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Statistic quantifying the association between two events
An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of
Odds_ratio
Ratio of the probability of an event happening versus not happening
could say that the odds are "2 in 5", "2 to 3 in favor", "2 to 3 on", or "3 to 2 against". In gambling, odds are often given as the ratio of the possible
Odds
Measure of the effectiveness of a diagnostic test
diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) is a measure of the effectiveness of a diagnostic test. It is defined as the ratio of positive likelihood ratio to negative
Diagnostic_odds_ratio
Measure of association used in epidemiology
of an outcome in an unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio, relative risk measures the association between the exposure and the outcome
Relative_risk
Parts of a whole which carry only relative information
closure, odds and odds ratios serve as invariant statistics. In such cases, associations are determined solely by the magnitude of the odds ratio relative
Compositional_data
Medical ratio
"treatment" is defined as seeking a job). Hazard ratios differ from relative risks (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) in that RRs and ORs are cumulative over an
Hazard_ratio
Table that displays the frequency of variables
table is the odds ratio. Given two events, A and B, the odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of A in the presence of B and the odds of A in the
Contingency_table
Statistical model for a binary dependent variable
its own parameter; for a binary dependent variable this generalizes the odds ratio. More abstractly, the logistic function is the natural parameter for the
Logistic_regression
Likelihood ratios used for assessing the value of performing a diagnostic test
specific likelihood ratios. The pretest odds of a particular diagnosis, multiplied by the likelihood ratio, determines the post-test odds. This calculation
Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing
Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing
Poker term
In poker, pot odds are the ratio of the current size of the pot to the cost of a contemplated call. Pot odds are compared to the odds of winning a hand
Pot_odds
Relationship between two numbers of the same kind
triangle. Cross ratio Dilution ratio Displacement–length ratio Dimensionless quantity Financial ratio Fold change Interval (music) Odds ratio Parts-per notation
Ratio
Statistical measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon
refer to a standardized measure of effect (such as r, Cohen's d, or the odds ratio), or to an unstandardized measure (e.g., the difference between group
Effect_size
Dog breed
atopic dermatitis with a 7.1 odds ratio. A US case study found a predisposition to pemphigus foliaceus with an odds ratio of 12.3. A breed specific mutation
Chow_Chow
Function in statistics
probabilities is the logarithm of the odds ratio (R), thus providing a shorthand for writing the correct combination of odds ratios only by adding and subtracting:
Logit
Statistical property of a test item
extended to reflect a common odds ratio across all ability intervals k {\textstyle k} for a specific item. The common odds ratio estimator is denoted α M
Differential_item_functioning
Type of observational study comparing two existing groups differing in outcome
randomized controlled trial. A case–control study is often used to produce an odds ratio. Some statistical methods make it possible to use a case–control study
Case–control_study
Breed of domestic cat
with an odds ratio of 6.03. A retrospective study in the US found the Abyssinian to be predisposed to acquired myasthaenia gravis with an odds ratio of 4
Abyssinian_cat
Dog breed
highest prevalence out of all breeds in the study. A USA study found an odds ratio of 18.6 compared to crossbreeds. Another study in the US found the Pomeranian
Pomeranian_dog
Historic cohort study
incidence. Both the relative risk and odds ratio are relevant in retrospective cohort studies, but only the odds ratio can be used in case-control studies
Retrospective_cohort_study
In U.S. law, practices with adverse impacts on specific protected groups
{\displaystyle d} is Cohen's d, OR {\displaystyle {\text{OR}}} is the odds ratio, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the Pearson correlation, and Φ ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle
Disparate_impact
Study of health and disease within a population
for low odds ratios. For instance, for an odds ratio of 1.5 and cases = controls, the table shown above would look like this: For an odds ratio of 1.1:
Epidemiology
Mathematical Assumption
It is assumed that, if the prevalence of the disease is low, then the odds ratio (OR) approaches the relative risk (RR). The idea was first demonstrated
Rare_disease_assumption
Measure used in epidemiology
association between a certain risk factor and an outcome. Odds ratio Ratio Risk ratio "Rate Ratio". www.ctspedia.org. Bellan, Steve. "Study Design and Analysis
Rate_ratio
Assisted reproductive technology procedure
rate. There are significantly higher odds of preterm birth (odds ratio 1.3) and congenital anomalies (odds ratio 1.3) among births having embryos cultured
In_vitro_fertilisation
Graphical display of scientific results
graph may be plotted on a natural logarithmic scale when using odds ratios or other ratio-based effect measures, so that the confidence intervals are symmetrical
Forest_plot
Statistical significance test
propose a p-value derived from the likelihood ratio test based on the conditional distribution of the odds ratio given the marginal success rate. This p-value
Fisher's_exact_test
methylation odds ratio is the odds for a random DNA strand in the tissue sample from a random case to be methylated, divided by the same odds for controls
Epigenome-wide association study
Epigenome-wide_association_study
Topics referred to by the same term
gate, an integrated circuit in electronics Object–relational mapping Odds ratio, a measure of effect size in statistics OR, a previous title of the Journal
Or
Antibodies targeted against the thyroid
subfertility (odds ratio 1.5 and 95% confidence interval 1.1–2.0), miscarriage (odds ratio 3.73, 95% confidence interval 1.8–7.6), recurrent miscarriage (odds ratio
Antithyroid_autoantibodies
Free software for biostatistics
estimates of the risk ratio and odds ratio Precision-based adjusted risk difference Tests for interaction for the risk ratio, odds ratio, and risk difference
OpenEpi
Bioinformatics tool
background probabilities of each amino acid. The odds for relatedness are calculated from log odd ratio, which are then rounded off to get the substitution
BLOSUM
Abnormally low sperm count
significantly associated with being overweight (odds ratio 1.1), obese (odds ratio 1.3) and morbidly obese (odds ratio 2.0), but the cause of this is unknown.
Oligospermia
Statistical measure of a binary classification
as negative by the test. An NIH web site has a discussion of how these ratios are calculated. Consider the example of a medical test for diagnosing a
Sensitivity_and_specificity
Breed of cat
urolithiasis (bladder stones), the Ragdoll was over-represented, with an odds ratio of 5.14. An English study reviewing over 190,000 patient records found
Ragdoll
were at higher risk of both musculoskeletal injury (odds ratio of 1.45) and fatality (odds ratio of 1.59). Michael Peterson of the University of Maine
Racehorse_injuries
Medical condition
variant, there is a mildly elevated risk of thromboembolism (odds ratio 1.2), and stroke (odds ratio 1.26). There is also an elevated risk of neural tube defects
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency
Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase_deficiency
Measure of association between two binary variables
{bc}}}{{\sqrt {ad}}+{\sqrt {bc}}}}.} Yule's Y is closely related to the odds ratio OR = ad/(bc) as is seen in following formula: Y = O R − 1 O R + 1 {\displaystyle
Coefficient_of_colligation
Team versus team win probability estimation
probability that team A will win a game against team B, based on the odds ratio between the estimated winning probability of Team A and Team B against
Log5
Study of genetic variants in different individuals
reporting effect sizes is the odds ratio. The odds ratio is the ratio of two odds, which in the context of GWA studies are the odds of case for individuals
Genome-wide_association_study
Oral sex on the penis by a sexual partner
oral sex were significantly less likely to have endometritis (adjusted odds ratio 0.5), even after adjusting for confounding factors such as race, number
Fellatio
Absence of sperm in the semen
significantly associated with being overweight (odds ratio 1.1), obese (odds ratio 1.3) and morbidly obese (odds ratio 2.0), but the cause of this is unknown.
Azoospermia
Group of subjects sharing a characteristic
Case–control study versus cohort on a timeline. "OR" stands for "odds ratio" and "RR" stands for "relative risk".
Cohort_(statistics)
Swiss breed of dog
Freeman, K.; Kirtz, G.; Hooijberg, E. H.; Sick, K. (2014). "Breed related odds ratio and anatomic distribution of canine mast cell tumours in Austria: Retrospective
Bernese_Mountain_Dog
Quantitative measurement of accuracy
diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) can be a more useful overall metric, which can be defined directly as (TP×TN)/(FP×FN) = (TP/FN)/(FP/TN), or indirectly as a ratio of
Evaluation of binary classifiers
Evaluation_of_binary_classifiers
Statistical measure of fit
likelihood ratio R2 is that it is not monotonically related to the odds ratio, meaning that it does not necessarily increase as the odds ratio increases
Pseudo-R-squared
slightly higher correlation with AD risk in Asians (odds ratio 1.76) compared to Caucasians (odds ratio 1.28). KCNJ15 encodes the voltage-gated potassium
Alzheimer's disease among East Asians
Alzheimer's_disease_among_East_Asians
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
increased risk of cardiovascular death (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.62 to 2.42; and odds ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to
Diclofenac
Dog breed
In a study that compared multiple breeds the Irish Wolfhound had a 3.4 odds ratio of the condition compared to overall. The condition is likely hereditary
Irish_Wolfhound
Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
genotype APOE4,4 have an odds ratio of 14.9 of developing Alzheimer's disease. Individuals with the APOE3,4 genotype face an odds ratio of 3.2, and people with
Apolipoprotein_E
American biostatistician
Mantel–Haenszel test and its associated estimate, the Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio. The Mantel–Haenszel procedure and its extensions allow data from several
Nathan_Mantel
Type of study based on universal sampling
describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR). They may
Cross-sectional_study
Black and tan dog breed from Germany
belong to the Dobermann. Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann. A North American study reviewing over a million
Dobermann
Statistical measures of whether a finding is likely to be true
Relevance (information retrieval) Receiver-operator characteristic Diagnostic odds ratio Sensitivity index Fletcher, Robert H. Fletcher; Suzanne W. (2005). Clinical
Positive and negative predictive values
Positive_and_negative_predictive_values
Regression for more than two discrete outcomes
bus : red bus odds ratio of 1 : 0.5 : 0.5, thus maintaining a 1 : 1 ratio of car : any bus while adopting a changed car : blue bus ratio of 1 : 0.5. Here
Multinomial logistic regression
Multinomial_logistic_regression
Problem in machine learning and statistical classification
{LR} _{2,1}={\frac {1}{\mathrm {LR} _{-}}}} . Multiclass diagnostic odds ratios can also be defined using the formula D O R i , j = D O R j , i = L R
Multiclass_classification
Measure in clinical research
(CER − EER) / CER, or 1 − RR 0.75, or 75% Preventable fraction among the unexposed PFu (CER − EER) / CER 0.75 Odds ratio OR (EE / EN) / (CE / CN) 0.167
Risk_difference
Dog breed
Hound is predisposed to gastric dilatation volvulus. One study found the odds ratio to be 5.9. Basset Hound hereditary thrombopathy is an autosomally inherited
Basset_Hound
Statistical measure of a test's accuracy
differing class ratios is problematic. One way to address this issue (see e.g., Siblini et al., 2020) is to use a standard class ratio r 0 {\displaystyle
F-score
Dog breed
the Saint Bernard to be greatly predisposed to the condition with an odds-ratio of 4.2. A health survey in the UK found 4.6% of dogs to have the condition
St._Bernard_(dog_breed)
French breed of dog
higher occurrence of patellar luxation with the French Bulldog having an odds ratio of 5.4. A French study found that 45% of French Bulldogs presenting with
French_Bulldog
Sexual arousal a person receives from an object or situation
relationships. Hypersexual behavior increased the odds ratio for some fetishes and paraphilias, with a ratio of 4.6 in males and 25.6 in females, according
Sexual_fetishism
Statistical relationship
interpreted meaningfully at the extremes. For two binary variables, the odds ratio measures their dependence, and takes a range of non-negative numbers,
Correlation
Birth at less than a specified gestational age
than one year before achieving a spontaneous conception have an adjusted odds ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.22–1.50) of preterm birth. Pregnancies
Preterm_birth
Topics referred to by the same term
Bagridae Aur Island in Malaysia, also spelled "Aor" Adjusted Odds Ratio, an odds ratio that controls for multiple predictor variables in a statistical
AOR
Benzodiazepine used for severe insomnia
overdose much more likely to lead to coma than other benzodiazepines (odds ratio 1.86). The authors noted several factors, such as differences in potency
Temazepam
Breed of domestic cat
half the population of Egyptian Maus as having had the condition with an odds ratio of 44.41. A Canadian study with over 10,000 examinations of uroliths in
Egyptian_Mau
outcomes between two groups. The win statistics – comprising the win ratio, the win odds, and the net treatment benefit (also called the win difference) –
Win_statistics
Dividing things between two categories
ratios, yielding likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing. Taking the ratio of one of these groups of ratios yields a final ratio, the diagnostic odds
Binary_classification
Table layout for visualizing performance; also called an error matrix
FN = 1 − FOR Markedness (MK), deltaP (Δp) = PPV + NPV − 1 Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = LR+/LR− = TP × TN/FP × FN Balanced accuracy (BA) = TPR +
Confusion_matrix
British breed of retriever gun dog
have a predisposition to chronic hepatitis. One UK study found a 4.14 odds ratio. Some studies report a predisposition for Labrador Retriever bitches.
Labrador_Retriever
Statistical measure of association
for a 2 × 2 contingency table. It is a nonlinear transformation of the odds ratio, proposed by P. G. N. Digby in 1983 as a computationally simple approximation
Digby's_H
Pattern-recognition performance metrics
precision (and making many false alarms). In the other direction, Blackstone's ratio, "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer
Precision_and_recall
When the occurrence of one event does not affect the likelihood of another
of A {\displaystyle A} . Stated in terms of odds, two events are independent if and only if the odds ratio of A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle
Independence (probability theory)
Independence_(probability_theory)
Statistical tool used in meta-analyses
consists of summary statistics such as the sample mean, effect size, or odds ratio. On the other hand, individual participant data are in a sense raw in
Meta-regression
Dog breed
American Bulldog to be predisposed to juvenile-onset demodicosis with a 3.4 odds ratio. In Tucker & Dale vs. Evil (2010), Jangers, Tyler Labine's character's
American_Bulldog
German breed of dog
predisposition to gall bladder mucoceles for the Miniature Schnauzer with a 5.23 odds ratio. A North American study found the breed to be predisposed to congenital
Miniature_Schnauzer
weight ω1 and each white ball has the weight ω2. We will say that the odds ratio is ω = ω1 / ω2. Now we are taking balls randomly in such a way that the
Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution
Fisher's_noncentral_hypergeometric_distribution
Breed of domestic cat
Ocicat had a much higher incidence rate than most other breeds with an odds ratio of 16.8. A Swedish study of pyometra in cats based on veterinary and insurance
Ocicat
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
2: What should researchers make of persistent controversies about the odds ratio?". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 139: 264–268. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi
Simpson's_paradox
weeks) than was seen with HCG (odds ratio 0.70) and a higher rate of early (less than 12 weeks) miscarriage (odds ratio 1.74). However, a higher pregnancy
Final_maturation_induction
Ratio of competing statistical models
paradox Minimum message length Model selection E-Value Statistical ratios Odds ratio Relative risk Morey, Richard D.; Romeijn, Jan-Willem; Rouder, Jeffrey
Bayes_factor
Medical condition
Risk factors with their odds ratio Risk factor Odds ratio Maternal age ≥ 40 (vs. < 20) 9.1 Illicit drugs 2.8 ≥ 1 previous Cesarean section 2.7 Parity
Placenta_praevia
Preference or tendency to use a specific hand
totalling 1,787,629 participants, the best estimate of the male to female odds ratio was 1.23, indicating that men are 23% more likely to be left-handed. For
Handedness
Combination of two antibiotic drugs
pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67). Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Nicotinic receptor agonist
found to be more effective than bupropion (odds ratio 1.40) and nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) (odds ratio 1.56). A 2013 Cochrane overview and network
Varenicline
single SNP, SNP-SNP, or SNP-environment pairs. It takes a combined log of odds ratio form, calculated from the contingency table of the variable set. The test
W-test
Breed of gun dog
6.3 times more likely to acquire the disease. Another study found an odds ratio of 5.3. The English physician John Caius described the spaniel in his
English_Springer_Spaniel
Statistical test of variance
significant ( P-Value<0.05. Examining the odds ratio of being re-arrested vs. not re-arrested, means to examine the odds ratio for comparison of two groups (re-arrested
Omnibus_test
Breed of cat
000 cases of urate urolithiasis the Birman was over-represented with an odds ratio of 6.77. Feline audiogenic reflex seizures (FARS), a recently discovered
Birman
Intentional injury to one's body
significant both at the cross-sectional (odds ratio = 1.569, 95% confidence interval [1.167-2.108]) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95% confidence interval
Self-harm
Substance applied to items to slow burning or delay ignition
an odds ratio of 2.43. They also found that the Tributyl phosphate was associated with the development of allergic rhinitis and asthma with an odds ratio
Flame_retardant
Type of scatter plot
single-nucleotide polymorphism. Its x value can be the logarithm of the odds ratio and its y value can be -log10 of the p value from a Chi-square test or
Volcano_plot_(statistics)
Variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection
likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s." Odds ratio, such as "The odds of developing breast cancer are approximately 2.45 times higher
Risk_factor
Antifungal medication
increased risk of birth defects overall, although it does increase the odds ratio of tetralogy of Fallot, but the absolute risk is still low. Women using
Fluconazole
Legal cause of action
across multiple countries is more common against male than female doctors (odds ratio of 2.45). A 2016 survey of US physicians found that 8.2 percent of physicians
Medical_malpractice
Breed of cat
cases of urate urolithiasis the Himalayan was under-represented, with an odds ratio of 0.37. A study of cats presented to the University of Missouri Veterinary
Himalayan_cat
Hypergeometric distribution
have the same odds (ω = 1) (see figures above). Both distributions degenerate into the hypergeometric distribution when the odds ratio is 1, or to the
Noncentral hypergeometric distributions
Noncentral_hypergeometric_distributions
difference (attributable risk), rate difference (often expressed as the odds ratio or relative risk), population attributable risk (PAR), and the relative
Population_impact_measure
English dog breed
volvulus (GDV) found the Old English Sheepdog to be predisposed, with an odds ratio of 4.8. A UK survey attributed 7% of Old English Sheepdog deaths to GDV
Old_English_Sheepdog
Probability distribution
Statistics in Medicine, 16, 783–790. Confidence Intervals for Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios Wu, Ziniu; Li, Juan; Bai, Chenyuan (2017). "Scaling Relations of
Log-normal_distribution
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