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Regular organic or inorganic structure which supports a regular porous structure
Nanoporous materials consist of a regular organic or inorganic bulk phase in which a porous structure is present. Nanoporous materials exhibit pore diameters
Nanoporous_materials
Research of materials
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with understanding the relationships between the structure of materials and their properties
Materials_science
Materials with granular size 1 to 100 nm
lengthscales. A nanocrystalline material has a significant fraction of crystal grains in the nanoscale. The term nanoporous materials contain subsets of microporous
Nanomaterials
Light scattering by small particles
material. Rayleigh-type λ−4 scattering can also be exhibited by porous materials. An example is the strong optical scattering by nanoporous materials
Rayleigh_scattering
Class of chemical substance
hydrogen on metal-organic framework materials for storage applications: comparison with other nanoporous materials". Dalton Transactions. 9 (9): 1487–505
Metal–organic_framework
Shen, Zhijian (2010-01-11). "Laser spectroscopy of gas confined in nanoporous materials". Applied Physics Letters. 96 (2): 021107. arXiv:0907.5092. Bibcode:2010ApPhL
Gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy
Gas_in_scattering_media_absorption_spectroscopy
Chemist (born 1965)
Lecture and Award, Science History Institute 2024 Balzan Prize for Nanoporous Materials for Environmental Applications 2024 The Great Arab Minds Award 2025
Omar_M._Yaghi
Thin-film deposition technique that deposits one 1-atom thick layer at a time
Zhang, Junping; Narayan, Roger J. (2008). "Nanoporous Materials for Biomedical Devices". Biological Materials Science. 60 (3): 26–32. Bibcode:2008JOM..
Atomic_layer_deposition
Materials made only out of carbon
and crystalline graphites are not often used in pure form as structural materials due to their shear-planes, brittleness and inconsistent mechanical properties
Allotropes_of_carbon
Material with pores between 2 and 50 nm
A mesoporous material (or super nanoporous ) is a nanoporous material containing pores with diameters between 2 and 50 nm, according to IUPAC nomenclature
Mesoporous_material
Allotrope of carbon
Gohda, Syun; et al. (1 February 2021). "Carbon materials with high pentagon density". Journal of Materials Science. 56 (4): 2912–2943. Bibcode:2021JMatS
Fullerene
Nanoparticle catalysts
where the catalyst strongly affects efficiency. In fuel cells, nanoporous materials are widely used to make cathodes. Porous nanoparticles of platinum
Nanomaterial-based_catalyst
Equation that describes density changes of a material that is diffusing in a medium
Springer Roque-Malherbe, R.M.A. (2007). Adsorption and Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials, CRC Press Cunningham, R. (1980). Diffusion in gases and porous media
Diffusion_equation
Ultrafine particles of silver between 1 nm and 100 nm in size
Report: Certified Reference Material BAM-N001: Particle Size Parameters of Nano Silver". German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing. 2017-02-17
Silver_nanoparticle
Material with pores less than 2 nm wide
are a subset of nanoporous materials. Examples of microporous materials include zeolites and metal-organic frameworks. Porous materials are classified
Microporous_material
American-German nanoscientist
1960) is a nanoscientist whose research focuses on the properties of nanoporous materials, particularly metals including gold, other nano-scale metals, and
Cynthia_Volkert
Allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure
composite materials (replacing or complementing carbon fibres), nanotechnology (including nanomedicine), and other applications of materials science. The
Carbon_nanotube
Double-walled insulated storage vessel
Downhole Oil and Gas Logging Sensors for HTHP Applications Using Nanoporous Materials". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2021-02-11. Baird, Tom, et al. "High-pressure
Vacuum_flask
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
dimensions, shape, and materials of which QDs are made. Generally, QDs present different thermodynamic properties from their bulk materials. One of these effects
Quantum_dot
Novel drug delivery system
Techniques and Difficulties Encountered in Their Industrial Development". ACS Materials Au. 3 (6): 600–619. Bibcode:2023ACSMA...3..600M. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialsau
Lipid-based_nanoparticle
Method used to apply surface coatings
few. The CVD of metal-organic frameworks, a class of crystalline nanoporous materials, has recently been demonstrated. Recently scaled up as an integrated
Chemical_vapor_deposition
Entity in a chemical reaction
Pulinthanathu; Ludwig, Karl F.; Martens, Johan A. (2011-10-17). "Tailoring nanoporous materials by atomic layer deposition". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (11): 5242–5253
Substrate_(chemistry)
Type of carbon nanoparticle
passivation with various organic, polymeric, inorganic or biological materials. By surface passivation, the fluorescence properties as well as physical
Carbon_quantum_dot
Property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms
was proposed. Nanoallotropes, or allotropes of nanomaterials, are nanoporous materials that have the same chemical composition (e.g., Au), but differ in
Allotropy
natural materials – spider silk), and strength as high as ~1.4 GPa. Effort is ongoing to produce CNT composites that incorporate tougher matrix materials, such
Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
Potential_applications_of_carbon_nanotubes
Material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils
family of cellulosic materials that have at least one of their dimensions in the nanoscale. Examples of nanocellulosic materials are microfibrilated cellulose
Nanocellulose
Type of polycrystalline material
amorphous materials without any long range order and conventional coarse-grained materials. Definitions vary, but nanocrystalline material is commonly
Nanocrystalline_material
materials that polarize in more than one direction (the negative and positive sides can be flipped via an electric field) Piezoelectric - materials that
Ceramic_nanoparticle
Catalan researcher (born 1976)
Nanoengineered Materials, Nanomechanics and Nanomagnetism (Gnm3)” in the development of functional materials (thin films, nanoporous alloys and semiconductors
Jordi_Sort_Viñas
Particle with size less than 100 nm
calibration, and calculation model. Like bulk materials, the properties of nanoparticles are materials dependent. For spherical polymer nanoparticles
Nanoparticle
Material containing fluid-filled voids
flow α =7/3; for molecule or ionic diffusion α =2; etc. Cenocell Nanoporous materials NMR in porous media Percolation theory Percolation threshold Reticulated
Porous_medium
Cage-like allotrope of carbon
(2006). "Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material". In Sōga, Tetsuo (ed.). Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion. Elsevier. pp. 361–443
Buckminsterfullerene
Chemical preparation for silica particles
200751215. Pinnavaia, T.J.; Sayari, Abdel; Jaroniec, M. (14 April 2000). Nanoporous Materials II. Elsevier. pp. 747–55. ISBN 978-0-08-053726-9. Qiu, Bocheng; Xing
Stöber_process
Solid material with nano-scale structure
The use of nanoparticle-rich materials long predates the understanding of the physical and chemical nature of these materials. Jose-Yacaman et al. investigated
Nanocomposite
Japanese chemist
surface chemistry of metal hydroxide oxides and on gas adsorption, nanoporous materials, and nanospaces molecular science. Later, he became the dean of faculty
Katsumi_Kaneko
American nanotechnologist (born 1968)
for cancer therapies. This includes designing nanoparticles and nanoporous materials that can home in on tumors, signal cellular changes, enhance imaging
Sangeeta_Bhatia
nanostructured material consisting of nanoscale voids in a surface of a material. Not to be confused with nanofoam or nanoporous materials which support
Nanohole
Technique in spectroscopy
of CO 2 by Amine-Modified Nanoporous Materials Studied by Solid-State NMR and 13 CO 2 Adsorption". Chemistry of Materials. 23 (6): 1387–1395. doi:10
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
Solid-state_nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Suspension of gold nanoparticles in a liquid
of areas, including electron microscopy, electronics, nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedicine. The properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles
Colloidal_gold
Switzerland) --- Biological Mechanisms of Ageing Omar M. Yaghi (US) --- Nanoporous Materials for Environmental Applications 2025 Josiah Ober (US) --- Athenian
List of Balzan Prize recipients
List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients
The optical properties of carbon nanotubes are highly relevant for materials science. The way carbon nanotubes interact with electromagnetic radiation
Optical properties of carbon nanotubes
Optical_properties_of_carbon_nanotubes
UV-A protectant used in sunscreens
phenylalanine and leucine dipeptide functionalized silica-based nanoporous material as a safe UV filter for sunscreen". Journal of Sol-Gel Science and
Avobenzone
American materials scientist and chemical engineer
Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security. Her research concerns nanoporous materials such as zeolites and metal–organic frameworks, and their applications
Tina_Nenoff
areas. These include catalysis, medicine, and the synthesis of novel materials with unique properties. Platinum nanoparticles are typically synthesized
Platinum_nanoparticle
nanofoam with ~70 nm diameter wires. Science portal Technology portal Nanoporous material Ceramic foam Metal foam Carbon nanofoam Ultrashort pulse Tappan,
Nanofoam
Storage of electricity within an electrochemical cell
a network of small pores formed by nanotube entanglement. These nanoporous materials have diameters in the range of <2 nm that can be referred to as intercalated
Pseudocapacitance
Chinese–Australian engineer
efficiently it could be enforced. G.Q. Max Lu and X.S. Zhao (Eds.). Nanoporous Materials: Science and Engineering. Imperial College Press, 2004. Jian Liu
Max_Lu
Australian chemist
of electron transfer in molecular coordination complexes and in nanoporous materials, and the development of metal–organic frameworks for environmental
Deanna_D'Alessandro
Nanomaterial
Bahnemann, D.W. (2009). "Phoelectrocatalytic materials for environmental applications". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 19 (29): 5089–5121. doi:10.1039/b821991e
Titanium_dioxide_nanoparticle
Nanoscale structure of material
Silver Titanium dioxide Nanostructured materials Nanocomposite Nanofoam Nanoporous materials Nanocrystalline material Science portal Technology portal v t
Nanostructure
Thin sheet made of aggregated carbon nanotubes
individual carbon nanotubes are one of the most thermally conductive materials known, buckypaper lends itself to the development of heat sinks that would
Buckypaper
carbon nanotubes in many respects classify them as one of the strongest materials in nature. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are long hollow cylinders of graphene
Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes
Mechanical_properties_of_carbon_nanotubes
Prize to encourage better use of energy sources
in nanoporous materials. The Energy Frontiers prize has been awarded to Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao, of the International Centre for Materials Science
ENI_award
German physicist (born 1943)
on the use of NMR spectroscopy to measure molecular diffusion in nanoporous materials (zeolites), which he had already begun during his doctorate. After
Jörg_Kärger
Cavities in soil larger than 75 μm
and related soil functions Characterisation of pore space in soil Nanoporous materials Gravitational water Soil Science Glossary Terms Committee (2008)
Macropore
Chemical compound
phenylalanine and leucine dipeptide functionalized silica-based nanoporous material as a safe UV filter for sunscreen". Journal of Sol-Gel Science and
2-Ethylhexyl_salicylate
English chemist and conservator
Schofield". Materials Today. Retrieved 6 December 2018. Schofield, Eleanor Josephine (2006). Formation and characterisation of nanoporous materials. jisc.ac
Eleanor_Schofield
Resonant energy transfer between excitons within adjacent QD's (quantum dots)
Silver Titanium dioxide Nanostructured materials Nanocomposite Nanofoam Nanoporous materials Nanocrystalline material Science portal Technology portal v t
Förster_coupling
Carbon crystalline nanomaterial
facilitating further functionalization and assembly into functional materials. Theory indicates that "caged saturated hydrocarbons offering multiple
Carbon_nanothread
Chemistry of carbon's allotrope fullerene
Prato, M. (1997). "[60]Fullerene chemistry for materials science applications". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 7 (7): 1097–1109. doi:10.1039/a700080d
Fullerene_chemistry
X.; et al. (2004). "Ultralong single-wall carbon nanotubes". Nature Materials. 3 (10): 673–676. Bibcode:2004NatMa...3..673Z. doi:10.1038/nmat1216. PMID 15359345
Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes
Engineer, researcher and an academician
media. She wrote an article in 2011 about the cryogenic plasmas and nanoporous materials. Through her research, Iacopi demonstrated that by processing plasma
Francesca_Iacopi
German chemist (born 1951)
engineering and new materials." In 1992 Caro completed his habilitation at Leipzig University on adsorption and catalysis in nanoporous materials and earned the
Jürgen_Caro
Sub-micrometer iron particles
Top-down approaches create nanoparticles by breaking down larger bulk materials into smaller particles, including laser ablation and mechanical grinding
Iron_nanoparticle
Nanomaterial
Chemistry of Materials 14.5 (2002): 2086–2093 Azad, Abdul-Majeed. Fabrication of transparent alumina (Al2O3) nanofibers by electrospinning // Materials Science
Aluminium_oxide_nanoparticle
Class of manufacturing
solid by opened carbon nanotubes with 2,200 m2/g". Advanced Functional Materials. 20 (3): 422–428. doi:10.1002/adfm.200901927. S2CID 98195823. "Unidym
Synthesis_of_carbon_nanotubes
Iron oxide particles with diameters between about 1 and 100 nanometers
antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials decreases with increasing temperature. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials become disordered and lose their
Iron_oxide_nanoparticle
British materials scientist
education and materials science and engineering. Schofield, Eleanor Josephine (2006). Formation and characterisation of nanoporous materials. jisc.ac.uk
Mary Ryan (materials scientist)
Mary_Ryan_(materials_scientist)
Metal-organic framework material
PMID 18711128. Chui, S. S. (1999-02-19). "A Chemically Functionalizable Nanoporous Material [Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3]n". Science. 283 (5405): 1148–1150. Bibcode:1999Sci
HKUST-1
Combination of chemistry and nanoscience
metal clusters chemistry and photochemistry, nanoporous materials, hybrid nanomaterials, mesoscopic materials, and ultrathin inorganic nanowires. Another
Nanochemistry
Pore of nanometer size
Hemolysin MspA Aerolysin Nanofluidics Nanometre Nanopore sequencing Nanoporous materials Pore-forming toxin Akeson M, Branton D, Kasianowicz JJ, Brandin E
Nanopore
Spanish chemist and academic
molecular simulation software for adsorption and diffusion in flexible nanoporous materials". Molecular Simulation. 42 (2): 81–101. doi:10.1080/08927022.2015
Sofía_Calero
Chemical compound
(2006). "Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material". In Sōga, Tetsuo (ed.). Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion. Elsevier. pp. 361–443
C70_fullerene
intrinsic microporosity (PIMs): robust, solution-processable, organic nanoporous materials". Chemical Communications (2): 230–231. doi:10.1039/b311764b. ISSN 1359-7345
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity
Polymers_of_intrinsic_microporosity
Property of solid materials under mechanical stress
In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical
Creep_(deformation)
Nanomaterial
promising materials for ultra-high density magnetic recording media due to their high coercivity. Higher coercivity indicates the material cannot be demagnetized
Iron–platinum_nanoparticle
British chemist
intrinsic microporosity (PIMs): robust, solution-processable, organic nanoporous materials". Chem. Comm. (2): 230–231. doi:10.1039/B311764B. PMID 14737563.
Peter_Budd
mesomaterials, nanoscale objects from nanostructured materials (including nanoporous materials), and other confused terms. The intent of the ISO standards
ISO/TS_80004
Since CNTs are being incorporated into composite materials for their ability to strengthen materials while not adding significant weight, the manufacture
Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials
Toxicology_of_carbon_nanomaterials
Yaghi and his colleagues reported the synthesis and properties of certain nanoporous polycarboxylate salts of multivalent metals (see Figure below). The divalent
Carboxylate-based metal–organic frameworks
Carboxylate-based_metal–organic_frameworks
Chemical compound
and ROP using tribromoethanol as initiator: Precursors to ordered nanoporous materials". 236th ACS National Meeting. 49 (2): 302–303. Nicol T, Vernon-Roberts
Tribromoethanol
American mathematician
algebraic topology to the study of neuroscience, cancer biology, and materials science. She is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Kathryn
Kathryn_Hess
Nano-scale porous silica compound
Peter; Sjöström, Christer (2018-08-01). "Case study of a green nanoporous material from synthesis to commercialisation: Quartzene®". Current Opinion
Mesoporous_silica
Type of interface
silver nanoparticles, semiconductor materials like silicon nanowires, carbon nanomaterials, and nanoporous materials. Due to the many properties unique
Biointerface
nanometer scales. With increasing environmental concerns worldwide, nanoporous materials have become more important and useful for the separation of polluting
Mesoporous_silicate
Greek-American chemical engineer
behavior continued with a focus on the nucleation, growth and design of nanoporous materials including zeolites and MOFs. His research on nanoparticle synthesis
Dionisios_Vlachos
American-Armenian Materials Scientist
advances in STEM, defects in materials, nanoporous materials, complex oxides, and two-dimensional/single-layer materials which includes but is not limited
K._Andre_Mkhoyan
Topics referred to by the same term
NMGC may refer to: Nanoporous Materials Genome Center, developed under the Materials Genome initiative, a materials sciences lab at the University of Minnesota
NMGC
Method of calculating material and mixture properties in statistical thermodynamics
Ruthven, Douglas M.; Theodorou, Doros N. (2012-04-16). Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials. p. 219. ISBN 978-3527651290. Kofke, David A.; Glandt, Eduardo D
Widom_insertion_method
Australian engineer
technologies. She is Chair of Rux Energy which is developing advanced nanoporous materials for hydrogen storage. Kanga received an honorary doctorate from the
Marlene_Kanga
Form of corrosion where components of an alloy are preferentially leached
concept in materials science is that, at ambient conditions, smaller features (like grain size or absolute size) generally lead to stronger materials (see Hall-Petch
Selective_leaching
Niederberger, Markus (2013). "The fascinating world of nanoparticle research". Materials Today. 16 (7–8): 262–271. doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2013.07.004. hdl:20.500
Copper_nanoparticle
In materials and electric battery research, cobalt oxide nanoparticles usually refers to particles of cobalt(II,III) oxide Co 3O 4 of nanometer size,
Cobalt_oxide_nanoparticle
American chemist and researcher
onto nanoporous supports and over large substrate areas. One patented method, which used two oxygen-sources “synergistically” to allow materials to grow
Jeffrey_Elam
Romanian chemist
Titirici, Maria-Magdalena; Rodríguez-Reinoso, Francisco (2017-01-17). "Nanoporous Materials for the Onboard Storage of Natural Gas". Chemical Reviews. 117 (3):
Magdalena_Titirici
Bio-electrochemical system
photosynthetic material at the anode are sometimes called biological photovoltaic systems. The United States Naval Research Laboratory developed nanoporous membrane
Microbial_fuel_cell
Italian theoretical and computational chemist
Minnesota as a professor of chemistry. She was the director of the Nanoporous Materials Genome Center from 2012 to 2014 and of the Inorganometallic Catalyst
Laura_Gagliardi
nanoporous zeolite materials and their catalytic applications. In this work, he proposed several innovative synthesis strategies in porous materials preparation
Ryoo_Ryong
Area of research analysing the modification of carbon nanotubes
Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Bulk Material Using 96% Sulfuric Acid as Solvent". Chemistry of Materials. 18 (2): 374–377. doi:10.1021/cm052204q.
Carbon_nanotube_chemistry
nanotube metal matrix composites (CNT-MMC) are an emerging class of new materials that mix carbon nanotubes into metals and metal alloys to take advantage
Carbon nanotube metal matrix composite
Carbon_nanotube_metal_matrix_composite
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a roofer, from Old French co(u)vreur, an agent derivative of co(u)vrir ‘to cover’ (Latin cooperire). Roofing materials in the Middle Ages might be tiles (see Tyler), slates (see Slater), or thatch (see Thatcher), depending on the regional availability of suitable materials.English (of Norman origin) : occupational name for a maker of barrels and tubs, from an agent derivative of Middle English, Old French cuve ‘vat’, ‘tub’ (Late Latin cupa, of Germanic origin; compare Cooper).Americanized spelling of German Kober.
Surname or Lastname
North German, Danish, and Dutch
North German, Danish, and Dutch : from a shortened form of the personal name Billulf, composed of the elements bil ‘sword’, ‘axe’ + wulf ‘wolf’, or some other name with bil as the first element. For German, however, the most likely source is Pille, a French Huguenot name from the Dauphiné.English : variant spelling of Pill 2.French : habitational name from any of various minor places in northern France, so named from Old French pile, Latin pila, ‘pillar’, ‘column’. In Middle French pile denoted a trough used for crushing or pounding various materials, such as lime, and in some cases the surname may have arisen as a metonymic occupational name for someone engaged in such work.
Male
African
materials for building.
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
Boy/Male
Indian
Name of a prophet, A nabee
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Opposition
Girl/Female
Tamil
Beautiful sunshine
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Mythological, Sanskrit
Consort of Girija; Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Hebrew, Muslim
Born on Christmas; Form of Natalie
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, Danish, English, German, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Follower of Christ; Christ-bearer; Anointed
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ram Prasad | ராமபà¯à®°à®¸à®¾à®¤Â
Gift of Lord Rama
Boy/Male
Armenian, Australian
First Born
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Lord of Water
Girl/Female
American, British, Chinese, English, French
Wide Meadow
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS
superl.
Composed of valuable or costly materials or ingredients; procured at great outlay; highly valued; precious; sumptuous; costly; as, a rich dress; rich silk or fur; rich presents.
n.
The forming of a tub; also, collectively, materials for tubs.
n.
A wad, or the materials for wads; any pliable substance of which wads may be made.
n.
A temporary structure of timber, boards, etc., for various purposes, as for supporting workmen and materials in building, for exhibiting a spectacle upon, for holding the spectators at a show, etc.
n.
A semicircular pie or tart made by turning one half of a circular crust over the other, inclosing the fruit or other materials.
n.
A work or structure of stone, brick, or other materials, raised to some height, and intended for defense or security, solid and permanent inclosing fence, as around a field, a park, a town, etc., also, one of the upright inclosing parts of a building or a room.
n.
One of the elementary materials or fibres, having a uniform structure and a specialized function, of which ordinary animals and plants are composed; a texture; as, epithelial tissue; connective tissue.
n.
A machine for cutting or shaping materials; -- also called machine tool.
n.
A whitish substance which is cast up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is skimmed off; -- called also glass gall.
v.
A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll.
n.
A textile fabric composed of two or more materials, as cotton, silk, wool, etc., woven together.
n.
The materials used for this purpose; thatch.
n.
Materials for building scaffolds.
n.
A form of truck which can be tilted, for carrying railroad materials, or the like.
n.
A sieve with coarse meshes, usually of wire, for separating coarser materials from finer, as chaff from grain, cinders from ashes, or gravel from sand.
n.
The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof.
n.
The materials for making saddles and harnesses; the articles usually offered for sale in a saddler's shop.
n.
The act of laying on varnish; also, materials for varnish.
n.
Waste or rejected matter; anything worthless; valueless stuff; trash; especially, fragments of building materials or fallen buildings; ruins; debris.
n.
The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering.