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels. TAAR1 activation by methamphetamine in astrocytes
Methamphetamine
Group of neural structures responsible for motivation and desire
activate ERK through a different but interrelated Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Alone NMDA mediated activation of ERK is self-limited, as NMDA activation also
Reward_system
State of being awoken
organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, which mediates wakefulness
Arousal
Central organ of the human nervous system
attaches to and leaves the cerebrum at the start of the midbrain area. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Behind the brainstem
Human_brain
Structure in the basal ganglia of the brain
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Substantia nigra is
Substantia_nigra
dopamine modulation. Temporal differences (TD) is widely used as a model of midbrain dopaminergic firing. Primary value learned value (PVLV). PVLV simulates
Leabra
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Walsh JH, Ohning GV, et al. (November 1999). "PACAP type I receptor activation regulates ECL cells and gastric acid secretion". The Journal of Clinical
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide
Drug mixture used mainly to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
signalling that results in PKA and PKC phosphorylation and activation. This PKC activation decreases DAT1, NET1 and SERT cell surface expression, intensifying
Adderall
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
activity and the trans-activating potential of the transcription factors. It can cause gene repression as well as gene activation, although different domains
Protein_c-Fos
Strange posture from brain injury
internal capsule, and the thalamus. It may also indicate damage to the midbrain. While decorticate posturing is still an ominous sign of severe brain damage
Abnormal_posturing
Central nervous system stimulant prodrug
signalling that results in PKA and PKC phosphorylation and activation. This PKC activation decreases DAT1, NET1 and SERT cell surface expression, intensifying
Lisdexamfetamine
(tVTA), is a GABAergic nucleus which functions as a "master brake" for the midbrain dopamine system. This region was discovered by the researchers, M. Barrot
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus
Eye reflex which alters the pupil's size in response to light intensity
consists of the retina, the optic nerve, and the pretectal nucleus in the midbrain, at level of superior colliculus. Ganglion cells of the retina project
Pupillary_light_reflex
Structure within the brain
within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. It forms during embryonic development as the main product of the diencephalon
Thalamus
Neural pathway that executes voluntary movements
ceases on activation of the direct pathway. The net effect is to allow the activation of the ventral lateral nucleus which, in turn, sends activating signals
Direct_pathway
American neuroscientist
a paper looking at the distinct functions of different populations of midbrain dopamine neurons defined by their striatal target region. They found that
Ilana_B._Witten
CNS stimulant and isomer of amphetamine
monoaminergic systems in the brain. Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits the function of the dopamine
Dextroamphetamine
The Mesostriatal system is a term sometimes used to identify the midbrain dopamine projections into the striatum and cortex. It has been described as a
Mesostriatal_system
Group of subcortical nuclei involved in the motor and reward systems
vertebrates. Positioned at the base of the forebrain and the top of the midbrain, they have strong connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem
Basal_ganglia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
affinity IgG receptor activation of Src family kinases is required for modulation of the Shc-Grb2-Sos complex and the downstream activation of the nicotinamide
SOS1
Class of jawless fish
brain of the lamprey is divided into the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and medulla. Lampreys have been described as the only living
Lamprey
Bilateral pathway in the brain
the brain that connects the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain with the dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen) in the
Nigrostriatal_pathway
Neuronal circuit that suppresses unwanted movements
subthalamic nucleus. On activation of the indirect pathway, these inhibitory signals are reduced, which allows more activation of the subthalamic nucleus
Indirect_pathway
Type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye
the center of pupillary control, the olivary pretectal nucleus of the midbrain. They contribute to the regulation of pupil size and other behavioral responses
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cell
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
GNAL gene. The general function of Gs is to activate intracellular signaling pathways in response to activation of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors
Gs_alpha_subunit
anterolateral system of the spinal cord that projects to various parts of the midbrain. It is involved in the processing of pain and visceral sensations. The
Spinomesencephalic_pathway
mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a functionally defined area of the midbrain that is associated with the initiation and control of locomotor movements
Mesencephalic locomotor region
Mesencephalic_locomotor_region
Set of physiological feedback interactions
common mechanism for interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the midbrain that mediate the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). While steroid hormones
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal_axis
Medication
M1 receptors. M4 muscarinic receptors are most highly expressed in the midbrain, which controls motor and action planning, decision-making, motivation
Xanomeline/trospium_chloride
Posterior section of the developing metencephalon
rhombic lip. Genes FGF8 and EN1 play an important role in patterning the midbrain and hindbrain regions. In particular, studies have shown that different
Rhombic_lip
Region of the brain
is an unpaired, ovoid group of neurons at the base of the midbrain tegmentum. In the midbrain it lies below the interpeduncular fossa. As the name suggests
Interpeduncular_nucleus
Cue-response paradigm
when the eyes are fixed. However, it has been suggested that activation of the midbrain oculomotor pathways might trigger IOR even under endogenous cueing
Inhibition_of_return
2006 book by Derek Denton
to act" (p. 7) driven by activation of interoceptors and involving ancient, lower brain regions such as the medulla, midbrain and hypothalamus, and "classic"
The_Primordial_Emotions
Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
the periventricular nucleus (group 14). The substantia nigra is a small midbrain area that forms a component of the basal ganglia. This has two parts—an
Dopamine
Class of enzymes
activation followed by long term activation. The short term activation is thought to proceed through kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation of
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase
Group of psychiatric and neurological conditions
flattening, akrasia, and psychic akinesia (auto-activation deficit or loss of psychic self-activation), among others. Other constructs, like fatigue,
Disorders of diminished motivation
Disorders_of_diminished_motivation
Group of peptide hormones in mammals
increases mean arterial pressure. Activation of the AT2 receptor by angiotensin III triggers natriuresis, while AT2 activation via angiotensin II does not.
Angiotensin
Organic compound used as flavouring and analgesic
"Menthol enhances phasic and tonic GABAA receptor-mediated currents in midbrain periaqueductal grey neurons". Br. J. Pharmacol. 171 (11): 2803–2813. doi:10
Menthol
Brain pathway
pathway in the brain. The pathway connects the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain to the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia in the forebrain. The ventral
Mesolimbic_pathway
Genetic brain disorder
Moreover, a neurochemical analysis of dopaminergic contents in microdissected midbrain and striatal areas revealed a reduction of dopamine at five and nine weeks
Rett_syndrome
Impulse transmission between neurons
ISSN 2632-3834. Melis M, Pistis M (December 2007). "Endocannabinoid signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons: more than physiology?". Current Neuropharmacology. 5
Neurotransmission
Mammalian protein found in humans
are coupled through Gi/o proteins. Upon activation, CB1 receptor exhibits its effects mainly through activation of Gi, which decreases intracellular cAMP
Cannabinoid_receptor_1
Protein subfamily of calcium-activated potassium channels
membrane and are activated (opened) by an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium through N-type calcium channels. Their activation limits the
SK_channel
Human protein
The activation of CLEC-2 by PDPN appeared responsible for worsening but not initiating atherosclerosis in most of the animal models. The activation of
Podoplanin
Swedish neuroscientist (born 1943)
science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980 for work on midbrain orienting mechanisms. He then worked on oculomotor physiology in cats at
Bjorn_Merker
Medical condition associated with drug use
the location of CB1 receptor activation correlates with specific health complications. An example would be the activation of CB1 receptors in bronchial
Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
Synthetic_cannabinoid_use_disorder
Set of brain structures involved in emotion and motivation
accumbens (limbic striatum), anterior hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, midbrain raphe nuclei, habenular commissure, entorhinal cortex, and olfactory bulbs
Limbic_system
Model of psychological conditioning
phasic activity of dopamine neurons in mesostriatal DA projections in the midbrain encodes for the type of prediction error detailed in the model. The Rescorla–Wagner
Rescorla–Wagner_model
Process that distinguishes an organism's sensory information
(December 2009). "The neural basis of multisensory integration in the midbrain: its organization and maturation". Hear. Res. 258 (1–2): 4–15. doi:10.1016/j
Sensory_processing
Protein family
(especially the locus coeruleus as presynaptic & somatodendritic autoreceptor ) Midbrain Hypothalamus Olfactory system Hippocampus Spinal cord Cerebral cortex Cerebellum
Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor
Description of psychological research
process of activation of β-ARs start off by coupling to G protein signaling cascades, which then activate protein kinase A (PKA). This activation can elicits
Fear_processing_in_the_brain
Measure of arousal other than normal
reticular activating system is a postulated group of neural connections that receives sensory input and projects to the cerebral cortex through the midbrain and
Altered level of consciousness
Altered_level_of_consciousness
Cognitive disorder of face perception
area usually associated with prosopagnosia is the fusiform gyrus, which activates specifically in response to faces. The functionality of the fusiform gyrus
Prosopagnosia
Gene of the species Homo sapiens
Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAMTA1 gene. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000014592
Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1
Calmodulin-binding_transcription_activator_1
Brain blood supply
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) Basilar artery: Supplies the midbrain, cerebellum, and usually branches into the posterior cerebral artery Anterior
Cerebral_circulation
Protein-coding gene in animals
and proliferation of neural progenitor cells, particularly influencing midbrain and hindbrain formation, neural crest cell expansion, and dopaminergic
WNT1
Brain state and state of consciousness
upper brain stem areas such as the locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus, and midbrain. Damage to these areas was found to cause coma, and therefore be necessary
Wakefulness
Region of the basal forebrain
reinforcing effects of cocaine with D2-MSN activation, one study has reported no effect. NAcc D2-MSN activation has also been reported to enhance motivation
Nucleus_accumbens
Type of perceptual task requiring attention
produces an activation map, with every item in the visual display having its own level of activation. Attention is demanded based on peaks of activation in the
Visual_search
Critical protein in embryonic development
proteins have a C-terminal activation domain and an N-terminal repressive domain. SHH is suggested to promote the activation function of Gli2 and inhibit
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Transition from wakefulness into sleep
cerebral cortex. These neurons have high activation during wakefulness and during REM sleep and a low activation during NREM sleep. The second branch originates
Sleep_onset
Opioid analgesic of benzenoid class
tapentadol are believed to mediate analgesia primarily through MOR activation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)
Tapentadol
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
underlying signal. The resulting brain activation can be graphically represented by color-coding the strength of activation across the brain or the specific
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Upper-body sign of cerebellar damage
performed to look for structural lesions in areas such as the thalamus, midbrain tegmentum, and substantia nigra. Treatment of a Holmes tremor can fail
Holmes_tremor
Psychological characteristics of an individual
capacity in the striatum and reduced auto receptor availability in the midbrain. Reward dependence has been linked with the oxytocin system, with increased
Personality
Structure in the brain
pressure on the midbrain results in progressive lethargy, coma and death due to compression of the mesencephalic reticular activating system. Brainstem
Uncus
Craving for potable fluids experienced by animals
brain that contribute to the sense of thirst are mainly located in the midbrain and the hindbrain. Specifically, the hypothalamus appears to play a key
Thirst
Physiological nature of sleep
the central midbrain tegmentum is the region that plays a role in cortical activation. Thus, sleep onset seems to arise from activation of the anterior
Neuroscience_of_sleep
Protein
evidence of midbrain dopamine/glutamate co-transmission (references above), new experiments of NAc function will have to test whether midbrain glutamatergic
FOSB
Developmental precursor to the central nervous system
division of neuroepithelial cells: the forebrain (prosencephalon), the midbrain (mesencephalon), the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the spinal cord. The
Neural_tube
Potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull
paralysis on the side opposite the lesion. Damage to the midbrain, which contains the reticular activating network which regulates consciousness, will result
Brain_herniation
Visual response in some blind people
dots produced normal activation in the middle temporal visual area (V5), known for its role in motion processing. In TN, activation was found in response
Blindsight
Protein found in humans
efflux). Electrophysiological studies have linked TAAR1 activation to reduced excitability of midbrain dopamine neurons, including increased spontaneous firing
TAAR1
Discipline within medical science
death when the neurocardiac axis is activated. An arrhythmia is defined as any disturbance in the cardiac activation sequence or any deviation from accepted
Neurocardiology
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
homologous factors and the islet brain-2 scaffold protein regulate activation of a stress-activated protein kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (51): 49111–9. doi:10.1074/jbc
MAPK8IP2
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain
and optic nerve (II), all the nuclei are present in the brainstem. The midbrain has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV);
Cranial_nerves
(2010). Regulation of firing frequency in a computational model of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 28(3), 389–403
Compartmental_neuron_models
Brain and spinal cord
tissue, lacking in functional neurons. The brain (cerebrum as well as midbrain and hindbrain) consists of a cortex, composed of neuron-bodies constituting
Central_nervous_system
Acetylcholine receptors named for their selective binding of nicotine
such as the medial habenula, a structure between the limbic forebrain and midbrain involved in major cholinergic circuitry pathways. Further research of the
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor
Pair of structures in the brains of some arthropods and annelids
insect brain, the peduncles of the mushroom bodies extend through the midbrain. They are mainly composed of the long, densely packed nerve fibres of the
Mushroom_bodies
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MIDBRAIN ACTIVATION
MIDBRAIN ACTIVATION
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