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Start of a polypeptide
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to
N-terminus
Type of an amino acid chain end
group, the C-terminus, and an end with an unbound amine group, the N-terminus. Proteins are naturally synthesized starting from the N-terminus and ending
C-terminus
Protein domain
molecular biology the protein domain XPG refers to, in this case, the N-terminus of XPG. The XPG protein can be corrected by a 133 kDa nuclear protein
XPG_N_terminus
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
with a free amine at one end (the so-called N-terminus) and a carboxyl group at the other (the C-terminus). Macrocyclic peptides are a distinct class
Peptide
Particular peptide protein tag
Western blotting. The peptide sequence of the FLAG-tag from the N-terminus to the C-terminus is: DYKDDDDK (1012 Da). Additionally, FLAG-tags may be used in
FLAG-tag
Chemical changes in proteins following their translation from mRNA
O-acylation (esters), N-acylation (amides), S-acylation (thioesters) acetylation, the addition of an acetyl group, either at the N-terminus of the protein or
Post-translational modification
Post-translational_modification
7-transmembrane protein
the N-terminus glycosylations that occur post-translation and contribute to an increase in apparent size of the mature receptor. The amino terminus of
Interleukin-8_receptor
Protein-tyrosine kinase family of enzymes
myristoyl group at the N-terminus being able to covalently attach to the membranes. Other amino acid residues at the N-terminus are important for membrane
Src_family_kinase
Relation between temperature and the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction
bond to the C-terminus, but entropically it was more favorable to hydrogen bond with the N-terminus. Specifically, they found that C-terminus hydrogen bonding
Van_'t_Hoff_equation
Small signaling G protein
region is the N-terminus of TCL, which includes an extension of about 20 amino acids compared with Cdc42. Deletion of the TCL N-terminus produces a defect
TCL_(GTPase)
Short peptide present at N-terminal of newly synthesized proteins
(usually 16–30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus (or occasionally nonclassically at the C-terminus or internally) of most newly synthesized proteins
Signal_peptide
Railway station in Holešovice, Czech Republic
the Czech Republic. Opened in 1985, the station was originally used as a terminus for international fast trains coming from the east. Since the completion
Praha-Holešovice railway station
Praha-Holešovice_railway_station
N-terminal acetylation, protein modification
(α-amino group) on a protein N-terminus gets an acetyl group (-COCH3) via acetyl-CoA, and this process is catalyzed by enzymes called N-terminal acetyltransferases
N-terminal_acetylation
Group of proteins forming tight junctions between cells
epithelium. They have four transmembrane domains, with the N-terminus and the C-terminus in the cytoplasm. Claudins are small (20–24/27 kilodalton (kDa))
Claudin
Production of peptides
starts at the carboxyl end of the peptide (C-terminus), and proceeds toward the amino-terminus (N-terminus). Protein biosynthesis (long peptides) in living
Peptide_synthesis
One of many possible double helical structures of DNA
to the E3L protein that determine virulence are the N-terminus and the C-terminus. The N-terminus is made of up a sequence similar to that of the Zα domain
Z-DNA
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
contains 892 amino acids with an expandable poly(Q) region close to the N-terminus. The expandable poly(Q) motif region in the protein contributes crucially
Ataxin_7
Linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
in the opposite order (starting at the C-terminus) to biological protein synthesis (starting at the N-terminus). Protein sequence is typically notated
Protein_primary_structure
Post-translational modification
fully intact proteins, not just on the N-terminus of protein fragments or pre-processed proteins. In 1986, the N-end rule was elucidated, and it states
Arginylation
Protein emerging once on each face of a lipid bilayer
the N-terminus, where it works as an anchor Type III: N-terminus on the extracellular side of the membrane; no signal peptide Type IV: N-terminus on the
Single-pass_membrane_protein
End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid
a 5′-to-3′ direction, and will extend the protein from its N-terminus toward its C-terminus. For example, in a typical gene a start codon (5′-ATG-3′) is
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality_(molecular_biology)
Regulatory protein found in most eukaryotic tissues
tyrosine residues through an ester bond; or the amino group of the protein's N-terminus via a peptide bond. The protein modifications can be either a single ubiquitin
Ubiquitin
Method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide
Because the Edman degradation proceeds from the N-terminus of the protein, it will not work if the N-terminus has been chemically modified (e.g. by acetylation
Edman_degradation
Protein family
amino (N)-terminus. The annexin core is highly conserved across the annexin family and the N-terminus varies greatly. The variability of the N-terminus is
Annexin
Class of enzymes
in contrast to an aminopeptidases, which cleave peptide bonds at the N-terminus of proteins. Humans, animals, bacteria and plants contain several types
Carboxypeptidase
covalent bonded to the N-terminus and side chain amines of proteins. The ITRAQ method is based on the covalent labeling of the N-terminus and side chain amines
Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation
Isobaric_tag_for_relative_and_absolute_quantitation
Protein-coding gene in humans
are both found near the N-terminus of the protein. The secondary structure for BEND2 is unclear, in particular at the N-terminus, which is poorly conserved
BEND2
Polypeptide protein tag
atomic mass and has 10 amino acids. It can be fused to the C-terminus and the N-terminus of a protein. It is advisable not to fuse the myc-tag directly
Myc-tag
Group of proteins
ARFs are soluble, they generally associate with membranes because of N-terminus myristoylation. They function as regulators of vesicular traffic and actin
ADP_ribosylation_factor
Type of peptide chain
pathway have a sequence consisting of 5-30 hydrophobic amino acids on the N-terminus, which is commonly referred to as the signal peptide, signal sequence
Target_peptide
that rely on the free amino group of the N-terminus to identify the N-terminal peptides cannot detect some N-termini because they are "naturally blocked"
Terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates
Terminal_amine_isotopic_labeling_of_substrates
Medical condition
mutation alters a cysteine involved in a disulfide bond in the extracellular N-terminus of the protein. This extracellular region is similar to the cell adhesion
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus
Component of photosynthesis
the oxidation of water molecules to oxygen, protons and electrons. The N-terminus of the chlorophyll a-b binding protein extends into the stroma where it
Light-harvesting complexes of green plants
Light-harvesting_complexes_of_green_plants
Sequencing of amino acid arrangement in a protein
Edman degradation remains a valuable tool for characterizing a protein's N-terminus. It is often desirable to know the unordered amino acid composition of
Protein_sequencing
Protein structural motif
structure, oriented in an antiparallel direction (the N-terminus of one sheet is adjacent to the C-terminus of the next), and linked by a short loop of two
Beta_hairpin
Protein domain
plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. The FERM domain is located at the N terminus in the majority of proteins in which it is found. Ezrin, moesin, and radixin
FERM_domain
Type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane
positioned such that their carboxyl-terminus is towards the cytosol, or Type II, which have their amino-terminus towards the cytosol. Type III proteins
Integral_membrane_protein
Term in biochemistry
to the production of incorrect proteins. Polypeptides have an N-terminus and a C-terminus, which refer to the ends of the polymer in a way that reflects
Antiparallel_(biochemistry)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it trims peptides at their N-terminus, adapting them for presentation by MHC class I molecules (MHC-I). Historical
ERAP1
Commercial production of peptides
synthesized by coupling the carboxyl group or C-terminus of one amino acid to the amino group or N-terminus of another using automated solid phase peptide
Custom_peptide_synthesis
Lectin found in jackfruit
Jacalin gives the lectin a novel carbohydrate-binding site involving the N-terminus of the a-chain. The relative affinities of the lectin for galactose derivatives
Jacalin
Virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis
important components of acellular pertussis vaccine. A large part of the N-terminus of the pertactin protein is composed of beta helix repeats. This region
Pertactin
Class of enzymes
32kDa viral protein consisting of three domains- N-terminus, catalytic core domain, and C-terminus, which each have distinct properties and functions
Integrase
Protein secreted by the malaria parasite
the N-terminus and central repeat region initially facilitate parasite binding. On the hepatocyte surface proteolytic cleavage at region 1 of the N-terminus
Circumsporozoite_protein
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
amino terminus, and a free carboxyl group, known as the C-terminus or carboxy terminus. By convention, peptide sequences are written N-terminus to C-terminus
Protein
Artificial peptide attached to protein for marking purpose
the target protein, so they are either C-terminus or N-terminus specific or are both C-terminus and N-terminus specific. Some tags are also inserted at
Protein_tag
be visualized as an oligopeptide that is flanked at both the C-terminus and N-terminus by a triazole molecule. Clicked peptide polymers are prepared by
Clicked_peptide_polymer
Railway station in the Czech Republic
additional station, Pardubice centrum, opened in June 2024 to operate as a terminus for local trains to Hradec Králové and Chrudim. customer centre of Czech
Pardubice_hlavní_nádraží
Chemical compound
pyroglutamic acid. The enzyme pyroglutamate aminopeptidase can restore a free N-terminus by cleaving off the pyroglutamate residue. Pyroglutamic acid exists as
Pyroglutamic_acid
Fragment
solubility. The peptide linker can either connect the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa, but changes in the orientation
Single-chain variable fragment
Single-chain_variable_fragment
Class of enzymes
amino acid is released from the amino or the carboxy terminal (N-terminus or C-terminus), an exopeptidase is further classified as an aminopeptidase or
Exopeptidase
Chemical compound
DMAP. In protein synthesis (such as Fmoc solid-state synthesizers), the N-terminus is often used as the attachment site on which the amino acid monomers
N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Biological processes used in gene regulation
is TAFII250 which has a Kinase domain at the N-terminus region, two bromodomains located at the C-terminus region and a HAT domain located in-between.
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation
Empiric predictor of proteolytic rate in biochemistry
located at the N-terminus of a protein are referred to as stabilising residues and have half-lives of more than 10 hours . Proteins bearing an N-terminal primary
N-end_rule
composition of 27 amino acids with histidine on the N-terminus and isoleucine on the C-terminus. It was originally isolated from the mammalian small
Peptide_PHI
Class of enzymes
Aminopeptidases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the N-terminus (beginning), of proteins or peptides. They are found in many organisms;
Aminopeptidase
Biological technique to evolve proteins using bacteriophages
(within the N2 domain) and at the N-terminus (inserted between the N-terminal secretion sequence and the N-terminus of pIII). However, when using the
Phage_display
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
characteristics. An hypothesis for transmembrane direction is the N terminus and C terminus to remain within the cell, and the loop to stick out of the membrane
Transmembrane_protein_268
to the N-terminus of a nitrile. The dominant structure for the parent compound nitrilimine is that of the propargyl-like 1 in scheme 1 with a C–N triple
Nitrilimine
Pharmaceutical drug for treating osteoporosis
others, is a form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the portion of the hormone activating the Parathyroid
Teriparatide
Model in neuroscience
linker region between the two functional regions. The ball is at the N-terminus of the β subunit and consists of a disordered part (residues 1–10) and
Ball-and-chain_inactivation
although each of the two products alone shows no enzymatic activity. The N-terminus of the original RNase A, also called S-peptide, consists of 20 amino acid
S-tag
Group of peptide hormones in mammals
other proteins of the serpin family, but angiotensinogen has an elongated N-terminus compared to other serpin family proteins. Obtaining actual crystals for
Angiotensin
initiating a cascade leading to coagulin formation. From the N-terminus to the C-terminus, the domains are: EGF-like domain 3 Sushi domains one LCCL domain
Limulus_clotting_factor_C
Railway station in Prague, Czech Republic
which stop on Nádražní street outside the station. It is also a major bus terminus for lines going to the south and southwest of Prague and beyond. In 2009
Praha-Smíchov_railway_station
Chemical compound
peptide synthesis. The chain is linked via its C-terminus to the solid support, with the N-terminus extending off it. When that nitrogen is deprotected
Ninhydrin
Family of rhodopsins
compared with the other rhodopsins, with the N-terminus facing the inside of the cell and the C-terminus outside the cell. Heliorhodopsins use all-trans
Heliorhodopsin
Tripartite protein complex secreted by virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis
these cells, LF acts as a Zn2+-dependent endoprotease that snips off the N-terminus of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK). This inhibits these
Anthrax_toxin
Biological mechanism for routing proteins
mitochondrial matrix have specific signal sequences at their beginning (N-terminus) that consist of a string of 20 to 50 amino acids. These sequences are
Protein_targeting
Anti-tau monoclonal antibody
treatment of Alzheimer's disease but was discontinued. It binds to the N-terminus of all six isoforms of tau. The drug was ineffective in the treatment
Semorinemab
Human protein
different protein, it is highly basic, and it is polyubiquinated at the N-terminus. Both p16INK4a and p14ARF are involved in cell cycle regulation. p14ARF
P14arf
Mammalian protein found in humans
helicase with a repressor domain (RD) on the C-terminus that binds to the target RNA. On the N-terminus are two caspase activation and recruitment domains
RIG-I
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
N-acetyltransferase 80 (also known as NAT6 or FUS2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAA80 gene. It acetylates the N-terminus of mature actin
NAA80
Protein domain
region found at the N-terminus of Cbl adaptor proteins. This N-terminal region is composed of three evolutionarily conserved domains: an N-terminal four-helix
Cbl_TKB_domain
Technique for the automated directed evolution of proteins
function when the N-terminus portion can bind to the rest of the polymerase. Since APOBEC1 must be properly folded for the N-terminus portion to be exposed
Phage-assisted continuous evolution
Phage-assisted_continuous_evolution
Class of enzyme
activated by shorter DNA sequences. Two amino acids, K187 and L195 in the N-terminus of hcGAS, have been shown to be responsible for human-specific control
Cyclic_GMP-AMP_synthase
Family of proteins
These include an amino-terminal DIX (N-terminus) domain, a PDZ (central) domain, a carboxyl-terminal DEP (C-terminus) domain, and two regions with positively
Dishevelled
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
membrane protein likely with a topology such that both the N-terminus and the C-terminus face first the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and later
PEN-2
Protein family
hydrophobic residue (leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) at the N-terminus. The protein substrate is then degraded by the ClpAP protease. In molecular
ATP-dependent Clp protease adaptor protein ClpS
ATP-dependent_Clp_protease_adaptor_protein_ClpS
Chemical compound
and Gram-negative bacteria composed of N-acetylmuramic acid linked by its lactic acid moiety to the N-terminus of an L-alanine D-isoglutamine dipeptide
Muramyl_dipeptide
Enzyme involved with peptide bond hydrolysis in retroviruses
the reverse transcriptase (which is at the C-terminus of PR) and the p6pol (which is at the N-terminus of PR) of the transframe region (TFR). In order
HIV-1_protease
often depends on certain sequences of amino acids located at the N terminus or C terminus. These sequences are known as signal peptides, molecular signatures
Endoplasmic reticulum resident protein
Endoplasmic_reticulum_resident_protein
Class of cell surface receptors coupled to G-protein-associated intracellular signaling
seven-transmembrane receptors. Ligands can bind either to the extracellular N-terminus and loops (e.g. glutamate receptors) or to the binding site within transmembrane
G_protein-coupled_receptor
Class of enzymes
the cleavage of glutamatic and aspartatic amino acid residues from the N-terminus of polypeptides. The enzyme degrades vasoconstricting angiotensin II into
Glutamyl_aminopeptidase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
to viral infection. Like its paralog, SAMD9-like (SAMD9L) protein, its N-terminus contains a sterile alpha motif (SAM). Deleterious mutations of this gene
SAMD9
Synthetic protein
sequence ("arginine 3"), and also has an additional 13 amino acids at its N-terminus (MFPAMPLLSLFVN) ("long"), for a total of 83 amino acids (relative to the
IGF-1_LR3
3 each contains a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain near the N-terminus. The PTP domain is unlikely to be active in tensin 1, owing to mutation
Tensin
loading of the second ring when ADP is bound to the first ring. The N-terminus and C-terminus of thermosomes are arranged in an anti-parallel fashion and their
Thermosome
confer stability to the protein. The N-terminus consists of a fourth flexible helical structure, while the C terminus is disordered. C3a has a regulatory
C3a_(complement)
Protein structural motif
Because peptide chains have a directionality conferred by their N-terminus and C-terminus, β-strands too can be said to be directional. They are usually
Beta_sheet
Polypeptide found in the venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider
the N-terminus (including possible salt bridges between Lys10 and Glu12 and Asp13 and the N-terminus), and patch C of 19, 40, 41 and the C-terminus. Delta
Delta_atracotoxin
Enzyme found in humans
(alpha- and beta-subunits), exposing the catalytic Cys126 residue at the N-terminus of the beta-subunit. The structures reveal that upon interaction with
N-acylethanolamine acid amidase
N-acylethanolamine_acid_amidase
Viral enterotoxin
is organized into three main domains: a three-helical TM domain in the N-terminus (also a viroporin domain), a central cytoplasmic coiled-coil domain for
NSP4_(rotavirus)
Small protein with high number of disulphide bonds
highly conserved secretion peptide signal at the N-terminus and a cysteine-rich region at the C-terminus. In an oxidising environment cysteines cross-link
Cysteine-rich_protein
Chemical compound
synthesis, the N-terminus of the growing peptide is protected with tert-butyloxycarbonyl while its C-terminus (Z–NH–CH(R)–COOH) is coupled to N-hydroxyphthalimide
N-Hydroxyphthalimide
Protein found in humans
homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus and a PTB domain ca. 40 residues downstream of this, followed by a poorly conserved C-terminus tail. Together with IRS2
Insulin_receptor_substrate_1
dimerized, the C-terminus of one coat protein monomer is located close to the N-terminus of the other. The AP205 coat protein transfers the N-terminal β-strand
Bacteriophage_AP205
Protein domain
and histidine dipeptide near the N-terminus and a tryptophan and aspartic acid dipeptide most commonly at the C-terminus. Two variable regions are present
WD40_repeat
Chemical compound
case. Because the fMet directs initiation, proteins in bacteria start (N-terminus) with a fMet residue instead of a methionine. Further occurrences of the
N-Formylmethionine
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. When the N terminus is on the cytosolic face it acts as a t-SNARE involved in intracellular
STX2
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